Palaeomagnetic evidence for the Gondwanian origin of the Taurides and rotation of the Isparta Angle,southern Turkey

The Taurides, the southernmost of the three major tectonic domains that constitute present‐day Turkey, were emplaced following consumption of the Tethyan Ocean in Late Mesozoic to mid‐Tertiary times. They are generally assigned an origin at the northern perimeter of Gondwana. To refine palaeogeographic control we have investigated the palaeomagnetism of a range of Jurassic rocks. Forty‐nine samples of Upper Jurassic limestones preserve a dual polarity remanence (D/I=303/−9°, α₉₅=6°) interpreted as a primary magnetization acquired close to the equator and rotated during emplacement of the Taurides. Result from mid‐Jurassic dolerites confirm a low palaeolatitude for the Tauride Platform during Jurassic times at the Afro–Arabian sector of Gondwana. Approximately 4000 km of Tethyan closure subsequently occurred between Late Jurassic and Eocene times. Although related Upper Jurassic limestones and Liassic redbeds preserve a sporadic record of similar remanence, the dominant signature in these latter rocks is an overprint of probable mid‐Miocene age, probably acquired during a single polarity chron and imparted by migration of a fluid front during nappe loading. This is now rotated consistently anticlockwise by c. 30° and conforms to results of previous studies recording bulk Neogene rotation of the Isparta region following Lycian nappe emplacement. The regional distribution of this overprint implies that the Isparta Angle (IA) has been subject to only small additional closure (<10°) since Late Miocene time. A smaller amount (c. 6°) of clockwise rotation within the IA since Early Pliocene times is associated with an ongoing extensional regime and reflects an expanding curvature of the Tauride arc produced by southwestward extrusion of the Anatolian collage as a result of continuing northward motion of Afro–Arabia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New Zealand's Geological Foundations

New Zealand is a fragment of Gondwana that, before Late Cretaceous sea floor spreading, was contiguous with Australia and Antarctica. Only about 10% of the area of continental crust in the wider New Zealand region (Zealandia) is emergent above sea level as the North and South Islands. No Precambrian cratonic core is exposed in onland New Zealand. The Cambrian to Early Cretaceous basement can be described in terms of nine major volcano-sedimentary terranes, three composite regional batholiths, and three regional metamorphic-tectonic belts that overprint the terranes and batholiths.The terranes (from west to east) are: Buller, Takaka, Brook Street, Murihiku, Maitai, Caples, Bay of Islands (part of former Waipapa), Rakaia (older Torlesse) and Pahau (younger Torlesse). The western terranes are intruded by three composite batholith (>100 km²) sized belts of plutons: Karamea-Paparoa, Hohonu and Median, as well as by numerous smaller plutons. Median Batholith (including the Median Tectonic Zone) is a recently-recognised Cordilleran batholith that represents the site of subduction-related magmatism from ca. 375–110 Ma. Parts of the terranes and batholiths are variably metamorphosed and deformed: Devonian and Cretaceous amphibolite-granulite facies gneisses are present in Buller, Takaka, Median and Karamea-Paparoa units; Jurassic-Cretaceous subgreenschist-amphibolite facies Haast Schist overprints the Caples, Bay of Islands and Rakaia Terranes; Cretaceous subgreenschist facies Esk Head and Whakatane Mélanges bound the Pahau Terrane. In the South Island, small areas (<5 km² total) of Devonian, Permian, Triassic and Jurassic Gondwana sequences have been identified. In the North Island a widespread Late Jurassic overlap sequence, Waipa Supergroup (part of former Waipapa Terrane), has recently been proposed.     

Comparison of the Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary cycles of Somalia and Madagascar: implications for the Gondwana breakup

The Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary history of northern Somalia and the Morondava Basin of south-western Madagascar have been studied. Both regions display an independent facial development; however, a comparison of the sequential evolution of the Mesozoic sedimentary successions in these two presently widely separated areas reveals a surprisingly high level of similarity, which probably reflects major events during the disintegration of Eastern Gondwana during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Although in Jurassic times the onset of transgressions and regressions in both areas compares well with eustatic development, major deviations in combination with the tectonic activities of different degrees are observed in the Early and Late Cretaceous synchronously in both regions. Transgressions are observed in Toarcian, Bajocian (not dated in northern Somalia), Callovian, Valanginian (Madagascar only), Aptian and Campanian times. Tectonism is noted before the Aptian and Campanian transgressions in northern Somalia and the Morondava Basin of south-western Madagascar.     

Répartition et utilisation stratigraphique des Bryozoaires du crétacé moyen (Aptien-Coniacien)

Bien que la durée stratigraphique de la plupart des Bryozoaires crétacés ne soit pas exacterment connue, beaucoup d'espèces caractérisent assez bien les différents étages. Au Crétacé inférieur, dont la faune bryozoologique est plus pauvre que celle du Crétacé supérieur, ce sont les Cyclostomata qui dominent encore, comme au Jurassique. A l'Aptien, citons Chisma, mais aussi Ceata, Meliceritites et Laterocavea apparus au Barrémien. La faune de l'Albien, un peu appauvrie et peu connue, n'a fourni que quelques genres nouveaux encroûtants de Cheilostomata anasca (Rhammatopora, Wilbertopora).Au Cénomanien commence l'explosion des Bryozoaires. Les Cheilostomata les plus anciennes, les Cribrimorpha, les genres “Biflustra”, Cellarinidra, Quadricellaria, Onychocella, “Rhagasostoma”, Stichomicropora, Aechmella et un grand nombre de Cyclostomata (Crisisina, Heterocrisina, Fascipora, Spirentalophora, Marssoniella, Amphimarssoniella, Umbrellina, Exidmonea, Corymbopora, Desmopora, Discocytis, Supercytis, Truncatulipora, etc.) apparaissent. Le Turonien est caractérisé par les genres Cyclostomes (Reticrisina, Bicavea, Homoeosolen), les Cheilostomes (Tylopora, Euritina, Fusicellaria, Reptolunulites) et par de nombreuses Cribrimorpha.Onychocella nerei et Membranipora perincerta sont caractéristiques du Coniacien où l'on trouve aussi les Lunulites et Pavolunulites. Le Coniacien, plus riche en espéces que le Turonien, contient de très nombreux genres et espèces qui se poursuivent dans les étages plus élevés (Santonien-Maastrichtien).This paper deals with the distribution and stratigraphic value of Mid-Cretaceous Bryozoa (Aptian-Coniacian). Research on Cretaceous bryozoa has been neglected during the last decades and knowledge of the stratigraphical range of many Upper Cretaceous genera and species is based mainly on the personal experience of the present author. Accordingly, the range of most species is not exactly known, and the results of these investigations are only preliminary. Many cyclostomate genera (such as Stomatopora, Proboscina, Diastopora, Berenicea and Entalophora) lack easy identifiable specific characteristics, and all the other genera which can be recognized only by their rare ovicells (gonozoids) (such as Plagioecia, Diaperoecia, Microecia, Mecynoecia, Spiropora, Heteropora or Ceriopora, Reptomulticava, Lichenopora and many others) are not particularly suitable as guide-fossils. On the other hand, many characteristic new species have not yet been described.The bryozoa of the Lower Cretaceous are similar to those of the Jurassic. Both are characterized by the absolute predominance of the Cyclostomata and a few very rare primitive Cheilostomata belonging to the encrusting membranimorph Anasca.The Barremo-Aptian fauna, known mainly from England (Faringdon, Berkshire) and eastern and southern France, is characterized by the first Eleidae (Meliceritidae) with Meliceritites and Foricula, the first Ceidae, Clausidae and Horneridae with Siphodictyum and Laterocavea, Chisma furcillatum is known only from the Aptian. Cheilostomata are rare and are represented solely by encrusting membranimorph genera (Rhammotopora, “Membranipora”). The poor Albian bryozoan fauna, although similar to that of the Aptian, is characterized by the appearance of primitive uniserial cheilostomate genera such as (?) Pyriporopsis, Charixa and the genus Wilbertopora. Erect precenomanian Cheilostomata are not known. Albian Bryozoa are little-known and relatively rare.Within the Cenomanian (the plenus-zone included) many new cyclostomate genera Fascipora, Umbrellina, Siphoniotyphlus, Crisisina, Heterocrisina, Discofascigera, Corymbopora, Marssoniella, Amphimarssoniella, Discocytis, Discotruncatulipora, Truncatulipora, Desmepora, Exidmonea, Meliceritella and numerous cheilostomate genera besides “Membranipora” mainly Aechmella, Onychocella, Stichomicropora and several cribrimorphs appear for the first time. The Cenomanian is also characterized by the first erect cheilostomate species such as Onychocella, “Biflustra” or “Vincularia” and the oldest articulated or radicelled cheilostomes (Cellarinidra, Quadricellaria).During the Turonian (excluding the plenus-zone), which is less abundant in Bryozoa than the Cenomanian, the cheilostomes increase (common genera are Onychocella, Euritina, “Rhagasostoma”, bilamellar membranimorphs and cribrimorphs, mainly Rhabdopora) and the first primitive Lunulitidae (Reptolunulites) occur. Among the cyclostomes, represented by numerous species of Meliceritites, Semielea, Foricula, Truncatulipora, Clausa, Petalopora, Heteropora and the first representatives of Homoesolen, Reticrisina, Tervia and Bicavea appear.Within the Coniacian, rich faunas are known from France and England. Although the Cyclostomata are still dominant until the Santonian, considerable progress in the evolution of the Cheilostomata was made mainly by the development of the onychocellids, the erect membranimorphs and the radiation of the different cribrimorph families and genera. The oldest free-living Lunulitidae with Lunulites and Pavolunulites are recorded from the Coniacian. Among the Cyclostomata, the appearance of the genera Diplosolen, Clypeina, Crisina, Filicrisina, Sulcocava, Ditaxia, Pachyteichopora and Cytis is noteworthy. The Coniacian bryozoan fauna is closely related to that of the Santonian and has clearly an Upper Cretaceous character.I refer to the text for comments on single species which may be supposed to be useful as guide-fossils for the Aptian-Coniacian stages.     

Inocérames

Les premiers Inocérames sont apparus au Lias (Jurassic inférieur), mais le groupe n'a commencé à se diversifier de façon importante qu'à partir du Turonien moyen. Les qualités du groupe au point de vue biostratigraphique sont quelque peu altérées par des questions de taxonomie. L'article résume nos connaissances stratigraphiques concernant les Inocérames pour l'Europe.The first inoceramids appeared during the Early Jurassic (Lias). The group did not begin to diversify markedly until the Middle Turonian. The biostratigraphical potential of the group is somewhat impaired by taxonomical reasons. The paper summarizes stratigraphical information from Albian to Turonian of Europe.     

Early Permian to Middle Jurassic rifting and sedimentation in East Africa and Madagascar

Pre-drift sediments of Madagascar (Early Permian-Middle Jurassic) have been studied palynologically. These studies resulted in a more precise dating of individual stratigraphic units and the recognition of minor and major breaks in the succession. Palynostratigraphic and physical evidence of unconformities have been used to subdivide the pre-drift sediments into depositional cycles and to infer rifting events. A comparison with equivalent strata of Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia shows a general correspondence and provides additional information for the construction of a generalized framework for the East African/Madagascan region which demonstrates the relationships between rifting and sedimentation and elucidates the prehistory of the break-up of Gondwana into a western and eastern fragment during the Middle Jurassic. The predrift succession of East Africa/Madagascar can be subdivided into two major sequences, a Karoo sequence (cycles 1–5, Asselian-early Smithian) and a transitional sequence (cycles 6–9, Ladinian-early Bajocian). The two sequences are separeted by a late Scythian to Anisian hiatus which indicates extensive uplift and erosion before a major rifting event initiated the resumption of sedimentation in the Ladinian. This Middle Triassic event marks the transition from the intracratonic rift stage to the pericratonic basin stage and correlates with a significant event in the Pangaean history, the transition from final coalescence to initial dispersal. The onset of the southward drift of Madagascar is believed to have occurred about 60 Ma later near the Aalenian-Bajocian boundary, contemporaneous with or immediately after the deposition of syntectonic sediments of cycle 9.     

African, southern Indian and South American cratons were not part of the Rodinia supercontinent: evidence from field relationships and geochronology

We discuss the question whether the late Mesoproterozoic and early Neoproterozoic rocks of eastern, central and southern Africa, Madagascar, southern India, Sri Lanka and South America have played any role in the formation and dispersal of the supercontinent Rodinia, believed to have existed between about 1000 and 750 Ma ago. First, there is little evidence for the production of significant volumes of ˜1.4–1.0 Ga (Kibaran or Grenvillian age) continental crust in the Mozambique belt (MB) of East Africa, except, perhaps, in parts of northern Mozambique. This is also valid for most terranes related to West Gondwana, which are made up of basement rocks older than Mesoproterozoic, reworked in the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenic cycle. This crust cannot be conclusively related to either magmatic accretion processes on the active margin of Rodinia or continental collision leading to amalgamation of the supercontinent. So far, no 1.4–1.0 Ga rocks have been identified in Madagascar. Secondly, there is no conclusive evidence for a ˜1.0 Ga high-grade metamorphic event in the MB, although such metamorphism has been recorded in the presumed continuation of the MB in East Antarctica. In South America, even the Sunsas mobile belt, which is correlated with the Grenville belt of North America, does not include high-grade metamorphic rocks. All terranes with Mesoproterozoic ages seem to have evolved within extensional, aulacogen-type structures, and their compressional deformation, where observed, is normally much younger and is related to amalgamation of Gondwana. This is also valid for the Trans-Saharan and West Congo belts of West Africa.Third, there is also no evidence for post-1000 Ma sedimentary sequences that were deposited on the passive margin(s) of Rodinia. In contrast, the MB of East Africa and Madagascar is characterized by extensive structural reworking and metamorphic overprinting of Archaean rocks, particularly in Tanzania and Madagascar, and these rocks either constitute marginal parts of cratonic domains or represent crustal blocks (terranes or microcontinents?) of unknown derivation. This is also the case for most terranes included in the Borborema/Trans-Saharan belt of northeastern Brazil and west-central Africa, as well as those of the Central Goíás Massif in central Brazil and the Mantiqueira province of eastern and southeastern Brazil.Furthermore, there is evidence for extensive granitoid magmatism in the period ˜840 to <600 Ma whose predominant calc-alkaline chemistry suggests subduction-related active margin processes during the assembly of the supercontinent Gondwana. The location of the main Neoproterozoic magmatic arcs suggests that a large oceanic domain separated the core of Rodinia, namely Laurentia plus Amazonia, Baltica and West Africa, from several continental masses and fragments now in the southern hemisphere, such as the São Francisco/Congo, Kalahari and Rio de La Plata cratons, as well as the Borborema/Trans-Saharan, Central Goiás Massif and Paraná blocks. Moreover, many extensional tectonic events detected in the southern hemisphere continental masses, but also many radiometric ages of granitois that are already associated with the process of amalgamation of Gondwana, are comprised within the 800–1000 age interval. This seems incompatible with current views on the time of disintegration of Rodinia, assumed to have occurred at around 750 Ma.     

Transgressions-régressions, variations eustatiques et influences tectoniques de l'Aptien au Maastrichtien dans le Bassin de Paris occidental et sur la bordure du Massif armoricain

La série sédimentaire du Crétacé moyen et supérieur étudiée dans l'Ouest du Bassin de Paris et sur la bordure du Massif armoricain comporte sept pulsations transgressives qui peuvent être reconnues en fonction de la disposition géomètrique des dépôts et de l'enchaînement vertical des faciès.Les épisodes transgressifs atteignent leur phase paroxysmale, en alternance avec des stades de régression, successivement:

1. (1) à la fin de l'Aptien supérieur —(régression début Albien)

2. (2) au milieu de l'Albien supérieur —(régression fin Albien-début Cénomanien)

3. (3) au milieu du Cénomanien inférieur —(régression fin Cénomanien inférieur)

4. (4) à la fin du Cénomanien moyen —(régression fin Cénomanien)

5. (5) au milieu du Turonien inférieur —(régression du Coniacien)

6. (6) au Santonien puis Campanien —(régression fin Campanien)

7. (7) au Maestrichtien —(régression fin Maastrichtien)

Ces dépôts crétacés présentent une succession de séquences séparées par des discontinuités et des surfaces d'érosion plus ou moins marquées. Les caractères et la répartition de ces séquences sont analysés en domaine de sédimentation terrigène littorale et dans le bassin envahi par la craie. Il est alors tenté d'interpréter les variations bathymétriques d'une part en fonction d'évènements tectoniques locaux, d'autre part en relation avec des variations eustatiques plus générales.Middle and Upper Cretaceous deposits studied in the western Paris Basin and on the Armorican Massif margin show seven transgressive pulses that can be detected in the geometrical arrangement of the sedimentary bodies and the vertical succession of facies.The transgressive episodes, each delimited by a regressive phase, reached their peak during:

1. (1) late Late Aptian —(Early Albian regression)

2. (2) mid Late Albian —(Late Albian-Early Cenomanian regression)

3. (3) mid Early Cenomanian —(late Early Cenomanian regression)

4. (4) late Middle Cenomanian —(Late Cenomanian regression)

5. (5) mid Early Turonian —(Coniacian regression)

6. (6) Santonian-Campanian —(Late Campanian regression)

7. (7) Maastrichtian —(Late Maastrichtian regression)

The Cretaceous sediments occur as a series of sequences, separated by more or less important discontinuities and erosion surfaces. The features and distribution of these sequences have been studied in the nearshore region of terrigenous sedimentation and in the Chalk basin. An attempt is made to relate the bathymetric changes to either tectonic movements or more widespread eustatic oscillations.     

Cretaceous climate oscillations in the southern palaeolatitudes: New stable isotope evidence from India and Madagascar

Palaeotemperatures for the Cretaceous of India and Madagascar have been determined on the basis of oxygen isotopic analysis of well-preserved Albian belemnite rostra and Maastrichtian bivalve shells of from the Trichinopoly district, southern India, and Albian nautiloid and ammonoid cephalopods from the Mahajang Province, Madagascar. The Albian (possibly late Albian) palaeotemperatures for Trichinopoly district are inferred to range from 14.9 °C to 18.5 °C for the epipelagic zone, and from 14.3 °C to 15.9 °C for the mesopelagic zone, based on analyses of 65 samples; isotopic palaeotemperatures interpreted as summer and winter values for near-bottom shelf waters in this area fluctuate from 16.3 to 18.5 °C and from 14.9 to 16.1 °C, respectively. The mentioned palaeotemperatures are very similar to those calculated from isotopic composition of middle Albian belemnites of the middle latitude area of Pas-de-Calais in Northern hemisphere but significantly higher than those calculated from isotopic composition of Albian belemnites from southern Argentina and the Antarctic and middle Albian belemnites of Australia located within the warm-temperate climatic zone. Isotopic analysis of early Albian cephalopods from Madagascar shows somewhat higher palaeotemperatures for summer near-bottom shelf waters in this area (20.2-21.6 °C) in comparison with late Albian palaeotemperatures calculated from southern India fossils, but similar winter values (13.3-16.4 °C); however, the latter values are somewhat higher than those calculated from early Albian ammonoids of the tropical-subtropical climatic zone of the high latitude area of southern Alaska and the Koryak Upland. The new isotopic palaeotemperature data suggest that southern India and Madagascar were located apparently in middle latitudes (within the tropical-subtropical climatic zone) during Albian time. In contrast to the Albian fossils, isotope results of well-preserved early Maastrichtian bivalve shells from the Ariyalur Group, Trichinopoly district, are characterised by lower δ¹⁸O values (up to −5.8‰) but normal δ¹³C values, which might be a result local freshwater input into the marine environment. Our data suggest that the early Maastrichtian palaeotemperature of the southern Indian near-bottom shelf waters was probably about 21.2 °C, and that this middle latitude region continued to be a part of tropical-subtropical climatic zone, but with tendency of increasing of humidity at the end of Cretaceous time.     

Relics of eclogite facies assemblages in the Ceará Central Domain, NW Borborema Province, NE Brazil: Implications for the assembly of West Gondwana

The Borborema Province, in the NE of Brazil, is a rather complex piece in the Brazil–Africa puzzle as it represents the junction of the Dahomeyide/Pharusian, Central African, Araçuai and Brasilia fold belts located between the West-African/São Luis, Congo/São Francisco and Amazonas craton. The correlation between the Dahomeyides from W-Africa (Ghana, Benin, Togo, and Mali) and the Borborema Province involves the Médio Coreaú and Central Ceará domains. The inferred continuation of the main oceanic suture zone exposed in the Dahomeyides of W Africa is buried beneath the Phanerozoic Parnaíba Basin in Brazil (northwest of the Médio Coreaú domain) where some high density gravity anomalies may represent hidden remnants of an oceanic suture. In addition to this major suture a narrow, nearly continuous strip composed of mainly mafic pods containing relics of eclogite-facies assemblages associated with partially migmatized granulite-facies metapelitic gneisses has been found further east in the NW Borborema Province. These high pressure mafic rocks, interpreted as retrograded eclogites, are located between the Transbrasiliano Lineament and the Santa Quitéria continental arc and comprise primitive to evolved arc-related rocks with either arc- or MORB-type imprints that can indicate either deep subduction of oceanic lithosphere or roots of continental and oceanic magmatic arcs. Average peak P–T conditions under eclogite-facies metamorphism (T = 770 °C and P = 17.3 kbar) were estimated using garnet–clinopyroxene thermometry and Jd content in clinopyroxene. Transition to granulite-facies conditions, as well as later widespread re-equilibration under amphibolite facies, were registered both in the basic and the metapelitic rocks and suggest a clockwise P–T path characterized by an increase in temperature followed by strong decompression. A phenomenon possibly related to the exhumation of a highly thickened crust associated with the suturing of the Médio Coreaú and Central Ceará domains, two distinct crustal blocks separated by the Transbrasiliano Lineament.     

Charophytes du Crétacé moyen et données nouvelles sur l'Evolution des Clavatoracées

La découverte de nouveaux gisements dans le Sud de la France révèle la persistance, dans le Cénomanien, d'Embergerella cruciata, Atopochara restricta et A. brevicellis (Clavatoraceae). Une parenté entre les genres Embergerella (Barrémien-Cénomanien) et Septorella (Maastrichtien) est envisagée sur la base d'une nouvelle interprétation de la structure de l'utricule. Pour la première fois, des représentants de la famille des Characeae sont décrits dans le Cénomanien: Peckisphaera revesti n. sp. et le Turonien: Mesochara fusiformis n. sp. Indications biostratigraphiques: dans l'état actuel des connaissances sur les flores de Charophytes du Crétacé moyen, seul le Cénomanien est bien caractérisé, par A. multivolvis à laquelle s'ajoute maintenant une nouvelle association de quatre espèces; l'Albien et le Turonien, pour lesquels des précisions sont apportées, restent toutefois encore mal individualisés.The discovery of new localities in the South of France shows that Embergerella cruciata, Atopochara restricta and A. brevicellis (Clavatoraceae) continued into the Cenomanian. A relationship between the genera Embergerella (Barremian-Cenomanian) and Septorella (Maastrichtian) is suggested on the basis of a new interpretation of the structure of the utricle. Representatives of the family Characeae are described for the first time, Peckisphaera revesti n. sp. in the Cenomanian and Mesochara fusiformis n. sp. in the Turonian. Biostratigraphic information: in the present state of knowledge of Middle Cretaceous Charophyte floras, only the Cenomanian is well characterized, by A. multivolvis to which is now added a new association of four species. Although new information is presented on the Albian and Turonian, they are still inadequately understood.     

L'évolution géologique de Madagascar et la dislocation du Gondwana: une introduction

Between eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean, Madagascar was a part of the Gondwana at the end of the Proterozoic. Its evolution, from the Carboniferous through to the present times, displays successive stages of the Gondwana disintegration.The original location of Madagascar, close to present Kenya, is deduced from sedimentological, structural and palæomagnetic data. During Permo-Triassic times, it was submitted to a northeast-southwest regional extension, which resulted in the opening of the Karoo Basins. During the Mid-Late Jurassic, opening of the Somalian and Mozambican Oceanic Basins was accompanied by the translation of Madagascar along a north-south trending transform fault, located along the present Davie Ridge. The Late Cretaceous was characterised in the island by an acceleration of the subsidence in the coastal basins and by an important magmatic, essentially effusive, activity. This marked the beginning of a northeast-southwest extension, opening of the Mascarene Oceanic Basin and separation of India from Madagascar. Since the Neogene up to present times, another extensional regime developed, as in eastern Africa, characterised by a roughly east-west extensional horizontal direction, which results in the opening of faulted basins and the emission of Pliocene-Quaternary alkaline magmas.     

First postcranial remains of Multituberculata (Allotheria,Mammalia) from Gondwana

Multituberculates (Allotheria) are generally regarded as the evolutionarily most successful and longest-lived (Middle Jurassic to late Eocene) clade of Mesozoic and early Paleogene mammals. Despite this “reputation” and the fact that the group is particularly well represented in both taxonomic diversity and relative abundance on Laurasian landmasses during the Cretaceous and Paleocene, multituberculates are exceedingly poorly represented on the southern supercontinent Gondwana. Previous records on Gondwanan landmasses have been based on fragmentary dental remains and all except the three most recently published (each represented by a single isolated tooth or fragment of tooth) have been disputed and allocated to either Haramiyida or Gondwanatheria. Furthermore, several previous records, disputed or not, are based on fragmentary dental remains of a type (plagiaulacoid) that has evolved independently several times in mammalian evolution.Here we place on record a multituberculate femur from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Maevarano Formation of the Mahajanga Basin, Madagascar. This specimen, although fragmentary as well, exhibits a number of features common to all multituberculate femora: neck cylindrical in cross section and set apart from shaft; greater trochanter prominent, extending proximally beyond head, inclined dorsally, and separated from neck by deep incisure; lesser trochanter prominent and protruding ventrally; posttrochanteric fossa present on ventral aspect, lateral to lesser trochanter; subtrochanteric tubercle present on dorsal aspect, distal to incisure between greater trochanter and neck; diaphysis straight, elliptical in cross section (slightly compressed dorsoventrally); and third trochanter absent. Three of these features (prominent, ventrally placed lesser trochanter; presence of posttrochanteric fossa; presence of subtrochanteric tubercle) are regarded as autapomorphies of Multituberculata. This specimen therefore not only independently and conclusively confirms the presence of the clade on Madagascar—previously based on a small molar fragment—but on the entire supercontinent as well.     

Gymnospermes s.l. du Jurassique supérieur du massif Manamana,Sud-Ouest de Madagascar: une nouvelle paléoflore gondwanienne

Fossil plants from Upper Jurassic sediments belonging to the Gymnosperms s.l. have been studied in the Manamana massif from the southwestern part of Madagascar. The levels are Upper Oxfordian in age on the basis of the palaeontological content, especially with ammonites. The majority of fossil plants are devoided of organic matter but in some cases collodion peels have been made to present epidermal characters. The cuticle of Brachyphyllum madagascariense nov. sp. has been observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). This new flora is constituted by Pteridospermales and Coniferales. Fragmentary fronds of Pteridospermales have been collected of Pachypteris sp. A and Pachypteris sp. B. Some epidermal characters are described. Coniferales are represented by leafy stems. The diagnosis of Brachyphyllum madagascariense nov. sp. is given with morphological and epidermal characters. Others conifers have been determined: Brachyphyllum sp. A, Brachyphyllum sp. B, Elatocladus sp., Cupressinocladus sp., Cyparissidium sp.. Araucarites sp. remains are probably isolated fertile scales of a female cone. Complete cones of Conites sp. are also present.Comparisons of the systematic composition are made with other Gondwana floras of the same age from Antarctica, South America, Madagascar, India, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. This flora shows xerophytic adaptations. With the Filicales described by Appert (1973a, b) from the same localities, it is now the most diverse flora from the Upper Jurassic of Madagascar, despite the lack of Cycadales, Bennettitales and Angiosperms.     

Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin

The sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya began with deposition of thick carbonates in the Cambro?–Ordovician, followed by a mixed siliciclastic–carbonate epicontinental succession recording two major deepening events in the Early Silurian and Late Devonian. Fossiliferous carbonate ramp deposits in the Tournaisian were disconformably followed by white quartzose sandstones and black mudrocks with locally intercalated diamictites derived from sedimentary rocks and deposited in asymmetric tectonic basins (“rift stage”). Break-up in the mid-Early Permian, locally associated with effusion of tholeiitic lava flows, was followed by a transgressive sandy to shaly, locally coal-bearing or bioclastic unit capped by condensed pelagic carbonates in the Middle to Late Permian (“juvenile ocean stage”). Subsidence of the cooling stretched crust led close to bathyal water depths in the Olenekian, but then slowed down in the Middle Triassic to increase again sharply in the Late Triassic owing to renewed extensional tectonic activity and sediment loading during up- and out-building of the Indian continental terrace. Deposition of tropical platform carbonates finally became widespread in the middle Liassic (“mature passive margin stage”). The initial fragmentation of Gondwana in the Middle Jurassic led to rejuvenation of the Indian craton and deposition of quartzo-feldspathic hybrid arenites, capped by condensed oolitic ironstones deposited at warm subtropical latitudes in the late Bathonian/middle Callovian. Next, a discontinuous pelagic grey marly limestone unit was followed by the ammonoid-rich offshore Spiti Shale in the Late Jurassic. The final disintegration of Gondwana began in the Berriasian, when quartzose siliciclastics derived again from the rejuvenated Indian craton and partly from recycling of older clastic successions were followed by thick deltaic to shelf volcaniclastics documenting eruption of alkali basalts in the Valanginian? followed in the Hauterivian to Albian by more felsic differentiates such as the trachyandesites exposed in the Lesser Himalaya 120 km to the south. A widespread drowning episode, fostered by waning volcaniclastic supply during a global eustatic rise, is documented by a major glauconitic horizon deposited at middle southern latitudes in the late Albian, overlain by “Scaglia-like” pelagic limestones in the latest Albian. The final part of sedimentary history, during the rapid northward flight of India and its collision with Eurasia, is not documented anywhere in Nepal due to later erosion of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Tertiary strata.     

A Different Opinion on the Geological Age of the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of Eastern Heilongjiang,China1

Abstract The age of the Longzhaogou and Jixi Groups of coal measures in eastern Heilongjiang were previously considered to be Jurassic or mainly Jurassic. But there occur Middle Barremian- Early Albian Aucellina ( bivalvia) fossils in the Upper Yunshan Formation of the Longzhaogou Group and the Lower Chengzihe Formation of the Jixi Group, and the Qihulin Formation of the Longzhaogou Group yields Early Cretaceous bivalve and ammonite fossils. Consequently, the geological ages of the two groups are mainly, or even all, Early Cretaceous.     

The crystalline complexes of Hamadan (Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, western Iran): metasedimentary Mesozoic sequences affected by Late Cretaceous tectono-metamorphic and plutonic events

The Hamadan area is characterised by various metamorphic rocks where the slates yielded Jurassic fossils. The entire column, representing the Mesozoic from at least the Jurassic to the Mid-Cretaceous, has been affected by tectono-metamorphic events and the emplacement of Late Cretaceous granitic rocks. A timing of these events is based on the ⁴⁰K–⁴⁰Ar ages carried mainly on separated amphiboles, biotites and muscovites, and interpreted as the ages of their isotopic closure. Results are ranging between 91 and 70 Ma. To cite this article: A. Baharifar et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).

Résumé

La région de Hamadan expose des roches métamorphiques dont les termes les moins transformés contiennent des fossiles jurassiques. Au cours du Crétacé supérieur, elle a été affectée par un événement tectono-métamorphique régional et elle a été le siège d'une activité plutonique. Les résultats des datations ⁴⁰K–⁴⁰Ar des amphiboles et des micas séparés des roches métamorphiques et plutoniques qui s'étagent entre 91 et 70 Ma montrent l'importance de ces événements et leur étalement au cours du Crétacé supérieur. Pour citer cet article : A. Baharifar et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

Kurosegawa zone and its bearing on the development of the Japanese Islands

The Kurosegawa zone in southwest Japan is a 600 km long serpentinite mélange in the Chichibu terrains. It runs generally E-W but is slightly oblique to the subparallel arrangement of the Ryoke, Sanbagawa and Chichibu belts of Southwest Japan. A variety of geological units occurs in the Kurosegawa zone:

1. (1) granodiorite, gneiss and amphibolite of ca. 400 Ma,

2. (2) Siluro-Devonian formations,

3. (3) Upper Carboniferous to Jurassic formations,

4. (4) Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous formations,

5. (5) serpentinite and

6. (6) low- to medium-grade metamorphic rocks of various baric types (ages, 220, 320, 360 and 420 Ma by K-Ar).

The most widespread is a high-pressure intermediate group of metamorphic rocks. Serpentinite is emplaced along the faults between and within the constituent units.Rocks of the Kurosegawa zone represent a mature orogenic belt along a continental margin or an island arc. Its original site as constrained by paleomagnetism was near the equatorial area. Here, 400 Ma old paired metamorphism and related magmatism took place. The island arc or microcontinent migrated northward to collide with the Eurasia plate during Late Jurassic, thus consuming the intervening ocean.     

A new afrograptid (Diplostraca: Estheriellina) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England

The Family Afrograptidae is a ‘conchostracan’ group with multiple radial costae reaching to the umbo on their carapaces. It comprises four described genera: Afrograpta, Camerunograpta, Congestheriella and Graptoestheriella with a total of thirteen described species which are occasionally reported from the Jurassic and the Cretaceous in Africa, Europe and South America (i.e. Afrograpta from the Upper Cretaceous of Cameroon; Camerunograpta from the Jurassic to Cretaceous of Cameroon; Congestheriella from the Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous of the Congo Basin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Venezuela and Argentina; and Graptoestheriella from the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous of Brazil). A new genus and a new species, Surreyestheria ockleyensis gen. et sp. nov., belonging to the Family Afrograptidae from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Barremian) Upper Weald Clay Formation of Ockley Village, Surrey County, southern England is described in this paper. The new genus mainly differs from the other four genera by the special reticulate ornamentation on its carapace. It indicates that the Family Afrograptidae was more diverse and more widely distributed in the late Mesozoic than previously supposed. Afrograptidae is a special branch of Estheriellina the latter originating in the late Palaeozoic and the former in the early Mesozoic. Afrograptids, as a whole had been widespread across Pangea in the Early Jurassic.     

Phanerozoic upper crustal tectono-thermal development of basement rocks from central Madagascar: An integrated fission-track and structural study

An integrated study of fission-track (FT) dating and structural geology revealed a complex tectono-thermal history preserved in basement rocks of central Madagascar since the amalgamation of Gondwana at the end of the Cambrian. A detailed study of five domains argues for several cooling steps with associated brittle deformations during the separation of Madagascar.Titanite and apatite FT ages range between 483 Ma and 266 Ma and between 460 Ma and 79 Ma, respectively. The titanite FT data indicate that the final cooling after the latest metamorphic overprint was terminated at c. 500 Ma (FC1). A 150 Myr phase of minor cooling (SC2), possibly related to a phase of tectonic quiescence and isostatic compensation, followed episode FC1. Between the Carboniferous and Early Jurassic, when an intracontinental rift developed between East Africa and Madagascar, complex brittle deformation effected the western margin of Madagascar and led to differential cooling of small basement blocks (FC3–FC5). During this period, ductile structural trends were reactivated at the western basement margin and in the centre of the island.A Late Cretaceous thermal event (T1) affected apatite FT data of samples from western–central and the eastern margin of Madagascar. These ages are related to the Madagascar–India/Seychelles break-up, whereby the thermal penetration along the eastern coast was restricted to the west by the Angavo shear zone (AGSZ). The Cretaceous evolution of the eastern margin was associated with minor erosion and was triggered by vertical displacements along brittle structures.