钽铌钨锡多金属矿分离加工废水处理工艺研究

研究了采用石灰中和＋化学絮凝沉淀、有机复合脱氮剂分质处理钽铌钨锡多金属矿分离加工产生的酸性和碱性废水,氟化物、氨氮去除率可达到99.9%以上,重金属离子去除率可达到99%以上,氨回收率可达到98%以上。该处理工艺可实现废水资源化,回收的稀氨水可返回生产工艺再利用,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。     

Treatment options for wastewater effluents from pharmaceutical companies

In recent years, concerns about the occurrence and fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, solvents, intermediates and raw materials that could be present in water and wastewater including pharmaceutical industry wastewater has gained increasing attention. Traditional wastewater treatment methods, such as activated sludge, are not sufficient for the complete removal of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other wastewater constituents from these waters. As a result, complementary treatment methods such as membrane filtration, reverse osmosis and activated carbon are often used in conjunction with the traditional methods for treatment of industrial wastewater. Most of the literature published to date has been on the treatment of municipal wastewater. However, there is a growing body of research that looks at the presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients in industrial wastewater, the treatment of these wastewaters and the removal rates. This article, reviews these treatment methods and includes both traditional methods and advanced oxidation processes. The paper concludes by showing that the problem of pharmaceuticals in wastewaters cannot be solved merely by adopting end of pipe measures. At source measures, such as replacement of critical chemicals, reduction in raw material consumption should continue to be pursued as the top priority.     

Review on Advances in Chemical Osmosis in Clayey Sediments

Osmotic phenomena refer to water and solute transport processes that occur when transport of solute molecules or ions is restricted by the porous medium relative to that of water molecules. Chemical osmosis and reverse osmosis/ultrafiltration are osmotic phenomena. The studies of “coupled flow” caused by chemical osmosis have been widely applied in many fields, such as earth science, environmental science and civil engineering. This paper provided a review of the considerable advances in the field of chemical osmosis and clay semipermeable membrane since the 1950s. We summarized the research progress of chemical osmosis in clayey sediments into three aspects: theoretical basis, experimental research and numerical model. In particular, the laboratory equipment and measurement methods of the chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient σ were described,. The existing discontinuous models based on the ‘diffusive double layer’ theory were summerized, as well as the various control factors of σ. It increases with Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), compaction pressure and decreases by the increasing of porosity and solution concentration. This paper also summerized the contimuum models based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics, which are used to explain and predict anomalies of hydraulic head pressure and salinity in clayey environments. For the future development of this discipline, it is critical to find a reliable method to confirm the σ value. It is also critical to emphasize the research on chemical osmosis in complex conditions and the influence of chemical osmosis on groundwater flow and solute transpotation. China has just stepped into this research area and more efforts should be made if significant progress is desired. This review will be helpful to further research on groundwater numerical simulation integrated with chemical osmosis in China.     

Exopolysaccharide from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> sp. YP03: its properties and application as a flocculating agent in wastewater treatment

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are polymeric substances composed of sugars and are produced by microbes to form colonies and inhibit the growth of other organisms. In the present study, the bacterial strain Bacillus sp. YP03 was isolated from soil sample using a high-sucrose selective medium, the produced EPS recovered using ethanol precipitation, and lyophilized. In sugar analysis, it was found to be rich in fructose content, amounting to 86.1%, and further displayed appreciable antioxidant, emulsification, and flocculation activities. EPS concentration of 140 µg/ml, pH of 7.5, and the presence of trivalent metal cations augmented its flocculating ability. When applied as a coagulant aid in the treatment of municipal wastewater, up to 47 and 89% reductions of chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids, respectively, were witnessed. Owing to these encouraging results, Bacillus sp. EPS could be applied as a potentially beneficial flocculant in wastewater treatment, for achieving accentuated TSS and organic load removal during primary sedimentation.     

Bioremediation of sulphate rich mine effluents using grass cuttings and rumen fluid microorganisms

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) needs to be treated before it can be re-used or discharged in receiving water bodies due to the low pH, high salinity and high sulphate concentrations of the water. Several treatment methods are currently applied including chemical treatment (e.g. neutralisation of the low pH waters), physical treatment (e.g. reverse osmosis) and biological treatment to reduce the high sulphate concentration. When treating AMD biologically, sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) reduce sulphate to sulphide, provided that a suitable and cost effective carbon and energy source is present. In the present study mine water was remediated biologically, using the degradation products of grass-cellulose, as carbon and energy sources for the sulphate reducing bacteria. A laboratory scale one stage anaerobic bioreactor (20 L volume) containing grass cuttings and biomass consisting of rumen fluid microorganisms and immobilized SRB, was initially fed with synthetic sulphate rich water and later with diluted AMD. The results indicated an average of 86% sulphate removal efficiency when feeding synthetic sulphate rich feed water to the reactor. When feeding diluted AMD, the highest sulphate removal efficiency was 78%. The sulphate removal was dependant on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentrations in the reactor. Increased COD concentrations were obtained when fresh grass was added to the reactor on a regular basis. Metal removal, especially iron, was observed due to the metal sulphide precipitates formed during biological sulphate removal.     

化学处理方式对微生物固化砂土强度影响研究

微生物固化(microbial-induced calcite precipitation, 简称为MICP)技术是岩土工程领域新兴起的一种地基处理技术,利用微生物诱导产生的碳酸钙晶体胶结松散土颗粒,改善土体的力学特性。选用巴氏芽孢杆菌作为固化细菌,采用单一浓度（0.5、1.0 mol）和多浓度相结合（前期采用0.5 mol,后期采用1.0 mol）的化学处理方式注射胶结液（尿素/氯化钙混合液）,研究化学处理方式对微生物固化砂土强度的影响。基于试验测试分析了固化砂土试样的强度、破坏模式以及碳酸钙含量。试验结果表明,化学处理方式对固化砂土试样的强度有显著影响,对破坏模式和碳酸钙含量无明显影响;多浓度相结合的化学处理方式能够以较少的灌浆次数获取较高强度的试样。最后,对化学处理方式对强度影响的机制进行深入分析。     

Study on the purification property of pyrite and its spectra on the processing of metal-bearing wastewater

The purification property of pyrite was discussed by using in situ attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that there might be dissolution–adsorption precipitation equilibrium of heavy metals on the surface of pyrite, which is dependent on the surface oxidation of pyrite and the neutralization reaction of carbonate within pyrite. If there was excessive carbonate within pyrite, the “dissolution” of metals would be less than that of the “adsorption precipitation,” making pyrite exhibit its purification property. Based on this property, pyrite was used to process simulated wastewater containing Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr(VI) and Cu²⁺. Results showed that the efficiencies of metal removal exceeded 96%. In addition, reflectance spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy were also utilized to investigate the simulated metal-bearing wastewater treatment process. Analysis by diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy confirmed that the superficial hydroxyl groups in pyrite reacted with metal ions during the wastewater treatment process. Reflectance spectroscopy in the visible region was used to characterize the variation in particle size and specific surface area of pyrite during the wastewater treatment process, which explained its increasing activity when reutilized. Further, analysis by absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the process involved when using pyrite for the treatment of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater was an adsorption–precipitation process.     

基于信息熵的水文站网优化准则的应用与评价

将基于信息熵的四类水文站网优化准则,即熵-互信息(H-T)准则、联合熵-总相关(H-C)准则、联合熵-互信息-总相关(H-T1-C/H-T2-C)准则以及信息传递指数(TI)准则,应用于太湖西南山丘区雨量站网,对四类准则进行对比和评价。以2007—2016年日降水序列为样本,根据各优化准则,分别采用3种数值离散化方法计算站点秩次,分析秩次相关性、对多目标准则中指标权重的敏感性以及秩次年际变化。结果表明,H-C准则对应秩次的代表性最好,对指标权重的敏感度最低,秩次年际变化小;H-T2-C准则对指标权重最敏感,秩次年际变化显著。H-C准则有利于反映基于信息熵的基本优化原则(增大信息量和降低冗余度),而H-T2-C准则有利于体现决策偏好。     

基于信息熵的水文站网优化准则的应用与评价

将基于信息熵的四类水文站网优化准则,即熵-互信息(H-T)准则、联合熵-总相关(H-C)准则、联合熵-互信息-总相关(H-T1-C/H-T2-C)准则以及信息传递指数(TI)准则,应用于太湖西南山丘区雨量站网,对四类准则进行对比和评价。以2007—2016年日降水序列为样本,根据各优化准则,分别采用3种数值离散化方法计算站点秩次,分析秩次相关性、对多目标准则中指标权重的敏感性以及秩次年际变化。结果表明,H-C准则对应秩次的代表性最好,对指标权重的敏感度最低,秩次年际变化小;H-T2-C准则对指标权重最敏感,秩次年际变化显著。H-C准则有利于反映基于信息熵的基本优化原则(增大信息量和降低冗余度),而H-T2-C准则有利于体现决策偏好。     

国内矿物治理重金属废水研究进展与展望

综述了我国利用天然矿物治理重金属废水方面的研究新成果。天然铁的硫化物、天然铁锰的氧化物、方解石与磷灰石等具有良好的表面吸附与氧化还原化学活性;不同介质中它们能不同程度地表现出对Cr^6 、Pb^2 、Hg^2 、Cd^2 等重金属离子的吸附作用,可广泛用于重金属废水处理。矿物吸附重金属离子机理的研究表明,矿物对重金属的吸附是矿物表面与无机重金属离子之间的表面作用过程,包括矿物表面功能基与重金属离子的配位反应、矿物表面氧化还原反应和沉淀转化作用,以及矿物表面离子交换吸附作用等。     

巯基棉分离富集ICP-AES法测定高盐冶金废水中痕量铅镉铜银

矿山企业的冶金废水含有多种污染环境的金属元素,必须经过化学沉淀法处理达标后排放。冶金废水经化学沉淀后引入了大量盐分,使得金属元素含量变得极低给分析测试造成困难。针对此类高盐冶金废水,本文采用巯基棉分离富集其中的金属元素,建立了运用电感耦合等离子体光谱(ICP-AES)测定铅、镉、铜、银的分析方法。通过优化实验表明,巯基棉可有效地分离实际样品中大量存在的硫酸根离子和钠离子基体,富集待测元素的效果显著,硫酸根离子和钠离子回收率均小于0.05%,待测元素的回收率在88.7%~113.0%之间。实验条件方面,待测溶液的pH值对巯基棉吸附有较大的影响,使用巯基棉富集前应将溶液调节至适宜的pH值;待测溶液在富集柱中的流速和洗脱剂盐酸的浓度对分离富集效果也有一定的影响。在最佳实验条件下,本法回收率为95.0%~102.0%,精密度(RSD)为3.1%~9.4%,方法快速简便、准确度高,能够满足冶金废水中痕量金属元素的检测需求。     

Chemical oxygen demand fractions of municipal wastewater for modeling of wastewater treatment

When a new wastewater treatment plant is being designed by computer simulation, detailed data about organic fractions of influent wastewater (measured as chemical oxygen demand) are usually not available, but knowledge of the typical ranges of these fractions is indispensable. The influent chemical oxygen demand fractions can substantially influence the results of simulation-based design such as reactor volumes, solids residence time, effluent quality, oxygen demand, sludge production, etc. This article attempts to give an overview of wastewater organic fractions as modeling parameters and presents new chemical oxygen demand fractionation results from Hungary. According to the data from literature, the ratio of chemical oxygen demand components in raw wastewater is very different and the average composition is as follows: Inert particulate =17.1 %, slowly biodegradable = 57.9 %, inert soluble = 7.8 % and readily biodegradable = 17.5 %. The Hungarian wastewater samples were analyzed according to STOWA (Dutch foundation for applied water research) protocol and the obtained results were not much different from those of literature ( inert particulate = 23.7 %, slowly biodegradable = 49.8 %, inert soluble = 4.6 % and readily biodegradable = 21.9 %), but some typical characteristics were observed.     

用焦化废水作补水的循环冷却水系统腐蚀控制实验研究

焦化废水的排放会带来严重的水污染问题,迫切需要将其资源化,用作循环冷却水的补水是其资源化的重要途径。为了防止给循环冷却水系统带来腐蚀,根据水质稳定理论,采用静态和动态实验相结合的方法,研究了焦化废水作补水的循环冷却水系统腐蚀特性及控制技术。结果表明,焦化废水中的污染物造成的系统腐蚀以点蚀为主,应优先使用磷系沉淀膜型缓蚀技术。通过实验优选出的HEDP+Zn2+复合配方,可在传热面上形成牢固的缓蚀膜,缓蚀率达到85.6%,普通碳钢的腐蚀速率为0.105mm/a,满足《工业循环冷却水处理设计规范》(GB50050-95)的要求。实际循环冷却水系统应用证明,使用该复合配方能在循环水浓缩倍数为2~2.2时,经济有效地解决系统的腐蚀问题,为焦化废水的资源化开辟了一条可行的途径。     

Fluoride in groundwater: low-cost separation and stabilization by response surface optimization

A nanomembrane-based hybrid treatment system for separation of fluoride from contaminated groundwater and its subsequent stabilization in a solid matrix through chemical coagulation–precipitation process using response surface optimization for safe disposal were designed and investigated. The continuous flat-sheet cross-flow nanofiltration membrane module with well-screened commercial polyamide composite membrane succeeded in removing 99 % fluoride from water while yielding a pure water flux as high as 158–160 L/m²h of a transmembrane hydraulic pressure of only 14 bars. Such an operating pressure is much lower than that required in reverse osmosis for the same separation. The designed system for the first time provides a total solution to a complex problem in a very simple, compact, flexible, and novel design that ensures continuous, steady, and hassle-free long-term operation without the necessity for frequent replacement of membranes. The approximate cost for production of 1000 L of safe drinking water from fluoride-contaminated groundwater computes to only $ 1.4, indicating affordability in adopting the low-cost, high-flux water purification system by the affected people in many parts of the world.     

极限分析有限元法讲座Ⅲ--增量加载有限元法求解地基极限承载力

利用有限元法,通过增量加载的方式来求解地基极限承载力。随着荷载的逐渐增加,地基由初始的线性弹性状态逐渐过渡到塑性流动的极限破坏状态,此时有限元的计算将不收敛。它不但可以获得地基的极限荷载的值及荷载-位移关系,而且还能得到经典极限分析法中所采用到的破坏机构。当采用关联流动法则或采用剪胀角为 φ/2 的非关联流动法则时,获得的破坏机构与 Prandtl 的破坏机构一样。对 Prandtl 解的经典算例进行了分析,结果表明:屈服准则的选用对计算结果的影响很大,选择与实际问题相匹配的屈服准则方能得到比较精确的结果。在求解平面应变问题时,在关联流动法则条件下,采用Mohr-Coulomb 内切圆屈服准则,或在非关联流动法则下采用 Mohr-Coulomb 匹配 DP 准则所得结果与 Prandtl 精确解极为接近,可望应用于实际工程分析中。     

纳滤膜在工业废水处理中的应用

钠滤膜作为一种新型的技术,在处理废水的同时能够回收有用物质,因而在工业废水处理中得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文重点对纳滤膜在印染废水、食品．Y-业废水、重金属废水、石油工业废水、造纸废水、化学工业废水和放射性污染废水等废水处理中的应用,作了较全面的综述。     

混凝-催化氧化处理含油污水实验研究

采用复合化学混凝及催化氧化联合工艺对油田生产废水进行了实验研究.结果表明:含油废水经混凝处理后,剩余ρ(CODcr )可以达到300 mg/L左右,剩余悬浮物质量浓度小于10mg/L;再经活性炭载Cu、Pd催化剂的深度处理,含油污水中的ρ(CODcr )值由315 mg/L降至50 mg/L以下,达到了国家的相关排放标准.催化剂可以再生重复使用.     

Removal of selenium from contaminated agricultural drainage water by nanofiltration membranes

Seleniferous agricultural drainage wastewater has become a new major source of pollution in the world. In the USA, large areas of farmland in 17 western states, generate contaminated salinized drainage with Se concentrations much higher than 5 μg/I, the US Environmental Protection Agency water-quality criterion for the protection of aquatic life; Se values locally reach 4200 wg/1 in western San Joaquin Valley, California. Wetland habitats receiving this drainage have generally shown Se toxicosis in aquatic birds causing high rates of embryonic deformity and mortality, or have indicated potential ecological damage.Results of our laboratory flow experiments indicate that nanofiltration, the latest membrane separation technology, can selectively remove > 95% of Se and other multivalent anions from > 90% of highly contaminated water from the San Joaquin Valley, California. Such membranes yield greater water output and require lower pressures and less pretreatment, and therefore, are more cost effective than traditional reverse osmosis membranes. Nanofiltration membranes offer a potential breakthrough for the management of Se contaminated wastes not only from agricultural drainage, but from other sources also.     

Evaluation of outsourcing companies of waste electrical and electronic equipment recycling

An increasing number of companies have focused on reducing the amount of waste properly or gaining value from used products. Facilitating the reverse flow of used products from consumers to manufacturers is a difficult and expensive process depending on the product and transportation type and distance. Another alternative is to outsource these activities. Outsourcing management helps companies for better using of time, energy, labor, technology, capital, resources etc. Moreover, working with wrong partners effects manufacturers’ financial and operational situations. In order to get the best services, manufacturers usually invite several outsourcing companies for providing their tenders and then select the best offer. In this stage, using mathematical decision making techniques may help decision makers to get realistic results. In this paper the proposed methodology integrates two multi-criteria decision methods for ranking alternatives. This methodology is applied to a mid-sized firm operating in the field of electrical and electronic equipment. The results indicate that the most important criterion is cost for determining the best alternative. Besides, as it can be seen from the results, the best alternative for the manufacturer is the second alternative. These results propose a guideline for manufacturers for selecting the best alternative. From the results it can easily be seen that this approach shows its potential advantage in selecting suitable alternative due to its sound logic and easily programmable computation procedure.     

Hydrogen peroxide interference in chemical oxygen demand during ozone based advanced oxidation of anaerobically digested livestock wastewater

It is known that hydrogen peroxide interferes with chemical oxygen demand analysis by consuming oxidation agents such as potassium dichromate, thus leading to overestimation of the chemical oxygen demand measurements. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide interference and to determine true chemical oxygen demand values on interpreting treatment performance during ozone-based advanced oxidation of livestock wastewater in which hydrogen peroxide concentration and chemical oxygen demand values are dynamically changing. According to the chemical oxygen demand monitoring data, chemical oxygen demand values were always higher than the initial chemical oxygen demand load when hydrogen peroxide was involved and the treatment performance with ozone alone or ozone/ultraviolet was better than with coupled hydrogen peroxide. The extent of overestimation was proportional to the remaining hydrogen peroxide concentration and the average overestimation ratio in livestock wastewater was in the range of 0.50～0.58 mg per 1 mg of hydrogen peroxide, depending upon the quality of the wastewater treated. True chemical oxygen demand values were estimated by correlating the extent of overestimation with the remaining hydrogen peroxide concentration during treatment. The extent of overestimation decreased to zero gradually as the amount of hydrogen peroxide also approached zero as oxidation proceeded. The corrected chemical oxygen demand values indicated underlying tendency of oxidation, which could not be seen in the original chemical oxygen demand monitoring data. Application of ozone/hydrogen peroxide was more efficient for reducing chemical oxygen demand than ozone alone, as was ozone/hydrogen peroxide/ultraviolet compared to ozone/ultraviolet. When coupled with ozone, ultraviolet irradiation was more efficient than hydrogen peroxide for decreasing chemical oxygen demand during treatment of livestock wastewater.