Numerical modeling of Persian Gulf salinity variations due to tidal effects

Numerical modeling of salinity changes in marine environment of Persian Gulf is investigated in this paper. Computer simulation of the problem is performed by the solution of a convection-diffusion equation for salinity concentration coupled with the hydrodynamics equations. The hydrodynamic equations consist of shallow water equations of continuity and motion in horizontal plane. The effects of rain and evaporations are considered in the continuity equation and the effects of bed slope and friction, as well as the Coriolis effects are considered in two equations of motion. The cell vertex finite volume method is applied for solving the governing equations on triangular unstructured meshes. Using unstructured meshes provides great flexibility for modeling the flow problems in arbitrary and complex geometries, such as Persian Gulf domain. The results of evaporation and Coriolis effects, as well as imposing river and tidal boundary conditions to the hydrodynamic model of Persian Gulf (considering variable topology rough bed) are compared with predictions of Admiralty Tide Table, which are obtained from the harmonic analysis. The performance of the developed computer model is demonstrated by simulation of salinity changes due to inflow effects and diffusion effects as well as computed currents.     

Simulation of the movement and dispersion of oil slicks in the Arabian Gulf

The extensive oil drilling and transportation activities in the Arabian Gulf increased the possibility of oil spills and the consequent threat of oil pollution to the regional ecology. The available literature concerning the main aspects of the physical oceanographic characteristics affecting the movement and spreading of oil spill in the Gulf are reviewed. It is concluded that evaporation, wind-driven currents, and sandfall are important as weathering processes, while tidal currents cause lateral spreading of the slick. Oil spill modelling has shown some usefulness in estimating the trajectories of few major spills illustrated by reference to three models developed for the Gulf. The performance of these models, their capabilities and limitations are reviewed. Recommendations are made to gather more data on the behavior of oil spills in this particular environment.     

伴随数据同化法反演涌潮河口开边界

构造了非线性守恒型浅水方程的伴随方程,并给出无结构三角网格的开边界校正表达式,利用Godunov格式和Riemann间断解Roe通量格式的设计思想,建立了无结构三角网格有限体积法的伴随开边界反演模型。进行了概化涌潮河口和钱塘江涌潮河口M2分潮开边界反演的数值实验,经过同化得到开边界上振幅的平均误差分别为0.000 6 m和0.053 3 m,证实了本文构造有限体积伴随模型的可行性,也表明本模型能够适应间断解问题。     

土质陡坡降雨侵蚀的数学模型及求解方法

建立了土质陡坡降雨侵蚀的数学模型,模型包括陡坡细沟间坡面流控制方程、变沟宽陡坡细沟流控制方程、陡坡细沟间坡面侵蚀泥沙连续方程及陡坡变沟宽细沟侵蚀泥沙连续方程。通过紊流冲击分布概率确定土壤剥蚀方程,确定了泥沙源/汇项的表达形式及细沟高程与宽度的表达式。通过有限元和有限差分相结合的方法求解该数学模型,利用有限单元法对数学模型的水动力方程、运动方程及泥沙连续方程进行空间上的离散,利用有限差分法解决时间域的问题,得出了顺序求解的数值计算公式及模型数值求解的具体方法和步骤。     

Numerical modeling of two-phase fluid flow and oil slick transport in estuarine water

Oil spills is one of the most important hazards in the estuarine and coastal water. In recent decades, engineers try to predict the status of oil slick to manage the pollution spreading. The prediction of oil slick transport is carried out mainly by means of numerical models. In the current study, the development and application of a two-phase fluid flow model to simulate oil transport in the marine environment are presented. Different transport and fate processes are included in the developed model. The model consists of the Lagrangian method for the advection process, the Random Walk technique for horizontal diffusion process and the empirical equations for the fate processes. The major forces for driving oil particles are fluid current, wind speed and turbulent flow. Therefore, the multi-component hydrocarbon method has been included to the developed model in order to predict fate processes. As prediction of particle velocity components is of major importance for oil slick advection, therefore the binomial interpolation procedure has been chosen for the particle velocity components computations. In addition, shoreline boundary condition is included in the developed model to simulate shore response to oil slick transport near the beaches. The results of the model applications are compared with the analytical solutions, experimental measurements and other numerical models cited in literature. Comparisons of different sets of results represent the capability of developed model to predict the oil slick transport. In addition, the developed model is tested for two oil spill cases in the Persian Gulf.     

A description of the tides and effect of Qeshm canal on that in the Persian Gulf using two-dimensional numerical model

The main semidiurnal (M2 and S2) and diurnal (K1 and O1) tidal constituents are simulated in the Persian Gulf (PG). The topography is discretized on a spherical grid with a resolution of 30 s in both latitude and longitude. It includes coastal areas prone to flooding. The model permits flooding of drying banks up to 5 m above mean sea level. At the open boundary, it is forced by 13 harmonic constituents extracted from a global tidal model. The model results are in good agreement with tide gauge observations. Co-tidal charts and flow extremes are presented for each tidal constituent. The co-tidal charts show two amphidromic points for semidiurnal and one for diurnal tidal constituents. Maximum amplitudes of sea level are obtained for the north-western part of the PG, where coastal flooding prevails in wide areas. Strong tidal currents occur in different parts of the PG for different types of constituents. Maximum velocities are found in shallow regions. Particularly, high amplitudes of elevations and high speed currents are founded in the canal between Qeshm Island and the mainland. Rectification of tides around Qeshm Island affects the propagation of tides in the PG as far as the coast of Saudi Arabia and the northern part of the PG.     

Tidal propagation in the Gulf of Khambhat, Bombay High, and surrounding areas

The continental shelf on the west coast of India is widest off Bombay and leads into a strongly converging channel, the Gulf of Khambhat. Tides in the Gulf are among the largest on the coast. We use data on amplitude and phase of major semi-diurnal and diurnal constituents at forty-two ports in the Gulf and surrounding areas to define characteristics of the tides. We then use a barotropic numerical model based on shallow water wave equations to simulate the sea level and circulation in the region. The model is forced by prescribing the tide along the open boundaries of the model domain. Observed sea level at Bombay and currents from the Bombay High region at the centre of the model domain and from a shallow station off the port of Dahanu compare favourably with the fields simulated by the model. The simulated amplitudes and phases of the four most prominent tidal constituents also compare favourably with those observed along the coast, except at a few locations where the model spatial resolution (6.37 km × 6.37 km) appears to be inadequate to resolve the local geometry. Though this encourages us to conclude that the circulation in the region is dominated by barotropic tides, a concern is that the observational database on hydrography and directly measured currents in the region is weak.     

渤海湾曹妃甸港区开发对水动力泥沙环境的影响

针对渤海湾曹妃甸海域波浪、潮流、泥沙及海床演变特点,应用波流共同作用下二维泥沙数学模型研究港区开发方案。2006年冬季和夏季大、小潮潮流泥沙验证表明,该海域潮位及15条同步垂线流速、流向、含沙量过程的计算值与实测值吻合良好,并进行了矿石码头港池前沿海域在潮流与波浪共同作用下悬沙引起的冲淤验证,计算的冲淤厚度及其分布趋势与实测值比较接近。在此基础上,研究了曹妃甸前岛后陆的港区围垦方案对水动力环境的影响问题,包括该工程引起的曹妃甸甸头以南深槽、老龙沟深槽及各港池的流速变化及底床的冲淤变形等。     

Tracing subsurface oil pollution leakage using 2D electrical resistivity tomography

This study provides an evaluation of the subsurface oil contaminant flow in an oil production field at the Wadi Feiran fan, along the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. The 2D electrical resistivity tomography technique has been applied along four profiles surrounding the spill location of oil dump site. Theoretical soil resistivity response versus fluid resistivity for different cation exchange capacity values has been studied. Then, a physical model for the current situation of flowing the oil over the groundwater (sea invaded water) of saturated fluvial sediments has been introduced. It was supposed that the crude oil has higher resistivity values and turned to be conductive far away from the oil spill source under the effect of microbial biodegradation. Such conditions of contaminated distribution and its resistivity values have been considered during the inversion and interpretation of the acquired data sets. The processed 2D resistivity profiles reveal that oil plumes are accumulated in the seawater invasion direction, whereas it has low signatures along the profiles parallel to the shore line.     

感潮河网二维水流-输运耦合数学模型

感潮河网水流不仅受径流、潮汐动力的双重影响,还常受水闸调度等人类活动的影响,水动力条件极为复杂。针对水闸调度影响下感潮河网复杂水动力及其伴随物质输移扩散模拟,提出了考虑水闸调度并集成输运对流项的水流-输运通量耦合求解器,建立了基于非结构网格Godunov格式的二维水流-输运耦合数学模型。采用具有时空二阶精度的MUSCL-Hancock预测-校正格式,结合变量重构限制器技术,在保证计算精度的同时避免了数值振荡。运用斜底三角单元网格表达水闸线状地形,并通过地形调整模拟了水闸启闭过程。算例研究表明,该模型计算精度高,可有效模拟水闸调度影响下感潮河网水流运动及污染物输运过程,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

Locating oil spill response equipment and facilities: A cluster analysis approach

The response to marine accidental spillage of oil requires careful advance planning to ensure that the impact of an oil spill is minimized. In this paper a binary integer mathematical model based on the cluster analysis approach is developed to aid in determining the optimal sites for locating oil spill response equipment and facilities within a semienclosed waterway. The application of the model has been illustrated through a numerical example using hypothetical but representative data to determine optimal sites for locating oil spill response equipment and facilities in the Arabian Gulf region.     

基于三角单元外心下的幂率格式在丁坝绕流中的应用

针对在非结构网格水流数值计算,将各变量储存在三角单元外心进行离散,从而避免了由于非结构网格的非正交性而使用各种校正方法所带来的校正误差.采用Rhie-Chow的动量插值思想推导出基于SIMPLE意义下的水位校正方程,并详细给出了水位校正方程的离散形式.动量方程采用数值性能优良的幂率格式.计算结果成功地模拟出丁坝上、下游涡的特征量及流场情况,与水槽试验的资料吻合良好.     

Finite element modelling of three-phase flow in deforming saturated oil reservoirs

A numerical simulation is presented for three-dimensional three-phase fluid flow in a deforming saturated oil reservoir. The mathematical formulation describes a fully coupled governing equation systen which consists of the equilibrium and continuity equations for three immiscible fluids flowing in a porous medium. An elastoplastic soil model, based on a Mohr–Coulomb yield surface, is used. The finite element method is applied to obtain simultaneous solutions to the governing equations where displacement and fluid pressures are the primary unknowns. The final discretized equations are solved by a direct solver using fully implicit procedures. The developed model is used to investigate the problems of three-phase fluid flow in a deforming saturated oil reservoir.     

近底层潮流速分布模式比较

考虑到潮流运动的非恒定性和非线性特征,基于潮流雷诺应力分布式,应用Prandtl混合长度和von Karman自相似理论,并结合潮流运动方程,推导了近底层潮流速垂向分布的双对数模式.然后,将该分布模式应用于英国大陆南部西Solent水道和江苏岸外西洋海域流速的实测资料,并与对数线性分布的计算成果相比较,获得了比较满意的结果.最后,对几种分布模式进行了讨论和比较,结果表明:在近岸水域采用对数或对数线性流速分布模式计算摩阻流速和粗糙高度往往会带来较大的偏差,双对数模式能使计算的结果更为合理.     

基于广义垂线坐标系的三维非结构数学模型及其在珠江口的应用

基于广义垂线坐标变换,构建了非结构网格的三维水动力数学模型。模型采用半隐式有限体积法对控制方程进行数值离散,其中半隐式法用于水位梯度和垂向紊动扩散以及垂向对流项的离散,显式控制体积分法用于水平对流项等的离散。广义垂线坐标系使得模型能够灵活地对垂向网格进行布置,平面非结构网格使得模型能够适应河口海岸复杂的岸线,并可对局部进行网格加密。模型通过具有解析解的风生流和异重流对模型进行检验,应用模型模拟了珠江口的三维潮流过程,计算结果与实测水文数据的比较表明,模型能够较好地模拟珠江河口的盐水楔和三维分层水动力过程。     

河口海岸桥隧工程设计流速推算

跨海桥隧工程设计需要推算工程位置不同重现期设计流速,由于现场缺乏长期实测流速资料,设计流速推算存在很大困难。研究提出了采用不同重现期典型风暴潮过程推算河口海岸设计流速的数值模拟方法,对河口地区考虑洪水径流与风暴潮流的耦合。在依据澳门验潮站1925—2003年实测潮位资料分析珠江口海域风暴潮过程特征的基础上,结合潮位和潮差年极值频率分析结果构建了不同重现期典型风暴潮潮型。采用平面二维水动力数学模型模拟了不同重现期风暴潮和上游一般洪水组合条件下珠江口水域的流场,得出港珠澳大桥沿线各控制点处设计流速。     

港珠澳大桥人工岛对水沙动力环境的影响

为了评估港珠澳大桥人工岛建设对周边海区水沙动力环境的影响,针对人工岛设计及工程海区水沙特性,建立了整体潮流泥沙物理模型,系统研究了人工岛建设引起的动力地貌演变效应。试验结果表明,受岛体阻水影响,潮流在人工岛两端分别形成双向绕流,流速明显增大,并在岛桥结合部与岛隧结合部发育局部冲刷坑;人工岛背水面同时存在多个大小不一的强紊动小尺度回流,并具有不断形成、发育、发展到消亡的周期性变化过程。受人工岛自身位置、形态、尺度以及工程海区地形、水流、泥沙等因素影响,港珠澳大桥东、西两个人工岛引起的动力地貌演变效应,既在变化规律上具有较好的一致性,又在影响形式与程度上存在明显的差异性。     

How severely was the Persian Gulf affected by oil spills following the 1991 Gulf War?

Ostracods from 14 surface sediment samples taken from the northwest part of the Persian Gulf (Iranian side) at water depths of 32-54 m were studied to evaluate the environmental pollution caused by oil spills following the 1991 Gulf War. With the exception of two live ostracods, which show no response to the contamination, at least 58 closed carapaces from 18 taxa of herbivorous and sediment-feeding species were found containing dark brown oil. All contaminated specimens were restricted to the uppermost part of the sediments (0.0-0.5 cm). The extent of the impact and the number of affected species varies within the samples. The most heavily contaminated ostracods were encountered in samples 1, 3, 14, 21 and 26 in which 3-5% of the complete carapaces contain oil residues. Compared to a previous sampling in 1965, seven additional ostracod species occur in the modern Persian Gulf. This indicates an intact environmental state prior to the Gulf War.     

月表撞击坑形成过程数值模拟理论与方法

数值模拟是研究撞击坑形成过程的一种主要方法,尤其是认识撞击坑形成机制的重要手段。撞击坑形成过程数值模拟的基本原理是用离散方法描述物质在高速撞击作用下的运动及状态,在模拟中首先将物质与空间划分成离散的网格,在每一次迭代计算中逐步求解各个网格的形变、运动与状态改变的规律。牛顿运动定律、物质的连续体模型与热力学方程是撞击坑形成过程数值模拟的理论基础,牛顿运动定律以偏微分方程的形式贯穿在离散化的网格空间中,物质的连续体模型将物质的屈服强度与破裂、温度、孔隙、振动等联系起来,而热力学方程则通过其他热力学参数计算网格单元内物质的压强与物质所处的状态。