不同埋深马兰黄土孔隙结构试验

本文采用"注胶法"制得用以观察分析和定量研究的黄土微观结构试样,借助扫描电子显微镜和数字化图像分析系统,观察并讨论黄土孔隙结构特征及其随黄土埋深增加的变化规律。结果表明,不同埋深马兰黄土依据孔隙率或孔隙面积率分类均属于疏松多孔性土。黄土孔隙连通性随埋深增加逐渐减弱;埋深由小到大,马兰黄土孔隙的主要结构特征由相对不稳定的大、中架空孔隙,过渡为相对稳定的微、小镶嵌孔隙,定量表现为大、中孔隙面积率之和随黄土埋深的增加减小约63.04%,而小孔隙面积率增加约40.57%,微孔隙面积率增加约22.47%。通过对孔隙形状分布的分析,上述不同类型孔隙面积率的增加或减少主要源于细长形和不规则形孔隙面积的改变。此外,不同埋深马兰黄土中细长孔隙的面积在微、小、中、大孔隙的面积中均占主导地位。就孔隙数量而言,马兰黄土中微、小、中、大孔隙的数量随深度增加依次急剧减少,此现象主要由4种孔隙中圆孔数量的显著差异引起,表明圆孔的孔径多偏小。     

酸化作用对页岩微观结构及其物性的影响

龙马溪组页岩作为贵州页岩气的主要储气层位,勘探及钻井均证实其具有良好的页岩气成藏条件和资源开发潜力。为揭示贵州龙马溪组页岩微观孔隙结构及其物性对酸化作用的响应规律,基于X射线衍射分析（XRD）、压汞、低温氮吸附及核磁共振（NMR）等实验手段,定量表征页岩酸化作用前后的孔隙体积、孔隙率、比表面积、孔径分布等页岩微观结构物性参数的差异性,分析酸化作用前后页岩孔裂隙的结构特征。研究表明:酸化作用增大了页岩的孔隙体积、孔隙率、比表面积和孔径,酸化作用后页岩进-退汞曲线及低温氮吸/脱附曲线的滞后环明显增大,酸化作用增大了墨水瓶孔的孔隙体积;受到酸化作用影响,页岩优势孔隙由介孔和110 nm左右大中孔向介孔与2 800 nm左右宏孔发展,介孔数量减少,宏孔数量增加,页岩孔隙的连通性明显变好;酸化对页岩孔裂隙中矿物质及黏土成分具有明显的化学溶解和刻蚀作用,对页岩孔裂隙体积的改造效果显著,增加了页岩储层的渗透性,进而提高了页岩气的运移与渗流能力;酸化作用下伴随的水化作用对页岩孔裂隙沿层理面起裂、扩展延伸起促进作用,但是页岩酸化作用下的水化作用机制尚需进一步研究。      

皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征及影响因素

为了评估下扬子皖南地区古生界页岩气储层性质,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞法、N₂和CO₂气体吸附法,对皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征和孔隙结构进行研究,并探讨页岩孔隙发育的主要影响因素。结果表明,皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙度和渗透率低,页岩样品中常见粒间孔、凝絮孔、溶蚀孔、基质晶间孔和有机质孔,并且发育微米-纳米级孔隙。古生界页岩孔隙中50%以上为微孔和介孔;孔隙结构主要为圆柱孔、狭缝型孔和混合型孔,平均孔径范围为4.17~12.06 nm。页岩孔容和比表面积随着有机碳(TOC)含量的增大而增大;页岩孔隙度随着有机质成熟度(R_o)的增大而减小;页岩孔容随着黏土矿物含量的增加而增大,随着脆性矿物含量的增加而减小。     

四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组重点井含气页岩孔隙类型与孔径分布

针对四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组过成熟海相页岩,开展普通薄片观察、SEM成像、X-衍射全岩组分和黏土矿物分析、TOC含量测定、N2-CO2联合吸附实验和RG测定.结果表明,海相页岩发育有机孔、无机孔和微裂缝.有机孔多呈气孔状或海绵孔状,大、小混杂;无机孔多呈三角状、棱角状或长方形状;微裂缝多呈条带状,能有效沟通有机孔和无机...     

Analysis of an illustrative interaction between structural features and earthworm populations in Brazilian ferralsols

Ferralsols are characterized by poorly-defined horizons, weak macrostructure and strong development of a fine granular structure comprising subangular micro-aggregates. In this study, the morphological and physical modifications caused by earthworm activity in a clayey ferralsol were analysed. After describing soil structures, undisturbed samples were taken for evaluating aggregates and determining clod bulk density and particle density. Soil water retention properties were measured and an inventory of soil invertebrate macrofauna was created. The structural and porous transformations were due to aggregates created by earthworm activity. Changes in bulk density can be associated with pore modifications caused by a change in the proportions of aggregate types, and a notable reduction of total porosity was measured, tending to increase soil volume with dense aggregates. Structural modifications affected the topsoil down to 0.5 m and water retention between −1 and −33 kPa, the principal water compartment of these soils.     

基于四参数随机生长法重构土体的格子玻尔兹曼细观渗流研究

多孔介质模型的重构问题是土体细观渗流机理研究的基础和关键。由四参数随机生长法(QSGS)构建土体模型,采用格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM),通过MATLAB自编程序研究重构土在不同条件下的细观渗流机理。结果表明:随模型尺寸增大,孔隙连通程度显著提高,300×300格点大小的模型连通孔隙率增长幅度(34.38%)最大,继续扩大模型尺寸发现增加不明显;流体粒子在孔隙连通性好、孔径大的区域,会形成主渗流通道,且存在指进效应,孔道中间流速最大,可达0.0324,越靠近孔壁流速越小;大孔隙率土的流速比小孔隙率土大,而低孔隙率土中的流速相比大孔隙土更稳定;LBM模拟渗透率与经典K-C公式计算结果对比发现,孔隙率越高计算渗透率越准确(n=0.78,误差为10.22%);土颗粒越小,渗流孔道越细窄、分布越密集,对应的速度场分布更为均匀,同时流速也更小。该研究成果能较好地揭示重构土的细观渗流机理,也可为现有细观土体孔隙流研究提供一定借鉴。     

非饱和红黏土的不排气、不排水三轴剪切试验研究

非饱和土中由于有孔隙气的存在而使得非饱和土的力学性质变得非常复杂。气体对非饱和土体强度和变形会产生重要影响。根据12组不同饱和度、不同干密度云南红黏土土样的三轴不排气、不排水剪切试验结果,讨论了气体对非饱和土土体强度和变形的影响。黏聚力在不排气剪切情况下随着饱和度的变化不是单调的,内摩擦角则随着饱和度的增大而减小。干密度增大则黏聚力和内摩擦角都增大。在三轴不排气剪切过程中,试样出现了明显了的剪胀性,且随着干密度的减小,饱和度的增大剪胀性逐渐消失。试样最后的破坏形态与是否发生剪胀可能也有联系。     

Soil improvement with coal ash and sewage sludge: a field experiment

A field experimental study was carried out successfully to improve the quality of the sandy soil by adding coal ash and sewage sludge. One ha of barren sandy soil field was chosen for the experiment in Shanghe County, Shandong Province, China. For soil amelioration and tree planting, two formulas of the mixture:coal ash, sewage sludge and soil, in ratios of 20:10:70 and 20:20:60, respectively, were used. Poplar trees were planted in pits filled with soils with additives (mixture of ash and sludge) as well as in the original sandy soil. In the 19th months after the trees were planted, the soils with additives were sampled and analyzed. The results show that the barren sandy soil was greatly improved after mixing with coal ash and sludge. The improved soils have remarkably higher nutrient concentrations, better texture, smaller bulk density, higher porosity and mass moisture content, and higher content of fine-grained minerals. During the first 22 months after planting, the annual increase in height of the trees grown in the soil with additives (4.78 m per year) was 55% higher than that of the control group (3.07 m per year), and the annual increase in diameter at the breast height (1.3 m) was 33 % higher (43.03 vs. 32.36 mm). Trees planted in soils with additives appeared healthier and shed leaves later than those in the control group. As the volume of the additives (30–40% in both formulas) is less than that of the sandy soil in and around the tree pits, it appears that the use of coal ash and sludge for tree planting and soil amelioration is environmentally safe even though the additives have relatively high heavy metal concentrations.     

准噶尔盆地南缘低煤阶煤储层可动流体及孔径分布特征

为分析准噶尔盆地南缘（简称准南）低煤阶煤储层可动流体、束缚流体以及孔径分布特征,对准南6个矿区6个煤样进行了高速离心和低场核磁共振实验。实验结果表明:准南低煤阶煤以吸附孔发育最优,其次为渗流孔和裂隙。建立束缚水状态的最佳离心力为1.380 MPa;结合饱和水状态和束缚水状态的核磁共振T₂谱,得到可动流体孔隙度为0.45%~1.89%,平均1.29%;束缚流体孔隙度为1.03%~7.45%,平均4.18%,可动流体孔隙度与渗透率呈幂指数关系（R2=0.935 8）。根据"离心-T_2C法"得到准南低阶煤孔隙半径主要分布在0.01~1 μm,平均孔隙半径为1.771 μm。      

湿干循环作用对压实黏土干裂特性的影响

开展了湿干循环作用下压实黏土的开裂试验和微观结构特性研究,分析了湿干循环作用对黏土开裂和孔隙结构的影响,将压汞试验(MIP)和扫描电镜(SEM)的结果与宏观开裂进行比较。结果表明:湿干循环作用显著影响了压实黏土的开裂,用开裂因子表征黏土的开裂程度,开裂因子随含水率减小而增大并明显大于湿干循环作用前; 随湿干循环次数的增加,黏土孔隙的总体积、中间孔径、平均孔径、平均孔隙率和团粒内孔隙均在增加,而黏土的颗粒内孔隙、颗粒间孔隙和团粒间孔隙却在减小。湿干循环作用使黏土体从大团粒逐渐转化为小颗粒,并增大了土颗粒的凸凹性,分析SEM二值化图像得知土体孔隙率均在增加; 用压汞法和扫描电镜法分析和解释土体开裂是可行的,所得的微观孔隙特征与宏观开裂规律基本相符。     

高黏粒含量海洋土电阻率特征分析及模型构建

在高黏粒含量海洋土中,黏粒吸附孔液中阳离子形成的双电层会直接影响土体导电性,与孔液、土体结构共同形成土体导电性的影响因素,使导电结构变得复杂。对饱和的海洋土而言,固结程度不同代表了土体结构不同。为量化分析双电层对不同固结程度高黏粒含量海洋土导电性的影响,界定电阻率测试技术对海洋土结构变化的反映能力,分别以黄河三角洲和南海北部陆坡海洋土为研究对象,进行电阻率和其他物理性质测试。基于测试结果分析不同黏粒含量海洋土电阻率的变化规律和独有特征,借鉴黏性土多元导电理论构建适合的电阻率模型。研究表明,黏粒含量对不同固结程度海洋土电阻率的影响不同,根据其变化特征可分为3个阶段：正常固结的海洋土电阻率变化可用简化的二元模型公式表示,当孔隙度小于50%时,电阻率随孔隙度呈明显的幂函数降低,当孔隙度介于50%~60%时,电阻率随孔隙度降低速率明显减小;欠固结海洋土孔隙度均高于60%,电阻率随孔隙度线性减小,可用线性模型公式描述。电阻率测量技术对高黏粒含量正常固结海洋土结构变化（孔隙度变化）反映能力良好,探测灵敏度可达25 Ω·m;对欠固结海洋土结构变化反映困难。     

污水灌溉下土壤孔隙特征的CT定量分析

污水中的悬浮物、盐分和有机营养物对土壤孔隙状况产生了深刻的影响.通过室内模拟和CT(computed tomography)扫描的方法, 定量研究污水灌溉条件下土壤孔隙数、孔隙度及形态特征.结果表明: 与对照点相比, 污水灌溉区上层土壤总孔隙数和大孔隙数(当量直径≥1.00 mm)均显著升高, 而下层土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数、粗孔隙数(当量直径为0.26~1.00 mm)、总孔隙度、大孔隙度和粗孔隙度均显著降低(p＜0.05);在模拟悬浮液和盐液灌溉条件下, 土壤总孔隙数、粗孔隙数和粗孔隙度均有所升高, 而大孔隙数、总孔隙度、大孔隙度和孔隙成圆率均有所降低; 在模拟营养液灌溉条件下, 土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数、粗孔隙数和粗孔隙度均有所增加, 而孔隙成圆率有所降低; 对于研究区土壤来说, 悬浮液灌溉对土壤孔隙的影响效应强于盐液灌溉; 对于同种性质的污水灌溉来说, 污灌对对照点土壤孔隙的影响效应强于污灌区土壤.      

马兰黄土孔隙结构参数与渗透性关系研究

利用改进的ZC-2015型渗气仪和TST-55型渗透仪进行马兰黄土渗气及饱和渗透试验,得到两个渗透性参数渗气率k_a和饱和渗透系数K_w,通过室内常规试验得到的孔隙比e,并利用图像处理软件（IPP）处理扫描电镜（SEM）照片得到的平面孔隙比e₀,结合试验结果并利用数学模型建立宏-微观孔隙参数与渗透参数之间的关系。结果表明:重塑土干密度增大,单位体积内颗粒数量增多,孔隙面积减少。原状风干土样埋深增大,大孔和中孔的孔隙面积、孔隙数量、孔隙平均直径明显减小;半对数线性模型可以消除K_w和k_a与孔隙结构参数在量级上的差异,拟合效果更好。lgK_w、lgk_a与e、e₀之间都呈现较好的线性关系;含水率变化时,渗气率拟合直线的斜率和截距的变化规律更明显。重塑土由于制样均匀,曲线的拟合度更高,而不同深度的原状黄土试样由于沉积过程造成的结构性的差异,致使其拟合度较重塑土偏低。     

沁水盆地阳泉区块上古生界煤系页岩气储层特征

页岩储层特征是进行页岩气储集能力评价的基础内容。为探究高演化阶段煤系页岩气储层性质和优选有利储层,运用岩石热解、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低温N₂和CO₂气体吸附多种实验方法,对沁水盆地阳泉区块上古生界煤系页岩岩心样品进行储层特征研究。结果表明:沁水盆地阳泉区块上古生界煤系页岩,有机碳含量较高(TOC平均为4.9%),处于过成熟阶段(R_ran平均为2.32%),黏土矿物质量分数较高(平均为50.0%),具有低孔低渗的特征(孔隙率平均为6.61%,渗透率平均为0.006 3×10–3μm2),孔隙类型以粒间孔、粒内孔和微裂缝为主,微米–纳米级孔隙为页岩气的赋存提供了储集空间;孔隙总孔容为0.025 5~0.051 7 mL/g,平均0.038 9 mL/g,总比表面积为12.64~40.98 m2/g,平均28.43 m2/g,微孔(<2 nm)、介孔(2~50 nm)的孔容与比表面积呈良好的正相关性,宏孔(>50 nm)孔容与比表面积则相关性不明显,表明微孔和介孔是阳泉区块煤系页岩气储集的主要载体。总体来说,阳泉区块上古生界煤系页岩具有较好的页岩气储集性能,但页岩储层可压裂性较差,影响页岩气的开发。      

Pore Types and Quantitative Evaluation of Pore Volumes in the Longmaxi Formation Shale of Southeast Chongqing,China

The common microscale to nanoscale pore types were introduced and divided into organic and inorganic pores to estimate their contributions to porosity in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Following the material balance principle, the organic porosity values, which changed with formation subsidence and thermal evolution, were calculated using chemical kinetics methods and corrected via the organic porosity correction coefficient, which was obtained from field emission scanning electron microscopy. Grain density values were determined using the contents and true densities of compositions in the shale samples. The total porosity was calculated based on the grain and bulk densities. The inorganic porosity was determined from the difference between the total porosity and organic porosity at the same depth. The results show that inorganic pores mainly contain microfractures, microchannels, clay intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores and intracrystalline pores in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Organic pores mainly include organopore and fossil pore. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity of organic-rich shale samples can be quantitatively evaluated using this method. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity values of the Longmaxi Formation shale samples from the well Py1 in southeast Chongqing lie in 2.75%–6.14%, 0.08%–2.52% and 1.41%–4.92% with average values of 4.34%, 0.95% and 3.39%, respectively. The contributions of the inorganic pores to the total porosity are significantly greater than those of the organic pores.     

稻田CH4的传输

通过对稻田CH_4排放、土壤CH_4产生率以及植物体CH_4传输、气泡、液相扩散这三种排放路径的同时测量后发现:CH_4氧化作用在下午CH_4排放路径通畅时较小;阴雨天气造成CH_4排放率降低会增加CH_4在土壤中的氧化量。早稻CH_4传输效率在6月上、中旬较高,晚稻则在水稻生长初期的7月下旬最高,这主要是两季水稻的生长季节中气候因子的差异造成的。只有在较短的时间尺度内,当水稻植物体、气候因素维持相对恒定时,CH_4产生率和稻田甲烷排放才显出正相关性。 水稻植物体内有明显的CH_4浓度梯度。水稻的切割控制实验发现,通过植物体排放CH_4的比例随季节而变化,在进行单株植物体排放测量时发现了同样结果,早稻和晚稻CH_4通过水稻植物体的传输平均分别占CH_4总体排放的73.18％(43.07—97.88％〕及54.98％(11—99.95％);植物体对CH_4排放的作用在早稻大于晚稻;水稻植物体排放CH_4的能力的季节变化对早、晚稻类似,随着水稻的生长而不断增强,到水稻抽穗中期达到最大,以后则随水稻的成熟而变小;水稻植物体排放CH_4的能力与水稻植物体的高度存在极大的线性正相关。土壤中CH_4的浓度远远大于大气中的CH_4含量(10—10~4倍),根部区域土壤CH_4浓度小于水稻行间土壤中的;在垂直方向,CH_4浓度在14cm深的土壤中最大,与土壤浅层有     

Evaluation of advanced rice germplasm under water stress environment

Thirteen genotypes of rice comprising of approved varieties and elite candidate lines were studied at three different water regimes by supplying 12, 8 and 4 numbers of irrigations at different intervals/ stages. The experiment was conducted at NIAB Farm Faisalabad, Pakistan on a clay loam soil applying normal doses of N and P fertilizers during 2002–2003 keeping varieties in the main plot while treatments in sub plot. The data for twelve morphological characters i.e. days to flower, days to mature, plant height, panicle length, number of productive tillers, number of primary and secondary branches, 1000 grain weight, sterile grains per spike, number of total grains per spike, fertility percentage, grain yield were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared following DMR test. Effect of water stress on different morphological attributes in all treatments showed significant differences. Plant height, branches per plant, number of grains and grain yield reduced at less number of irrigations while sterility percentage was increased at less moisture conditions. Maximum grain yield (5349 Kg/ha) was achieved at T1 where 12 number of irrigations were applied at T2 (8 irrigations) and T3 (4 irrigations). The yield reduction was observed from 30.32% to 42.53%, respectively as compared to T1 (12 irrigations). Rice variety DM 64198 produced the highest seed yield (4766 Kg/ha) followed by DM-3-89 (4770 Kg/ha).This might be due to different genetic make up of the breeding lines and their behavior and interaction in water stress environment. Furthermore, high irrigation level made possible the appropriate water availability possible at proper time for performing different types of physiochemical processes of development that hindered at less number of irrigation or water stress environment. It may be concluded that for achieving maximum economic yield, at least 12 irrigations were essential otherwise the production will be reduced to a considerable extent.     

渝东南彭水地区彭页1井龙马溪组储层特征及含气性研究

渝东南地区是我国页岩气勘探开发的重点地区.以彭水地区彭页1井龙马溪组泥页岩为研究对象,结合钻井资料、全岩分析、薄片观察、扫描电镜、核磁共振与氮气吸附等实验,对页岩岩矿特征、有机地球化学、储层特征与含气性进行系统分析.研究表明：彭页1井龙马溪组泥页岩厚度约80 m,脆性矿物含量高,以石英为主,约占48%,其次为长石与碳酸盐矿物;黏土矿物占29%,以伊利石为主,占黏土矿物总量的65%,与美国Barnett页岩矿物成分及含量相近,有利于后期压裂.该井区页岩有机质类型为II₂型,TOC为1%～3%,平均1.84%,成熟度2.5%～4.4%.储集空间多为纳米级—微米级孔隙,有机质孔和粒间孔为主,可见粒内溶蚀孔、微裂隙、黏土矿物层间孔和少量晶间孔,平均孔隙度2.43%,孔径以微小孔为主,介于2～80 nm,渗透率主要集中在0.005～0.01 mD,含气性中等—偏低,解析气量平均1.15 m³/t,饱和吸附量（V_L）平均2.56 m³/t,均低于Barnett页岩和焦页1井的含气量,有机质丰度、储层孔隙度是该区页岩含气量的主控因素,其次还受脆性矿物和黏土矿物含量影响.     

Effect of terracing on rainwater harvesting and growth of Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endlicher

The present study was conducted in two forests in Abha (Capital of Asir Region) and two forests in Al Namas (130 km north of Abha), south western Saudi Arabia (Asir region) to investigate the effect of terraces on rainwater harvesting and growth of Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endlicher. Farmers grow their crops within Juniper forests and woodlots by constructing terraces from soil and stones to harvest rainwater. Juniper forests and woodlots present important watersheds and sources for water. Study plots were established in four forests, two of which contained maintained terraces and the other two have been covered by abandoned and damaged terraces. The results showed that maintained terraces served as important means for rainwater harvesting, whereas abandoning of terraces resulted in increased soil loss, surface runoff, bulk density and reduced infiltration rates. Significant correlations and regression between soil loss, total runoff, soil bulk density and infiltration rate were provided. Diameter at breast height, total height, basal area, volume, number of trees, crown coverage and regeneration/ha of J. procera were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in forests with maintained terraces compared with abandoned terraces. Finally, maintained terraces improved rainwater harvesting and growth performance of J. procera.     

Anion exclusion effects in compacted bentonites: Towards a better understanding of anion diffusion

Diffusion of ³⁶Cl⁻ in compacted bentonite was studied using through-diffusion, out-diffusion and profile analysis techniques. Both the bulk dry density of the bentonite and the composition of the external solution were varied. Increasing the bulk dry density of the bentonite resulted in a decrease of both the effective diffusion coefficient and the Cl-accessible porosity. Increasing the ionic strength of the external solutions resulted in an increase of both the effective diffusion coefficient and the Cl-accessible porosity. This can be explained by anion exclusion effects (Donnan exclusion). At high ionic strength values (I ? 1 M NaCl) the Cl-accessible porosity approaches the interparticle porosity. This interparticle porosity is the difference between the total and interlayer porosity of the bentonite. The interlayer porosity was found to depend on the degree of compaction. Up to a bulk dry density of 1300 kg m⁻³ the interlayer is built up of 3 water layers. Between 1300 and 1800 kg m⁻³ the interlayer water is reduced from 3 to 2 layers of water. Above 1800 kg m⁻³ evidence for a further decrease to 1 layer of water was found. These findings are in agreement with X-ray data found in the literature showing a decrease of the basal spacing of montmorillonite (the main clay mineral in bentonite) with increasing degree of compaction. The relationship between the effective diffusion coefficient of Cl⁻ and the diffusion-accessible porosity can be described by an empirical relationship analogous to Archie’s law. To predict the effective diffusion coefficient of Cl⁻ in compacted bentonite, the diffusion coefficient of Cl⁻ in water, the bulk dry density and the ionic strength of the pore water have to be known.