Performance and environmental impact of a turbojet engine fueled by blends of biodiesels

Depletion of conventional fuels, concerns about environmental pollution and the tightening of exhaust emission legislations are the main reasons for increasing research on alternative fuels produced from agricultural feedstock. In this study, biodiesel fuels produced from cotton and corn vegetable oils are investigated as renewable fuels for a gas turbine engine for aviation. The biodiesel fuels are defined as cotton methyl ester (CTME) and corn methyl ester. The performance characteristics and exhaust emissions of the gas turbine engine are investigated when the engine fueled with three blends of 10%(B10), 20%(B20) and 50%(B50) of biodiesel/JetA-1 by volume. The biodiesel fuels were produced using transesterification process and characterized according to ASTM biodiesel specifications. Chemical and physical properties show a real potential of using biodiesel blends as an alternative for JetA-1. The measured engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions are compared with that of pure JetA-1 over a range of throttle setting. The gas turbine engine used in this study is equipped with pressure, flow, temperature, thrust and speed sensors that connected to data acquisition system and control unit in addition to exhaust gas analyzer. The experimental results show that biodiesel fuels can be used up to blend of 50% with JetA-1 in gas turbine engines with slight enhancement in engine performance and significant improvements in exhaust emissions. The engine static thrust is increased with 2% for B50 at lower and medium engine speeds and decreased with 11% at high engine speed compared to conventional JetA-1 fuel. The thrust-specific fuel consumption for biodiesel blends is lower than that for regular JetA-1 fuel. The gas turbine engine efficiency is increased for biodiesel blends by 14% compared to JetA-1, and this is reported for CTME B50. For oxygen concentration in exhaust gases emissions, the higher the biodiesel blend, the higher the O₂ concentration in the exhaust compared with JetA-1 fuel. The O₂ level increased by 6% for biodiesel blend of B50 compared to JetA-1 fuel. The emissions of CO and HC emissions decreased by 5 and 37%, respectively, compared with conventional JetA-1. Additionally, the biodiesel blends achieve a higher CO₂ and NO_x emissions with 11 and 27%, respectively, compared to JetA-1. The sulfur dioxide SO₂ decreased by 75% compared to the regular JetA-1 fuel.     

库车坳陷迪那2气田精细地层对比及应用

文章针对迪那气田存在的平面非均质性强、气藏层间动用程度不清等难题,在前人研究基础上,参考区域地层资料,采用"旋回对比、分级控制、井震结合"的油气层对比方法,对迪那气田古近系苏维依组和库姆格列木群进行精细地层对比。气层组的划分主要依据稳定分布的一级标志层,砂层组的划分依据二级标志层及沉积旋回特征,小层的划分依据沉积旋回及岩性变化特征。迪那气田古近系含气层系共划分为2个气层组,8个砂层组和38个小层。结合地震资料,识别出了过井断层11条,有效地解决了过井断层识别难的问题。     

基于分布式光纤技术的路基沉降监测应用研究

路基沉降监测是公路工程中最基础的工作之一,它对于工程的安全施工及运营具有显著的作用。传统的路基监测方法大都是点式的,具有一定的优点,但也存在着漏检、复杂等弊端。本文针对研究比较广泛的分布式光纤传感监测技术提出一种新型的光纤布设方法,并依托实际的路基监测工程进行相关理论计算和试验分析等,然后将传统监测手段的数据结果与其进行对比。结果表明:通过相关计算,传感光纤锯齿状的布设形式能够反应路基的沉降情况;与传统监测手段的结果相比,传感光纤锯齿状监测方法在相同的条件下能够获取大量的监测数据,其结果更精确,且在一定范围内更接近实际情况;通过MATLAB语言的三维3次样条插值法,光纤数据能够更加直观地表达区域内的路基沉降情况。分布式光纤传感监测技术的操作简单、数据量多、精度高等特性在路基沉降监测中具有良好的效果,为更深层次的路基沉降及工程研究提供参考。     

青海木里三露天井田天然气水合物调查研究新进展

自2008年首次发现天然气水合物以来,青海木里三露天井田的天然气水合物调查研究成为一个热点。近两年来,神华青海能源有限责任公司投资项目在三露天井田内开展天然气水合物调查评价工作,是该区最新的天然气水合物调查研究工作部署安排,目前取得了系列重要新进展。新进展主要表现为：(1)天然气水合物赋存特征研究取得了新认识;(2)对天然气水合物形成与分布的主要地质控制因素取得了新认识;(3)总结了天然气水合物成藏模式;(4)探索了地质、地球物理、地球化学、钻探等冻土区天然气水合物勘查方法,建立了钻探气测录井预判、地质标志识别、测井判识、室内鉴定等冻土区天然气水合物判定技术手段;(5)对天然气水合物资源量进行了估算并对其经济可采性进行了初步评价。综合认为,三露天天然气水合物资源目前不具备经济开采价值。     

煤田火区碳排放量计算模型和关键参数研究

完善碳排放清单,是进行减排工作的基础,为了查明煤田火区对大气碳排放的贡献量,以煤氧复合作用学说为理论基础,从不同的研究思路出发,提出了烧失煤量法和排放通量法两种火区碳排放量计算模型。在明确模型中关键参数“释放因子”“排放系数α”“排放通量”“排放系数β”的具体含义的基础上,重点对各参数所对应的获取途径进行了研究论述：(1)释放因子通过在室内进行煤自燃模拟实验得出;(2)排放系数α通过煤岩吸附实验结合火区实地勘测得出;(3)排放通量通过对火区现场煤自燃气体排放及环境因素的实时监测得出;(4)排放系数β通过对遥感图像裂隙信息的提取得到。上述两种计算模型在我国乌达实验区进行了实际应用,并对其可实现性进行了检验。     

基于声波测井的冻土区孔隙型水合物储层水合物饱和度估算方法

水合物饱和度参数的准确计算对于水合物资源量的评价至关重要。本文提出利用超声波测井资料与等效介质模型相结合的方法,可有效评价祁连山冻土区孔隙型水合物储层水合物饱和度变化特征,并在典型孔隙型水合物钻孔DKXX 13进行了应用。基于等效介质理论的弹性波速度模型正演模拟的纵波速度相比基于双相介质理论的弹性波速度模型更加吻合实际测井纵波速度,可用于分析孔隙型水合物储层的纵波速度特征;通过正演模拟的纵波速度与实际测井纵波速度的对比,识别出X30. 0~X30. 2m、X30. 3~X30. 4m、X31. 1~X31. 6m、X31. 7~X31. 9m、X32. 0~X32. 2m井段存在水合物,水合物赋存井段地层的水合物饱和度变化范围为13. 0%~85. 0%,平均值为61. 9%,与标准阿尔奇公式估算结果和现场岩芯测试结果基本一致。研究结果可为祁连山冻土区水合物地层测井评价与地震勘探提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

孔隙水中NH_4~+和HPO_4~(2-)浓度异常:一种潜在的天然气水合物地球化学勘查新指标

在海洋天然气水合物的勘查与研究中地球化学方法发挥了重大作用。利用海洋沉积物孔隙水中各种离子含量和同位素异常可以有效示踪天然气水合物的存在, 其中Cl-浓度异常、SO42-浓度梯度和氧同位素组成异常已成为指示天然气水合物存在的灵敏示踪剂。通过对比有和没有天然气水合物存在的海域浅表层沉积物中孔隙水的NH4+和HPO42-含量, 发现有天然气水合物区的孔隙水中NH4+和HPO42-浓度明显偏高, 且存在与SO42-类似的浓度梯度曲线, 认为孔隙水中NH4+和HPO42-浓度异常有可能成为一种新的地球化学示踪剂, 指示天然气水合物的存在; 探讨了引起孔隙水中NH +和HPO 2-浓度异常的可能机理及精确测定这些离子含量的方法。     

天然气水合物开采研究现状

随着天然气水合物基础研究的不断深入,天然气水合物开采研究空前活跃.在技术方法方面,传统的热激发开采法、减压开采法与化学抑制剂注入开采法获得了不断的发展与改进;新型开采技术如CO2置换法与固体开采法引起了学者们的极大关注;最近我国还研制出适合于海洋天然气水合物开采的水力提升法.在开采研究实践方面,全世界已在3处冻土区进行了天然气水合物试采研究.介绍了天然气水合物开采技术的研究进展与冻土区天然气水合物试采研究结果,分析了天然气水合物开采研究中可能涉及的环境问题,展现了现阶段天然气水合物开采研究领域的最新成果,总结了这一领域取得的经验与认识,强调了国际天然气水合物开采研究对我国天然气水合物研究的启示.     

低渗致密气井分类评价方法研究 ——以子洲气田为例

由于子洲气田低渗致密气储层地质情况复杂,储层物性差异大,造成子洲气田各井的产量、压力等生产特征不同。为了更好地指导低渗致密气井高效合理的开发,需要基于各井的静态特征和动态规律,对其进行合理的分类。采用储能系数和地层系数两个储层物性参数,作为静态评价指标;采用稳产期累产气量、稳产期日均产气量、平均日产气和单位压降产气量四个动态参数,作为动态评价指标。创造性地提出依据各评价指标频率分布直方图的特征,对气井进行各指标分级。基于正交矩阵的思路,建立了动静结合的低渗致密气井分类评价方法,最终形成了静-动结合的气井分类结果：子洲气田152口低渗致密气井中I类井（储层物性好,实际产量高）占11.2%、II类井（储层物性较差,实际产量高）占8.5%、III类井（储层物性好,实际产量低）占30.3%、IV类井（储层物性差,实际产量低）占50.0%。其中,III类井是今后生产开发的研究重点,明确III类井的范围,可为将来措施提产指明方向。建立的动静结合低渗致密气井分类评价方法,可为类似区块低渗致密气井的分类提供借鉴。     

断裂对泥岩盖层破坏程度综合定量研究方法及其应用

为了研究断裂在油气聚集与保存中的作用,在断裂对泥岩盖层破坏作用机理及影响因素研究的基础上,采用断裂断距与泥岩盖层厚度比较和断层岩排替压力与泥岩盖层排替压力比较的研究方法,建立了一套断裂对泥岩盖层破坏程度的综合定量研究方法。并选取构造盆地徐家围子断陷营城组14个火山岩气藏中的断裂为例,对其对火山岩气藏泥岩盖层破坏程度进行了综合定量研究,结果表明,徐家围子断陷营城组14个火山岩气藏断裂对泥岩盖层的破坏程度仅个别较强其余以弱为主,有利于天然气的聚集与保存,这是断陷营城组火山岩中能找到大量天然气藏的一个重要原因。这一应用结果表明该方法用于断裂对泥岩盖层破坏程度综合定量研究是可行的。     

煤层气井产出剖面测试技术及应用

现有常规油气井产出剖面测试方法在煤层气井中适应性较差,测试范围和测量工艺等存在局限性,施工成功率低。因此,本文对煤层气井产出剖面测试技术进行了整体的系统化设计和研发。通过紧凑的结构设计、高度集成,研发了一套可同时进行温度、压力、磁性定位、热式流量、探针持气率、微波持气、涡轮流量和超声流量等多参数测量的煤层气井测井仪,并研制了一套一次下井可进行多种测试技术测量的煤层气井产出剖面测试技术。同时提高了测试仪器的精度和抗干扰能力,开发了多任务多窗口的便携地面系统操作,并研制新型偏心测试井口应用于煤层气井,实现修井作业时不间断连续测试。该技术在鄂尔多斯盆地石楼北区块3口煤层气井进行了现场试验,取得精确、连续的测试数据。测试结果显示,石楼北区块8^#+9^#煤层为主力产气、产水层。     

三维地震物理模拟采集技术及其应用

地震物理模拟建立了地震理论方法研究和实际地震勘探相互联系的桥梁,是弹性波场传播规律研究和处理解释方法验证的重要手段,在油气地震勘探领域发挥了重要的理论支撑作用。由于煤田与油气在地震勘探属性上存有较大差异,且国内外在煤田地震勘探领域尚没有建设成专业的自动化地震物理模拟系统。为此,设计研制了适用于煤田地震勘探的大型专业化三维地震物理模拟系统,主要由运动和控制系统、导轨和传动系统、测量系统、采集系统构成。针对该系统的物理模拟采集问题,研发了单坐标系统高定位精度技术和双坐标系统精度统一技术,实现了测量系统的空间定位精度误差不大于7 μm、双坐标系统具备统一的绝对零点坐标的超于预期的研究目标,并且通过含典型构造的煤田地震物理模拟实验,验证了系统的各项功能。      

Improved performance-based seismic coefficient for gravity-type quay walls based on centrifuge test results

Verifying the seismic performance of port structures when the force balance limit is exceeded is important for the performance-based seismic design of gravity-type quay walls. Over the last three decades, performance verification methods have been developed that consider the effects of the design earthquake motion, geotechnical conditions, and structural details on the deformation of a quay wall to accurately predict earthquake-induced damage. In this study, representative performance verification methods (i.e., simplified dynamic analysis methods extending from the Newmark sliding block method and performance-based seismic coefficients developed in Japan) were quantitatively assessed with actual cases of earthquake-damaged quay walls and the results of dynamic centrifuge tests previously conducted under various conditions (i.e., different wall heights, earthquake motions and the thickness of subsoil). The dynamic centrifuge test results suggested directions for improving the performance-based seismic coefficients of the representative methods, while their field applicability and reliability were confirmed according to the actual earthquake records.

     

国华通辽风电场三期工程梁板式桩筏基础性状数值分析

风力发电作为发展最快的新型能源之一,得到越来越多的关注,耦合荷载作用下风机基础的优化设计成为一个重要的问题。首先对商业有限元的计算精度以及对耦合荷载的模拟能力进行验证,在该基础上对国华通辽风电场梁板式桩筏基础进行模拟分析,重点讨论在耦合荷载作用下梁板式基础管桩、肋梁和环梁的受力和变形特性,并将有限元计算得出的基础构件内力与规范设计方法计算结果进行对比分析。与此同时,分析风机基础桩土分担比,研究耦合荷载作用下土体的承载作用。计算结果可为实际工程的设计提供参考依据。     

Progress on Analytical Methods of Amino Sugars in Environmental Samples

As a kind of important biogenic organic matter, amino sugars can effectively provide insights for the source of organic matters and the contribution of bacterial organic matters based on their concentrations and compositions in the environment. A large number of studies on the analysis of amino sugars have been conducted for environmental samples throughout the world. However, comprehensive and systematic reviews of new progress on the analytical method are still rare. From the aspects of pretreatment methods and detection techniques, the advantages and disadvantages and applicable conditions of three common methods (eg. gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy) were systematically summarized. In terms of pretreatment, the process of the gas chromatography is cumbersome and requires derivatization, while the pretreatment of high performance liquid chromatography is relatively simple and easier to automate. In respect of instrument detection, the gas chromatography can detect four amino sugars (glucosamine, galactosamine, mannosamine and muramic acid) simultaneously and is more stable than the high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the infrared spectroscopy method has the advantages of structural qualitative, however, its sensitivity is lower. There is no analytical method that can guarantee both sensitive analysis of amino sugars and experimental efficiency. Therefore, the analytical method should be reasonably selected according to the form of the sample and the requirements in the analysis of amino sugars. Further work should focus on economy, compatibility and online automation of analytical methods, so as to provide technical support for the research on biogeochemical processes of amino sugars in the environment.     

一种新的凝析气藏无因次产能评价方程

凝析气藏在衰竭开发过程中存在复杂的相态变化,凝析油的析出使得地层呈现出油气两相混合渗流状态.针对目前凝析气藏无因次产能评价方程的研究较少的现状,在凝析气藏拟稳态流入动态方程的基础上,利用泰勒级数展开、多项式回归等一系列解析方法建立了一种新的凝析气藏无因次产能评价方程.首先对拟稳态流入动态方程中的拟压力函数定积分进行泰勒级数展开,然后利用稳态定理和多项式回归方法求解出泰勒展开式的各项系数,最后通过解析方法得到了凝析气藏的无因次产能评价方程.应用实例表明,该无因次产能方程与实际系统试井数据基本吻合,能够较好地描述凝析气藏的油气两相流入动态;无因次产能评价法所得到无阻流量比常规干气法低,且考虑高速效应的无因次产能评价法所得到的无阻流量要大于忽略高速流动的无因次产能评价法所得到的结果.      

The probability distributions and fractal dimension of sunspot cycles associated with ENSO phenomena

Various methods have been used to secure the certainty of significant relations among the sunspot cycles and some of the terrestrial climate parameters such as temperature, rainfall, and ENSO. This study investigates the behavior of ENSO cycles and mean monthly sunspot cycles. Sunspot cycles range from 1755 to 2016 whereas, ENSO cycles range from 1866 to 2012. In this regard, the appropriateness of distributions is investigated with the help of Kolmogorov-Smirnov D, Anderson-Darling, and chi-square tests. It is found that most of the sunspot cycle follows generalized Pareto distribution whereas, generalized extreme value distribution was found appropriate for ENSO cycles. Probability distribution is used to analyze the behavior of each sunspot cycle and ENSO cycle separately. Probability distribution indicates the tail behavior of each cycle; tail explored correlation cycles. Furthermore, self-similar and self-affine fractal dimension methods are used to compute Hurst exponents to determine the persistency of the available data. Fractal dimension has an ability to study the complexity involved in sunspot and ENSO cycles. The fractal dimension and Hurst exponent describe persistency (smoothness) and complexity of data. Hurst exponent measures long-term behavior of time series, making it more helpful for forecasting. This is the measure of regularity or irregularity (chaos) of the time function in the form of their persistency or anti-persistency, respectively. Hurst exponents are computed using rescaled range analysis method and box counting methods. Both these methods are suitable for long-term forecasting. The results of this study confirm that during the period 1980–2000, ENSO cycles were very active. Simultaneously, ENSO was active for the periods 1982–1983, 1986–1987, 1991–1993, 1994–1995, and 1997–1998; these periods include two strongest periods of the century viz., 1982–1983 and 1997–1998. Sunspot cycles and ENSO cycles both were found to be persistent. Self-similar fractal dimensions exhibited a better persistency and a better correlation as compared to self-affine fractal dimension. This research is a part of a larger research project investigating the correlation of sunspot cycles and ENSO cycles, and the influence of ENSO cycles on variations of the local climatic parameters which in turn depends on solar activity changes.     

A review and research on comprehensive characterization of microscopic shale gas reservoir space

In this paper, substantial domestic and foreign research results of microscopic shale reservoir space were systemically reviewed, the research history consisting of simple observation and qualitative classification, quantitative research, the combination of qualitative and quantitative research successively as well as the characteristics of each research stage were summarized. In addition, the current problems existing in the characterization methods of shale reservoir space were also analyzed. Furthermore, based on massive actual detection of typical core samples obtained from more than 50 global shale gas wells and relevant practical experience, a comprehensive characterization method of combining qualitative with the semi-quantitative characterization was put forward. In detail, the indicators of the qualitative characterization include pore combination type and organic-matter microscopic morphology type, while the core elements of the semi-quantitative characterization include the percentage of the organic-matter area and the plane porosity of the pores of different types. Based on the reference of the naming and classification of rocks, the three-end-member diagram method was used to characterize microscopic shale reservoir space. This is achieved by plotting the three end-member diagram of 3 kinds of first-order critical reservoir spaces, i.e., organic-matter pores, matrix pores, and micro-fractures, in order to intuitively present the features of the microscopic pore combination. Meanwhile, statistic histograms of organic-matter microscopic morphology type and the plane porosity of different types of pores were adopted to characterize the development degree of second-order pores quantitatively. By this comprehensive characterization method, the importance of both pore combination and the microscopic morphology of organic matter were emphasized, revealing the control of organic-matter microscopic morphology over the organic-matter pores. What is more, high-resolution FE-SEM was adopted to obtain semi-quantitative statistics results. In this way, the features of pore development and pore combination were quantified, not only reflecting the types and storage capacity of the microscopic shale reservoir space, but also presenting the hydrocarbon-generating potential of organic matter in shale. Therefore, the results of this research are capable of providing in-depth microscopic information for the assessment and exploration and development of shale gas resources.     

天然气水合物稳定带的计算方法与参数选择探讨

天然气水合物稳定带的研究对于认识天然气水合物的成矿与分布规律以及资源评价都具有重要的指导意义。在计算稳定带厚度的不同方法之间,特别是在参数的选择上存在很大的差异。通过简单评价天然气水合物稳定带计算的几种方法和参数选择,认为选择压力计算公式时要考虑孔隙水产生的压力、海底以上水柱的压力和大气压;考虑大气压的压力随纬度变化的二阶方程是最符合实际的深度-压力转换方程;通过实验得到的方程只适用于纯水或盐度为33.5‰的海水中纯甲烷的预测;根据热力学理论可以计算不同盐度、不同气体组分的稳定带的温压条件;用相平衡图的方法最简单,但误差很大;通过四阶方程拟合实验数据和热力学数据得到的稳定带厚度更接近实际情况;不同方法预测的稳定带底界与实际含水合物沉积底界很难一致。