隧道围岩全长黏结式锚杆界面力学模型研究

分析围岩弹塑性介质中全长黏结式锚杆的锚固界面层应力分布和变化特征,对研究隧道工程初期支护系统的力学效应具有重要意义。根据全长锚杆微段的受力平衡以及锚固界面层剪应力的传递机制建立了关于锚杆轴向位移的微分方程,通过求解锚杆轴向位移的微分方程可得到锚杆与围岩相互作用下的轴向载荷和锚固界面剪应力的分布函数。然后将锚杆界面剪应力对围岩的支护反力转化为圆形隧道轴对称径向体积力,进而求解有锚喷支护作用下圆形隧道围岩塑性区半径。在此解析模型基础上,可对隧道围岩-支护系统进行详细的分析和评判。算例分析表明,初期支护时机的选择对锚固效应和围岩稳定性有较大影响;适当增加全长黏结式锚杆的锚固层厚度能明显降低锚杆端部剪应力的应力集中度,能有效改善锚杆的锚固效果。     

深埋隧道锚杆支护作用的数值模拟与模型试验研究

以重庆至长沙公路共和隧道为研究对象,研制出环氧-硅橡胶的相似模型材料,在大型真三轴模型试验机上进行了隧道在毛洞和锚杆支护条件下的超载试验,采用应变测量技术对隧道关键部位的应变值和锚杆的应变值进行了测量,据此分析了围岩体在锚杆支护后的应力变化规律和锚杆的轴力变化规律。采用与模型试验相同的边界条件进行了隧道在锚杆支护条件下的数值模拟工作,对围岩体的塑性区、应力场和锚杆轴力随荷载的变化过程进行了研究。结果表明,两种手段反映的围岩体应力变化规律和锚杆轴力随荷载的变化规律是一致的     

考虑轴向力和渗透力时圆形隧道广义Hoek-Brown解

为了研究渗透水压力和轴向应力共同作用时隧道围岩的应力和位移变化趋势,将圆形隧道简化为轴对称模型,假定渗透场以渗透体积力作用在原应力场,以围岩开挖断面为假定平面,引入垂直于该平面的轴向应力。基于广义Hoek-Brown强度准则和非关联流动法则,推导出考虑轴向应力和渗透场共同作用时弹-脆-塑性围岩的应力和位移非线性解,采用数值算例分析了轴向应力和渗透力共同作用时隧道围岩塑性区应力场和位移场的分布规律。计算结果表明：与无渗透水压力作用下的模型相比,渗透力作用使得围岩塑性区各点位移增大,并且内外水头差越大,位移增大越明显。当轴向应力为中主应力时,围岩塑性区半径和塑性区各点应力增大,轴向应力为大主应力和小主应力时,围岩塑性区半径和塑性区应力变化较小。因此,渗透力的存在不利于隧道围岩的稳定性,并且轴向应力的大小对于富水地区隧道围岩的应力和位移分布具有较大影响。在施工设计时考虑渗透力以及轴向应力的共同影响对于保证隧道围岩稳定性具有重要意义。     

Generalized Hoek-Brown solution of circular tunnel considering effects of axial stress and seepage forceEI北大核心CSCD

This paper studies the joint effect of seepage force and axial stress on the stress and displacement of circular tunnel. The circular tunnel is simplified as an axisymmetric model and the seepage field is simplified as volumetric force in the stress field. The excavation cross-section of surrounding rock is assumed as a plane as well, and an axial stress perpendicular to the plane is further introduced. Nonlinear solutions for the stress and displacement of circular tunnel are deduced considering the joint effect of axial stress and seepage force, based on the generalized Hoek-Brown failure criterion and the non-associated flow rule in elastic-brittle-plastic rock mass. Numerical simulations are also employed to analyze the distribution of stress field and displacement field in plastic zone of a circular tunnel under the joint effect of axial stress and seepage force. The calculated results show that the displacement in plastic zone increases significantly with the gradient increment of the seepage pressure, compared with the situation without seepage force. The radius and stress of surrounding rock in plastic zone increase when axial stress is the intermediate principal stress, while the radius and stress have less change when axial stress is the major or minor principal stress. It can be concluded that the seepage force has negative effects on the stability of circular tunnel, and the axial stress significantly influences the stress and displacement of the circular tunnel, especially in water-rich areas. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the joint effects of axial stress and seepage force to ensure the stability of circular tunnel in water-rich area.     

Investigation of desaturation in an old tunnel and new galleries at an argillaceous site

A numerical investigation of the desaturation process at the argillaceous Tournemire site has been carried out. This desaturation is initialized by the contact of the saturated rock with the ambient air in excavated openings. The used hydraulical model is based on the Richards’ approximation for unsaturated one phase flow coupled with the deformation of a porous medium with anisotropic linearly elastic behavior. In relation to the extent of the desaturated zone around an excavated opening, the intrinsic permeability and the relative permeability have been identified to be the most important model parameters. The mechanical deformation process itself, the seasonal influences and the tunnel lining are less important for the formation of the desaturated zone. The comparison with measured saturation values bares some difficulties but indicates the principle capacity of the applied finite element codes to simulate the desaturation process. The consideration of seasonal changes in humidity in the ambient air results in a constantly recurring desaturation–resaturation cycle in the near field of the openings. This seasonally influenced zone amount 1–2 m and is nearly independent from time and from a variation of model parameters within a reasonable range. The possibility of material weakening in this zone is of special interest, since claystone is a potential host rock for the disposal of radioactive waste.     

全尾砂-废石混合回填膏体渗透特性试验研究

塌陷区混合回填膏体是由全尾砂、废石人工制备得到的复合宽粒级散体,其渗透性能直接影响到塌陷区回填体稳定性及次生灾害发生的可能性。采用自制的渗透性试验装置,研究了废石含量、废石粒径对混合回填体渗透系数的影响,并对回填体固有特征参数（粒径小于0.075、0.02 mm颗粒含量、不均匀系数 、平均粒径）与渗透系数之间关联性进行了研究。试验结果表明,回填膏体渗透系数随废石掺量及粒径增大而增加,细粒效应显著。回填体中粒径小于0.075、0.02 mm颗粒含量对其渗透性影响至关重要,与渗透系数呈负指数关系。渗透系数随 值增大而增大。当 20时,渗透系数增加趋于稳定。给出了混合回填体渗透系数定量方程,其结果与试验结果较为一致。     

金川二矿区大体积充填体变形的三维数值模拟

充填法采矿是维护矿山稳定、控制地压变化以及限制围岩变形的最有效的手段方法,这种方法被大量地应用于金属矿山的开采工程当中。充填体作为矿体采出后的替代物,充入地下采空区后经过相变-固结-承压-提供反力-与围岩相互作用等阶段,与上覆岩层、下部矿体以及周围围岩形成了一个共同抵抗外部压力又相互作用的系统。这个系统在矿山开采状态下如何维护自身稳定以及相互作用所产生的变形破坏等都是需要进行研究的问题。金川镍矿二矿区已经进行了几十年的充填开采作业,逐渐形成了体积非常巨大的充填体,而进入深部开采工程后,上覆巨大充填体的受力稳定问题直接关系到矿山的安全生产。本文结合金川二矿区开采实际,在精确刻画充填体三维形态特征的基础上,采用数值模拟方法分析了大型充填矿山充填体的力学行为。模拟结果表明:充填体在开采时会出现整体受压变形,最大剪应力是导致充填体与围岩发生局部破坏的主要因素,对此根据充填体整体塑性屈服区域的分布和剪应力分布情况,确定了破坏失稳的危险区域。     

TBM隧道回填层-管片受力特征模型试验研究

回填层作为围岩和管片之间的连接部分,起到稳定衬砌、传递荷载、吸收变形等作用。护盾式TBM隧道施工过程中,回填层存在未注浆松散、注浆固结两个主要状态。回填层状态不同,回填层作用及管片受力特点也不同。研究采用相似模型试验分析不同状态下的回填层作用机制,通过研究得到了以下结论：回填层未注浆松散状态下,由于碎石的径向压缩与环向移动,围岩传递到管片上的荷载量值降低且分布较为均匀,此时回填层作为“可压缩层”,具有让压和均匀荷载的作用,能明显降低管片的受力和变形;回填层注浆固结后,回填层虽然能够承担少量的荷载与变形,但承载能力有限,主要作为围岩与管片之间的“传递层”,传递荷载与变形;对于挤压性围岩护盾式TBM隧道施工可适当应用回填层未注浆时的“可压缩性”,减小施工过程中管片受力与变形;对于浅埋及地铁隧道则应尽早注浆,使衬砌与围岩形成稳定的受力体系;回填层弹性模量的增加可提高回填层-管片组合体系支护刚度,但增加效果不明显。     

融化作用下多年冻土隧道围岩的弹塑性解及其与支护的相互作用分析

多年冻土隧道修建中,施工活动产生的热量将导致多年冻土围岩中出现一定范围的融化圈,进而影响支护的受力以及隧道洞室的收敛。将围岩分为融化区和未融化区,将融化区围岩视为弹塑性介质,未融化区围岩视为弹性介质,建立并求解融化作用下多年冻土隧道围岩弹塑性模型,对不同的围岩条件及支护工况下多年冻土段隧道施工中围岩与支护的相互作用进行分析。结果表明,该模型表现了融化作用下多年冻土围岩与支护相互作用的特征;在较差围岩中,喷射混凝土支护的强度是控制融化作用下多年冻土围岩稳定以及隧道周边位移量的关键因素。在多年冻土隧道施工中,可采用本模型确定施工中容许的最大围岩融化深度,施工中应采取有效措施避免围岩中出现过大的融化圈。     

Influence of Pore Fluid Chemistry on the Mechanical Properties of Clay-Based Materials

The producers of nuclear waste, within all countries exploring options, including Canada, have determined the long-term solution to be a deep geological repository. In the Canadian concept, within the deep geologic repository a number of clay-based barriers will separate the containers from the surrounding geosphere. Following placement the surrounding groundwater will infiltrate into the repository. In order to analyze the performance of the repository under very complex conditions, accurate material properties are required. The chemistry of the host rock is an important aspect as the behaviour of clay-based barrier materials could be affected by the saturating saline groundwater. This paper investigates the saturated mechanical behaviour of light backfill (composed of 50 % silica sand and 50 % Na-bentonite clay) and dense backfill (composed of 70 % crushed granite, 25 % glacial lake clay and 5 % Na-bentonite clay) and the quantifying the effect of pore fluid chemistry on the strength and compressibility behaviour of the materials. The results indicate that light backfill behaviour is strongly influenced by its pore fluid chemistry while dense backfill shows limited effects. The material parameters of light backfill and dense backfill are interpreted for input into numerical simulations. These results and interpretation enrich the understanding of the mechanical response of light and dense backfill, two components of the sealing system of the Canadian deep geologic repository.     

流-固耦合模型试验用的新型相似材料研制及应用

为研究隧道突水、突泥过程中断层及围岩各物理场变化规律,根据地质力学模型试验相似原理,通过大量多组别配比试验,研制出适用于流-固耦合模型试验的新型断层及围岩相似材料。其中,断层相似材料以砂为粗骨料,滑石粉为细骨料,石膏、膨润土作为胶结剂,液态石蜡作为调节剂;围岩相似材料以砂为粗骨料,重晶石粉、滑石粉为细骨料,白水泥及乳胶作为胶结剂。通过大量室内试验,对比分析原岩及相似材料变形特征及强度破坏特性,重点对单轴抗压强度、渗透系数、重度、泊松比、弹性模量等重要变形及水理特性参量进行调控,系统研究不同配比对材料参数的影响规律。试验结果表明：该材料力学参数变化范围广、性能稳定、操作工艺简单,可用来模拟不同渗透系数的低、中等强度岩体材料。将该相似材料应用于吉莲高速公路永莲隧道断层突水、突泥三维地质力学模型试验中,力学性能及水理特性均达到试验要求,能够有效地模拟突水、突泥的发展演变过程,真实反映断层灾变过程中各物理场响应规律。     

Aqueous geochemistry of radioactive waste disposal

Present plans for disposing of high-level radioactive waste include converting it to a stable solid form, enclosing it in metal canisters, placing the canisters in mined cavities several hundred meters below the surface, and filling and sealing all entries to the cavities. The chief hazard in such disposal is dissolution of radionuclides from the waste in the ground water that will eventually fill the cavity and may carry the dissolved material to surface environments. To prevent or delay release of radionuclides in this manner, the form of the waste must be made as insoluble as possible, the canister metal must be resistant to corrosion, both the cavity filling and surrounding rock must be impermeable and highly sorbent, and the repository must be located at a site where ground water is scanty and slow-moving and its path to the ground surface is long. The effectiveness of these barriers in isolating the waste can be predicted for long times in the future by models based on experimentally determined solubilities and sorption coefficients and on measured rates of ground-water movement. Much uncertainty is involved in such predictions, and additional research is needed to lower the uncertainty. But there seems little question that a well-located and well-engineered repository of this sort will provide adequate protection against harm from radioactive releases far into the future.     

Coupled THM processes in EDZ of crystalline rocks using an elasto-plastic cellular automaton

This paper aims at a numerical study of coupled thermal, hydrological and mechanical processes in the excavation disturbed zones (EDZ) around nuclear waste emplacement drifts in fractured crystalline rocks. The study was conducted for two model domains close to an emplacement tunnel; (1) a near-field domain and (2) a smaller wall-block domain. Goodman element and weak element were used to represent the fractures in the rock mass and the rock matrix was represented as elasto-visco-plastic material. Mohr–Coulomb criterion and a non-associated plastic flow rule were adopted to consider the viscoplastic deformation in the EDZ. A relation between volumetric strain and permeability was established. Using a self-developed EPCA^2D code, the elastic, elasto-plastic and creep analyses to study the evolution of stress and deformations, as well as failure and permeability evolution in the EDZ were conducted. Results indicate a strong impact of fractures, plastic deformation and time effects on the behavior of EDZ especially the evolution of permeability around the drift.     

泥岩隧道施工过程中渗流场与应力场全耦合损伤模型研究

在连续损伤力学理论基础上,将塑性损伤演化及渗流相互耦合的概念引入Mohr-Coulomb 破坏准则,用于分析在孔隙压力和塑性损伤演化共同作用下岩石损伤演化机制,建立了相应的有限元损伤数值分析模型,并应用于比利时核废料库开挖过程中泥岩隧道附近围岩发生损伤演化、渗流场和应力场耦合过程分析中,得到了开挖引起的围岩损伤特性、孔隙压力以及渗透性的变化规律,为进一步研究隧道流变过程水力耦合特性合理的数值计算模型建立方法提供基础。     

动力扰动下深部开挖洞室围岩分层断裂破坏机制模型试验研究

为研究动、静组合加载下深部巷道围岩分区破裂化的机制,在Instron电液伺服材料试验机上对用石膏制作的深部洞室模型进行了动、静组合加载试验。为进一步分析动、静组合加载下深部巷道围岩分层断裂化的力学本质,将动、静组合加载下深部巷道围岩近似视为若干个二维动、静组合加载试样的组合体,并用红砂岩试样进行了二维动、静组合加载试验。试验结果表明,巷道轴向应力为最大主应力且大于一定值时,围岩会发生分层断裂现象;巷道轴向应力为最大主应力且与外部扰动应力叠加达到一定值时,围岩也会发生分层断裂现象;巷道直径越大,在相同的动、静组合加载条件下,更易发生分层断裂现象;相同直径的巷道,在不同的动、静组合加载作用下,巷道围岩分层断裂化程度不同,动、静组合应力叠加值越大,分层断裂化程度越严重;应力状态对试样裂纹扩展及分布方向起着主导作用,试样破裂面一般垂直于最小主应力方向（在最小主应力面内）,与最大主应力方向一致;深部巷道围岩存在形成破裂圈的应力状态,这样的应力状态可诱发巷道围岩分区破裂现象的发生。     

山区隧道穿越韧性剪切带的地质条件探讨

研究了山区铁路隧道穿越脆韧性剪切带(断裂带)及与其次生的韧性剪切带时设计及施工围岩分级问题。从几何、小构造、运动形迹、组构特征、构造岩、糜棱岩、同变形变质及机械作用等方面探讨韧性剪切带特征,从宏观、微观、野外研究及测试、施工类比总结其围岩分级,对比韧性剪切带(脆韧性及韧脆性)与节理密集带内岩体的工程性质及工程设计的围岩分级的异同。确定了山区隧道通过韧性剪切带时应单独研究这种无明显破裂面围岩带的分级评价因素、评价结论和围岩分级原则,设计和施工需特别注意。可供构造带复杂山区类似工程参考。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则的隧洞围岩变形研究

由于在许多实际条件下,比如节理岩体中,线性的M-C准则不太适用,非线性的Hoek-Brown比较适用,因此,可以尝试使用这一非线性屈服准则对洞室变形进行研究。研究隧洞变形时,将围岩分为弹性区、应变软化区、塑性流动区。采用Hoek-Brown准则和非关联流动法则对洞室变形进行了理论推导;软化区域围岩参数随着塑性变形增加而变化,解析法难以求得应力,采用龙格－库塔方法进行数值计算,求解得到塑性软化区和流动区半径,并最终求得洞室变形。通过算例计算表明,在不考虑软化区和流动区时,方法和Carranza-Torres计算结果相差甚小;随着原岩应力的增加,膨胀角对洞室变形的影响增大。     

Analysis of thermo-hydrologic-mechanical impact of repository for high-level radioactive waste in clay host formation: an Indian reference disposal system

In our study, a coupled hydrologic-mechanical analysis is done of the excavation damaged zone, before the emplacement of nuclear waste. This is followed by a coupled thermal-hydrologic-mechanical analysis to evaluate the impact of nuclear waste repository in porous water containing rock mass. This analysis has been under taken in accordance with the Indian reference disposal system. The paper considers the changes in pore pressure and stresses due to excavation of disposal holes. A critical study of rock mass permeability, porosity, thermally induced stresses, strains, and temperature distribution after the emplacement of nuclear spent fuels in disposal holes has also been done. Coupling to the mechanical constitutive equations is done via ??effective?? normal strain rates.     

Field compaction of bentonite-based backfilling

This report describes the application and field compaction of a tunnel backfill, which consists of a mixture of commercial Na bentonite (MX 80) powder and suitably graded ballast material. The ballast material consists of quartz-rich sand and feldspar rich filler. Important characteristics for the tunnel backfill are low permeability, low compressibility and a certain swelling potential.