利用小波分析重力的长期变化

运用小波滤波方法估算Chandler和周年项的潮汐因子.本文分析了四个台站(Brussels, Boulder, Membach以及Strasbourg)的观测记录,运用合成潮方法得到重力残差后,用Daubechies小波带通滤波器滤波残差,得到256～512 d时间尺度上的序列,根据标准差最小原则确定观测极潮周年和Chandler项的周期,然后利用最小二乘法估算它们的潮汐因子,同时给出未经模型改正的周年重力.由于高阶Daubechies小波构造的滤波器具有良好的频率响应,且能压制信号中的高阶异常成分,使滤波的信号更加光滑,因此计算结果具有更小的均方差,更加可靠.     

A note on the secular variation of the geomagnetic field

Geomagnetic variations with (apparent) periods from 13 to 30 y have been reported by Alldredge (1977) who has argued that the origin of these signals must be found in the core of the Earth rather than outside the Earth. It is shown in this paper that a portion of these geomagnetic variations (perhaps most of the variations) might well be due to geomagnetic signals of much longer period, originating in the core, that appear to have periods of 13–30 y because of an artifact of the data processing. Much of the remainder of these variations could well be of external origin. A method for processing these data is suggested that is superior to Alldredge's method in minimizing the generation of spurious waves by long-period secular variation.     

中国大陆重力场非潮汐时空变化特征的初步分析

本文基于Tsoft软件在潮汐数据预处理中的应用,采用Tsoft数据预处理软件和别尔采夫滤波相结合方法,提取了覆盖中国大陆28个重力固体潮台站连续观测数据的非潮汐分量.对各台站2008～2011年的连续数据,进行了缺失数据补接、地震动事件提取和去除非线性漂移等预处理工作,并通过滤波提取固体潮非潮汐分量.结果表明:除在贵阳、勐腊和十堰3个原始数据质量较差的台站外,其它台站观测数据应用本文方法均取得良好的结果.在此基础上,对处理结果采用滑动平均,将非潮汐分量结果的月均值与GRACE卫星和CMAP降水记录的月采样数据进行对比,结果显示了地表降水同重力变化具有一定相关性特征.此外,基于Tsoft软件的分段曲线漂移拟合能有效去除原始数据中的漂移.     

On the non-tidal secular acceleration of the Earth's rotation

Summary The secular positive acceleration of the Earth's rotation has been computed on the basis of the observed secular decrease of the second zonal harmonic[5]. It corresponds to the observed secular deceleration of the Earth's rotation which should be greater because of oceanic tides.

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A gravity network in central Greece for secular gravity studies

The Sterea Hellas (central Greece) gravity network was remeasured in 1982, with the addition of 40 new stations. There were no statistically significant gravity differences for most of the gravity stations first established in 1968, but four stations—Arta, Preveza, Levadia, and Kymi—exhibited gravity changes of –121, –74, –39, and –67 gal, respectively.In the absence of repeat levelling, the exact amount of vertical displacement cannot be determined. Nevertheless, for Arta and Preveza some theoretical estimates can be made from shallow seismicity data. The vertical displacement deduced from a seismic-moment calculation for the western part of Greece was found to be about 100 mm, corresponding to a slip rate of approximately 7.5 mm/yr. The corresponding gravity change is too small to account fully for that observed at Arta and Preveza. For the rest, other causes, such as creep, should be considered. For the stations Kymi and Levadia the local seismicity is limited, and no calculation was made of the vertical displacement related to earthquakes.Finally, the possibilities in using the central Greece gravity network for studies of earthquake prediction are discussed.     

Secular variations in the curvature of equipotential surfaces and directions of verticals due to geodynamic phenomena

Summary Formulae and numerical estimates are given for the non-periodical variations in the curvature of equipotential surfaces, horizontal forces and directions of the vertical, caused by the decrease in the second zonal geopotential harmonic, by the decrease in the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation and by secular polar motion.

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Modelling atmospheric and induced non-tidal oceanic loading contributions to surface gravity and tilt measurements

We investigate the contribution of atmospheric and its induced non-tidal oceanic loading effects on surface time-varying gravity and tilt measurements for several stations in Western Europe. The ocean response to pressure forcing can be modelled accordingly to the inverted barometer, i.e. assuming that air pressure variations are fully compensated by static sea height changes, or using ocean general circulation models. We validate two runs of the HUGO-m barotropic ocean model by comparing predicted sea surface height variations with hundred tide-gauge measurements along the European coasts. We then show that global surface pressure field, as well as a barotropic high-resolution ocean model forced by air pressure and winds allow in most cases a significant reduction of the variance of gravity residuals and, to a smaller extends tilt residuals.We finally show that precise gravity measurements with superconducting gravimeters allow the observation of large storm surges, occurring in the North Sea, even for inland stations. However, we also confirm that the continental hydrology contribution cannot be neglected. Thanks to their specific sensitivity feature, only tiltmeters closest to the coast can clearly detect the loading due to these storm surges.     

主磁场长期变化十年至百年尺度的周期

本文运用小波变换技术,通过分析历史地磁场模型gufm1（时间跨度从1590~1990年）,考察主磁场长期变化场（B场）的周期性.结果表明,B场总磁极强度存在三个主要的周期分量：稳定的30年周期,在偶极子场的赤道分量g11和非偶极子场中较常见;频散的准50年周期,主要是由轴向偶极子分量g01贡献的,此外,四极子场也有贡献;世纪尺度的110年周期,其强度会发生变化,主要来源于偶极子场的赤道分量以及八极子场.     

A note on permeability changes in geologic material due to stress

Summary Stress produces framatic changes in fluid permeability of geologic materials. An increase of nearly threefold occurred in granite at high stress, an increase of 20 percent in sandstone, and a hundredfold decrease in compacted sand. Permeability of sand and sandstone did not follow the effective stress law. Flow along joints was very sensitive to effected stress changes, a fourfold change being caused by as little as 1.0 MPa.     

A note on short-term core-mantle coupling,geomagnetic secular variation impulses,and potential magnetic field invariants as Lagrangian tracers of core motions

This note summarizes recent studies of atmospheric excitation of short-term changes in the length of the day and polar motion which set useful limits on the timescales associated with angular momentum transfer between the Earth's core and mantle. It also speculates about the nature of the recently-discovered phenomenon of “impulses” or “jerks” in the geomagnetic secular variation, proposing that they might be manifestations of “loop” instability of the magnetic field within the core. Finally, it outlines novel properties of high magnetic Reynolds number flows that bear on the inverse problem of deducing core motions from geomagnetic secular variation data.     

地磁场长期变化和日长十年尺度变化的周期特征

根据历史地磁场模型GUFM1、第10代国际参考地磁场（IGRF10）模型和日长资料,采用小波变换方法,分析了地磁场磁矩、能量、西向漂移等参数的长期变化和日长十年尺度变化的周期分量及其时变特征.结果表明,1800～2005年期间,偶极子磁场长期变化有82年和48年准周期分量,它们与日长变化的周期没有直接关系.非偶极子磁场参数的长期变化与日长变化有66年和32年准周期分量,66年准周期比32年准周期强.在66年准周期分量,西向漂移比日长变化超前8.8年,非偶极子磁场能量比日长变化滞后15.6年.日长十年尺度波动和地磁场长期变化的起源不存在因果关系.     

中国地区地磁长期变化研究

采用2000~2004年中国地区34个台站的地磁日均值数据, 计算了通日和静日的平均年变率,以及静日的拟合年变率.应用上述年变率, 建立了2000.0~2005.0年代中国地区地磁场长期变化泰勒多项式模型和曲面样条模型.分析讨论了该泰勒多项式模型和曲面样条模型与国际地磁参考场长期变化模型(IGRF-SV)的异同, 结果表明,中国地区地磁长期变化的泰勒多项式模型与曲面样条模型的形态与数值是一致的,而且与IGRF-SV长期变化的趋势也是一致的,但中国地区地磁长期变化具有区域特征.     

孕震过程中重力位、重力、重力梯度变化的数值模拟研究

简要介绍了为探索和解释地震前后重力变化的各种孕震模式,推导了由孕震引起的密度变化和位移与地面重力位、重力、重力梯度之间的变化关系。摸拟计算了孕震位移和密度变化引起的重力位、重力、重力梯度变化的空间分布并分析了重力位、重力、重力梯度变化的空间分布特征。与此同时,采用广义司托克斯云积分和有限差分方法对云南丽江7. 0级地震前重力位、重力、重力水平梯度进行了计算。结果表明,强震前重力位、重力、重力梯度有其自身的变化特征,这对预测强震有实际意义。     

Acoustic emission phenomena due to plasticity of rocks

Acoustic emission patterns arising at the stage of plastic deformation (creep and relaxation) of plastic and brittle rocks are discussed. It is suggested that these patterns are related to the spatial localization of plastic deformation and strain hardening of rocks under loads exceeding the yield strength.     

A study of alternative schemes for extrapolation of secular variation at observatories

The geomagnetic secular variation is not well known. This limits the useful life of geomagnetic models. The secular variation is usually assumed to be linear with time. It is found that attenative schemes that employ quasiperiodic variations from internal and external sources can improve the extrapolation of secular variation at high-quality observatories. Although the schemes discussed are not yet fully applicable in worldwide model making, they do suggest some basic ideas that may be developed into useful tools in future model work.     

Estimation of effect of unequal secular variation on geomagnetic data reduction

The geomagnetic field components are periodically measured at repeat stations. The main objective of the repeat stations is to provide data for tracing the secular variation of the geomagnetic field components. Secular variation at the repeat station is generally different from that at geomagnetic observatory used in the data reduction. The effect of the secular variation differences on geomagnetic data reduction was estimated for the regions of Europe, North America (below 60°N) and Australia, respectively, during the period of 2000-2010. These estimations were obtained by using the monthly mean values of north, east and vertical components of geomagnetic field, recorded at geomagnetic observatories. The effects were calculated by using observatories pairs, with distances from 350 km (in Europe) to 3100 km (in North America and Australia). The maximal effects were found to be the smallest in east component in Europe and North America, and vertical component in Australia; the effects increase with time from a central reduction epoch and they are not constant during mentioned eleven years; they were less than 1 nT only in Europe, for distances between the observatories up to 1000 km in all three components and for periods spanning ±1 month from a central epoch. It was found that their year to year variability is mostly due to the non-eliminated external field residuals in the observatories monthly means; their effect is up to 3 nT for ±3 months from a central epoch. Further, the real effects were compared to those modeled by IGRF-12 model. The maximal differences between the real and the modeled values are below 4.5 nT in all three components, for ±3 months from a central epoch.     

青藏高原东北部多尺度重力场及其地球动力学意义

由于受到SN和EW双向挤压作用的综合影响,处于年轻高原与古老地块交接区的青藏高原东北部岩石圈强烈变形,构造活动十分活跃.为了整体性地了解青藏高原东北部重力场和深部动力学机制,本文基于EGM2008全球重力场模型数据,利用小波多尺度分析获得不同尺度的重力异常信息;同时反演了研究区的地壳厚度;通过构建穿越龙门山造山带和西秦岭造山带两条剖面的岩石圈密度结构模型,分析了地壳上地幔内不同介质的分布特征.研究结果表明,青藏高原东北部岩石圈显示十分复杂的塑性体的特征,其重力异常走向多以EW或SSE为主,反映了高原岩石圈物质向东运移的趋势;地壳厚度由西向东逐渐减薄,边缘造山带深部并没有发现"山根"痕迹,结合该地区低重力的特征,推测西秦岭-松潘构造结岩石圈发生过大规模地幔流底侵作用;地幔流上涌的动力可能来源于印度板块向欧亚大陆板块俯冲,激发了地幔流体侧向移动,在扬子地台和华北地台附近受到坚硬岩石圈的阻挡而被迫上移,并因此造成龙门山与西秦岭的隆升.     

北京地区地磁场Sq强度的季节变化和长期变化

本文利用北京地区的北京台（BJI）和北京十三陵台（BMT）的地磁场X、Y和Z分量时均值数据,研究了1960年至2013年期间该地区地磁场Sq强度的季节变化和长期变化.结果表明：（1）BJI台和BMT台的地磁场Sq不仅变幅相近,而且具有一致的地方时变化、季节变化、太阳活动周变化和长期变化.（2）BJI台和BMT台Sq强度的逐月变化,其中A_Sq（X）主要表现为春秋增强而冬夏减弱的季节变化.A_Sq（Y）呈现出夏季增强的半年变化.A_Sq（Z）变化较为复杂.虽然在5月和9月出现减小,但是总体来看,其变化曲线也具有夏季增强的半年变化特征.同时,Sq强度与太阳活动F₁₀₇指数之间存在明显的正相关关系,具有一致的11年太阳活动周变化和长期变化,反映出了Sq与太阳活动之间的密切关系.（3）BJI台和BMT台Sq强度差值dA_Sq表明,在大多数年份,两个台站的Sq强度之差一般不超过±2 nT,同时没有明显的季节或年周期变化特征.在2000年和2001年太阳活动高年,dA_Sq出现显著增强,最大可达12.3 nT.反映出了北京地区Sq场强度梯度的剧烈扰动与太阳活动之间的密切关系,意味着在太阳活动高年,Sq电离层发电机电流的局部结构可能发生了明显的改变.

     

Spherical harmonic analysis of the geomagnetic secular variation — A review of methods

Methods of producing spherical harmonic models of the secular variation of the geomagnetic field are reviewed and classified, more emphasis being given to modern methods. The relative merits of the different techniques are discussed and their relevance to possible procedures for updating the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) are considered.     

Palaeomagnetic evidence for stationary sources of geomagnetic secular variation

Asymmetrical curvilinear patterns of secular variation with approximately superposed “outward” and “return” trajectories can be attributed to stationary magnetic sources in the core. Some appropriate palaeomagnetic examples are presented here.