Geochemistry of Caledonian metabasalts from some Norwegian ophiolite fragments

Major and trace element analyses of metabasalts from five of the Lower Palaeozoic Caledonian ophiolite fragments along a strike distance of some 800 km of the west Norwegian coast are presented. Characteristically the REE patterns show depletion of both LREE and HREE relative to intermediate REE, giving an upward convex shape, but nearly flat, LREE depleted or enriched patterns occur. The REE patterns of the metabasalts from three of these sequences, i.e. the Lykling, Solund and Stavfjorden ophiolite fragments show little within-sequence but large between-sequence variation. The REE patterns of the metabasalts from the Gullfjellet (Major Bergen Arc) and Skålvær ophiolite fragments, however, show significant within-sequence variations, indicative of local source heterogeneties.When incompatible trace elements such as Ta, Nb, Ce, P, Zr, Hf, Sm, Ti, Y and Yb are normalized against average MORB, the metabasalts can be subdivided into two major groups. One group, geographically comprising the ophiolite fragments north of Bergen (i.e. Solund, Stavfjorden og Skålvær) show trace element ratios similar to average MORB, whereas the other group, defined by the Gullfjellet and Lykling ophiolite fragments (from Bergen southwards) differ significantly with respect to Yb/Y, Ti/Y and Nb/Ce ratios. These features are discussed in terms of trace element patterns in basalts from oceanic islands, island arcs and back-arc basins, and it is tentatively concluded that they reflect partial melts from a mid-oceanic mantle, or probably a back-arc basin mantle, which differed chemically from that of the northwestern Norwegian ophiolite fragments.     

内蒙古温都尔庙地区首次识别出古生代蛇绿混杂岩

正研究区位于内蒙古苏尼特右旗温都尔庙地区(图1),是古生代存在于西伯利亚板块与华北板块之间的古亚洲洋闭合之后形成的索伦山-西拉木伦对接带的重要组成部分(Zhang et al.,2014;潘桂棠等,2016)。本文是在1∶5万区调工作的基础上~(1),应用洋板块地质学(OPG)理论及造山带填图方法,     

Inter-diffusion coefficients parallel to the C-Axis in iron-rich clinopyroxenes calculated from microstructures

Subsolidus marginal zoning in calcium-poor clinopyroxenes and intermediate zoning in discontinuously zoned subcalcic- to calcium-rich clinopyroxenes from ironrich igneous rocks is used to calculate the interdiffusion coefficient, D_Ca?(Fe,Mg), parallel to the crystallographic caxis. Wagner's mathematical models describing the displacement of interfaces in solids as the result of isothermal diffusion are adopted. The steady-state heat flow equation is used to approximate the diffusion times. The calculated interdiffusion coefficients are of a reasonable order of magnitude, viz. 6.0×10^?20?2.0×10^?17cm²· sec^?1 at about 900° C.     

SR-isotopic composition of clinopyroxenes from some mediterranean alpine lherzolites

Clinopyroxenes in the metamorphic alpine peridotites from Ronda, Béni Bouchera, Lanzo and Othris have ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ ratios in the range of 0.70228 – 0.70370, similar to ocean ridge tholeiitic rock. Insofar as these lherzolites represent mantle sources, the present data allows simple evolutionary models relating basalt genesis and alpine peridotite. The highly radiogenic Sr reported in many whole rock alpine peridotites may be due to contamination in olivine and thus, earlier models that deny a simple relationship between alpine peridotite and the oceanic gabbros and basalts need a re-evaluation.     

Some clinopyroxenes from ultramafic inclusions in Dreiser Weiher,Eifel

Eight clinopyroxenes from wehrlites and clinopyroxenites and three clinopyroxenes of crystal lapilli in tuff of Dreiser Weiher in Eifel, Germany, have been separated and chemically analysed. One hornblende and two phlogopites from a wehrlite and clinopyroxenites have also been analysed. The rocks enclosing these inclusions are alkali basalts of basanite composition. The analysed clinopyroxenes contain considerable amounts of Al₂O₃ (3.87–10.84 wt%). The calculated Tschermak's component ranges from 5.9 to 18.4 mol per cent. All of the analysed clinopyroxenes are clearly different from chromian diopsides in lherzolite inclusions in basaltic rocks in Dreiser Weiher and other localities; the former has higher contents of total FeO, CaO and TiO₂ and lower contents of MgO and Cr₂O₃ than the latter. Two clinopyroxenes separated from apatite-bearing clinopyroxenites show high contents of Fe₂O₃ with about 2 per cent of Na₂O, indicating the presence of considerable amounts of acmite component in addition to Tschermak's component. The relative proportions of Al in the tetrahedral site and that in the octahedral site in the analysed clinopyroxenes are clearly different from those of the common igneous clinopyroxenes and eclogites, and similar to those of the clinopyroxenes from other inclusions in basaltic rocks and granulites. It is suggested that all the analysed clinopyroxenes and their host inclusions have crystallized from alkali basalt magmas in relatively deep levels of the continental crust.     

Geochemistry of an ophiolitic complex from New Caledonia

The ophiolites of New Caledonia are composed of ultramafics overlain by mafic rocks, all of which were affected by low P metamorphism. The mafic rocks studied (gabbroic cumulates, and basaltic flows and dikes) from Montagne des Sources are similar to recent mid-ocean ridge rocks. They are olivine-normative with Mg/Mg+Fe²⁺ ratios ranging from 0.69 in lavas to 0.90 in gabbroic cumulates and show tholeiitic fractionation trends such as a negative correlation of Ti and V with the Mg/Fe ratio. The lavas have a flat REE pattern with a slight depletion of light REE and a La/Yb ratio <2. The dikes have three different types of REE patterns. The first type is nearly parallel to that of lavas, the second one is enriched in LREE (La/Yb4) and the third type with the lowest REE contents and a distinct LREE depletion is similar to that of cumulitic pyroxene gabbro. The variations in chemical compositions of the mafic rocks can be accounted for by the dynamic partial melting process of Langmuir et al. (1977). In agreement with structural and tectonic observations, the geochemical data suggests that the ophiolites were formed during the spreading of a mid-ocean ridge with a spreading half-rate of about 1 cm/ year.     

Hydrothermal clinopyroxenes of the Skaergaard intrusion

Magmatic augites reacted with high temperature aqueous solutions to form secondary calcic pyroxenes during the subsolidus cooling of the Skaergaard intrusion. Secondary, hydrothermal clinopyroxenes replace wall rock igneous augites at the margins of veins filled with calcic amphibole. These veins are up to several millimeters wide and tens of meters in length. Hydrothermal clinopyroxenes are a ubiquitous and characteristic phase in the earliest veins throughout the Layered Series of the intrusion, and occur rarely in late veins that, in some places, crosscut the early veins. Associated secondary phases in early veins include amphiboles ranging in composition from actinolite to hornblende, together with biotite, Fe-Ti oxides and calcic plagioclase. Hydrothermal clinopyroxenes in late veins may be associated with actinolite, hornblende, biotite, magnetite and albite.Hydrothermal clinopyroxenes are depleted in Fe, Mg and minor elements, and enriched in Ca and Si relative to igneous augites in the Layered Series gabbros. Secondary vein pyroxenes are similar in composition to calcic pyroxenes from amphibolite facies metamorphic rocks. Clinopyroxene solvus thermometry suggests minimum temperatures of equilibration of between 500° and 750° C. These temperatures, combined with numerical transport models of the intrusion, suggest that vein clinopyroxenes could have formed during 20,000 to 60,000 year time intervals associated with a maximum in the fluid flux through fractures in the Layered Series.     

内蒙古平安地地区元古代蛇绿混杂岩岩石地球化学特征及构造意义

平安地蛇绿混杂岩是笔者在"内蒙古锡林郭勒盟朱日和等三幅1∶5万地质矿产综合调查"工作中识别出的一套混杂岩。该混杂岩位于兴蒙造山带南缘,其地处华北板块演化的关键部位。本文对其进行了岩石类型、岩石地球化学及同位素年代学测试分析,结果表明:该套混杂岩主要由蛇绿岩和洋岛海山岩等组成;根据获得的LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄数据及锆石特征,主体岩性形成于中元古代或早中元古代。推测该套混杂岩记录了元古代哥伦比亚超大陆聚合过程中的洋陆转化事件,属于华北克拉通的古元古代变质基底。     

Eruptive environments and inferred exploration potential of metabasalts from New South Wales

The Honeysuckle Beds, Jindalee Beds, Woolomin Beds and Nambucca Beds all contain metavolcanic units of dismembered ophiolite suites in the Palaeozoic of New South Wales. It is assumed that no major changes in the distribution of stable trace elements have taken place during metamorphism. Geological evidence and stable trace element data indicate that the Honeysuckle and Jindalee Beds may contain metabasalts of marginal basin origin whereas the Woolomin and Nambucca Beds may contain metabasalts erupted during the opening phase of a major ocean. Comparison with massive sulphide-bearing metabasalts elsewhere suggests that the Honeysuckle Beds and Jindalee Beds, which chemically resemble metabasalts from the Troödos Massif of Cyprus, have the greatest exploration potential.     

南迦巴瓦峰地区雅鲁藏布蛇绿混杂岩带矿物学特征及时代

雅鲁藏布蛇绿混杂带在南迦巴瓦峰地区呈弧形连续分布，主要岩石类型有石英岩和云母石英片岩、绿片岩、斜长角闪岩、变质辉长岩、变余辉绿岩等。主要造岩矿物中，角闪石属富镁的镁角闪石、镁闪石、韭闪角闪石、浅闪角闪石等；单斜辉石为富镁的类型，成分相当于透辉石；橄榄石为典型的镁橄榄石；斜长石在角闪岩类中为中长石，是变质成因的。利用地质温压计估算出的变质温压条件分别为：t=500～650℃，P=0．75～0．8GPa，相当于角闪岩相变质作用，发生在47～47Ma左右。晚期经历了低温、高压变质作用，形成高压型的多硅白云母，时代为27～20Ma，与该区结合带边界阿尼桥断层和米林．鲁朗断层发生强烈走滑有关。地壳加速隆升、剥蚀时期形成的多硅白云母为中、低压型。     

Green clinopyroxenes and associated phases in a potassium-rich lava from the Leucite Hills,Wyoming

Green, salitic pyroxenes occur as megacrysts and as cores in diopsidic pyroxene phenocrysts and microphenocrysts in a wyomingite lava from Hatcher Mesa, Leucite Hills, Wyoming. Al-rich phlogopite (16–21% Al₂O₃), apatite, Fe-Ti-oxide, Mg-rich olivine (Fo₉₃) and orthopyroxene (En₆₁) also occur as megacrysts or as inclusions in diopside phenocrysts. All of these phases are found in ultramafic xenoliths in the host lava, and petrographic and chemical evidence is presented that the megacrysts originate by the disaggregation of the xenoliths. It is concluded that the latter are accidental fragments of the wall rocks traversed by the wyomingite magma and it is suggested that the clinopyroxene-rich xenoliths, from which the green pyroxenes are derived, formed in the upper mantle as a result of local metasomatism or by crystallization from magmas of unknown composition during an earlier igneous event. The precise role of the clinopyroxene-rich xenoliths (which also contain apatite, Fe-Ti-oxide and amphibole) in the genesis of the Leucite Hills magmas cannot be elucidated on the basis of the available data, but it is unlikely that they represent the source material from which these magmas are derived.     

甘肃红石山地区泥盆纪—石炭纪有限洋盆重建与蛇绿混杂岩深部结构

采用构造岩相学和构造-古地理单元恢复、AMT、地面高精度磁法等综合方法,对甘肃红石山和邻区泥盆纪—石炭纪有限洋盆进行重建,对红石山蛇绿混杂岩带进行构造岩相学解剖和深部探测。划分出5个构造层,前华里西期、华里西期、印支期、燕山期和喜山期。北部构造带为四顶黑山-雀儿山晚古生代岩浆弧相,中部构造带红石山蛇绿混杂岩带恢复为泥盆纪—石炭纪有限洋盆相+洋壳残片相,南部构造带为白山-狼娃山晚古生代岛弧相。蛇绿岩套从下到上的垂向单元为晚泥盆世—早石炭世变质超镁铁杂岩→堆晶超镁铁-镁铁岩→均质辉长岩和少量的辉绿岩墙→早石炭世扫子山期深水相硅质岩和含炭硅质细碎屑岩（有限洋盆相）。陆缘海相岛弧地体南北两侧为早石炭世扫子山期和白山期浅海相火山岛弧带。哈萨克斯坦板块南缘南向俯冲碰撞在敦煌地块北缘增生楔构造背景下,形成SSZ型蛇绿岩套。红石山构造-蛇绿混杂岩带与周缘地质体具有不同的构造岩相学边界,从北向南具有明显的4个构造岩相学水平分带,中心部位为超基性岩构造岩块单元,以糜棱岩相辉长岩和蛇纹石片岩为包络面的构造岩片（基质单元）,蛇绿混杂岩带总体为无根状大型透镜体。红石山构造-蛇绿混杂岩带将两侧地质体卷入混杂岩带内,这种复杂镶嵌结构的构造岩相体有利于形成大型-超大型斑岩型金铜钼矿床、浅成低温热液金矿床和造山型金矿床。     

北山造山带白云山地区蛇绿混杂岩结构、组成特征与形成时代

红柳河-洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩带位于内蒙古北山造山带中部,呈北西西向展布,向东延伸至白云山-洗肠井蛇绿混杂岩带,向西延伸至牛圈子-红柳园蛇绿混杂岩带。在白云山地区,蛇绿混杂岩由不同类型的岩块与基质组成,基质具有分带性,南侧以砂板岩基质为主,北侧以蛇纹岩基质及绿泥钠长片岩基质为主,反映了俯冲增生杂岩的特征。其中基性熔岩大面积发育,岩性以绿泥钠长片岩及变质玄武岩为主,TAS及AFM图解显示基性熔岩具有拉斑玄武岩的特征,微量元素蛛网图中具有弱Nb-Ta负异常及弱Sr正异常,稀土元素配分曲线显示了轻重稀土基本未分馏的曲线型式,微量元素系列判别图解显示了类似于MORB-like玄武岩的地球化学特征。由此可见,白云山地区基性熔岩为MORB-like玄武岩,反映了蛇绿混杂岩形成于弧前的构造背景。此外,本次工作获得侵入基性熔岩中的斜长花岗岩锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权平均年龄为519.8±2.1Ma,ε_Hf（t）-t图解显示了斜长花岗岩为地幔分异的产物。微量元素蛛网图中Nb-Ta亏损、右倾的稀土配分曲线及Th/Yb-Nb/Yb图解反映了斜长花岗岩具有岛弧岩浆岩的特征。对比研究区晚寒武世岛弧钙碱性辉长岩,我们认为白云山地区早寒武世发育MORB-like玄武岩,中-晚寒武世为岛弧钙碱性辉长岩及斜长花岗岩,反映了初始俯冲-正常俯冲的岩浆作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地煤田区铀矿成矿地质条件

正21世纪初,随着铀矿勘查工作的不断深入,在北方主要含煤盆地取得铀矿找矿重要进展,鄂尔多斯盆地是我国中生代典型大型内陆沉积盆地之一,其铀源条件、构造条件、含铀建造、水动力条件等显示了较好的铀矿找矿前景(焦养泉等,2015)。尤其是近10年来,"煤铀兼探"和利用煤田资料"二次"开发技术在鄂尔多斯盆地煤田勘查区开展砂岩型铀矿地质调查工作,取得了一系列选区和找矿的重要进展,圈定一批重要铀矿成矿远景区和找矿靶     

乌库尔其地区铀成矿水文地球化学条件分析

该区位于伊犁盆地南缘，分为2个水地质区：察布查尔山水地质区(I)和准平原水地质区(Ⅱ)(图1)．Ⅰ区系察布查尔山北坡古生代地层分布区，构造发育，岩性主要为古生代中酸性火山岩及碎屑岩、砾岩、砂岩，其中网状、网脉状基岩裂隙发育．山区接受大气降水的垂直补给．沿裂隙向盆地方向运移，于近盆缘处以下降泉或遇到断层以上升泉的形式出露．该区水量丰富，一般为0．02～3．50L/s，径流通畅，水化学类型多为     

Five clinopyroxenes in the Hareidland eclogite,Western Norway

Five clinopyroxenes can be distinguished on petrographic and chemical grounds in the Hareidland eclogite. Of these, three are omphacites. It is suggested that all three were originally of the same composition and that their present chemical differences are due to differences in their immediate chemical environments during retrograde metamorphism of the eclogite. The other two clinopyroxenes are symplectitic, and chemically vary from sodic augite to jadeite-poor omphacite. They were formed by exsolution of a sodic component (sodic plagioclase) from a parental omphacite.Publication no. 49 in the Norwegian Geotraverse Project.     

Multiple origins of clinopyroxenes in alkali basaltic rocks

Geochemical and textural data on clinopyroxenes in individual alkali basaltic flows from provinces in eastern Australia and the Massif Central can be used to differentiate four different modes of origin (three at high pressure) for these clinopyroxenes. Many single flows from the two provinces contain clinopyroxenes of three, or even four, of these origins. Rare flows contain core clinopyroxene with overgrowths of clinopyroxenes of two distinct generation. Each of the overgrowth is compositionally analogous to clinopyroxenes occurring in xenoliths or as discrete crystals in the same host lava. Such rimming relationships provide evidence that the host magma has undergone high pressure crystallisation and confirm that some xenoliths and megacrysts are cognate. With decreasing pressure the major changes in clinopyroxene chemistry are an increase in the ratio Al^lv/Al^vi, a linear increase of atomic proportions of Ti and Al with decreasing Si, and an increase in the Ti: (100 Mg/(Mg + Σ Fe)) ratio of the pyroxenes. Al₂O₂ wt, % is an unreliable potential geobarometric indicator; consideration of tetrahedral and octahedral site occupancies by Al (Al^lv/Al^vl ratio) is necessary. High-pressure fractionation dominated by clinopyroxene is postulated for some basaltic-composition, resulting in SiO₂ depletion, alkali enrichment and decrease in the Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) value of the host magma.     

Geodetic control on recent tectonic movements in the central Mediterranean area

During the Neogene and Quaternary, the western Mediterranean geodynamics was apparently dominated by the nearly eastward migration of the Apenninic arc and the associated opening (spreading) of the back-arc basin (Tyrrhenian Sea). However, during the last 5 My, the collision of the arc with the Apulian platform led to a dramatic change in the tectonic setting of the area. As geological processes require a long period of time to register the displacements of the different blocks, it is indispensable to take into account the present-day motion given by space geodesy data analysis in order to better constrain the geological models.Geodetic motions were derived from Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations collected from different networks. All the geodetic solutions have been computed and combined at the Centre of Space Geodesy (CGS), at Matera, Italy.The geodetic results show a NNE motion of the Adriatic plate with a small component of counter-clockwise rotation, in good agreement with the geological and geophysical observations.In the southern Tyrrhenian area, the lengthening of the Matera–Cagliari baseline should imply that convergence cannot be considered as the driving mechanism for the Apenninic subduction process. The estimated motion of Noto is in quite good agreement with the estimated motion of the African plate.