太行山淇河流域2000-2015年土壤侵蚀和水源供给变化研究

山地生态系统的土壤侵蚀和水源供给变化对评估区域生态环境质量有重要意义。基于2000-2015年四期土地利用数据,借助InVEST模型对淇河流域近16年间山地生态系统的土壤侵蚀和水源供给变化进行评估。结果表明：① 研究区主要土地利用类型为耕地、草地和林地,共占流域总面积的90%以上。近16年间淇河流域的耕地面积显著减少,草地和水域面积大幅增加,建设用地扩张明显。② 平均土壤侵蚀模数显著降低,2000年土壤侵蚀模数为154.27 t/（hm²·a）,2015年减少到32.09 t/（hm²·a）;强度侵蚀、极强侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀由9.03%、12.19%和25.96%分别减少到7.17%、6.36%和4.21%,微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀由24.31%、16.96%和11.57%增加到41.89%、27.71%和12.68%;退耕还林、还草措施优化了土地利用格局,促进植被恢复,对治理土壤侵蚀起到了显著效果。③ 水源供给量整体呈现先增加后减少的趋势,2005年达到峰值（1.79亿m³）。相邻两期水源供给量增减变化不一,2000-2005年水源供给量增加的面积大于减少的面积,其水源供给的量值也呈增加趋势,水源供给能力整体增强;而2005-2010年、2010-2015年的水源供给能力随之减弱,其中,2010-2015年水源供给减少的较小;林地和草地面积的增加造成水源供给量降低,土壤水源涵养能力增强。土壤侵蚀和水源供给是山地生态脆弱性响应的重要指标,制定合理的水土保持措施对增强山区生态系统的服务能力具有重要意义。     

Net Primary Productivity Increased on the Loess Plateau Following Implementation of the Grain to Green Program

The spatio-temporal characteristics of net primary productivity (NPP) since implementation of the Grain to Green Program (GTGP) are important for understanding ecological restoration of the Loess Plateau in China. Here, we conduct spatio-temporal analysis of NPP using MODIS datasets (500 m, 8-day intervals) and VPM (Vegetation Photosynthesis Model) from 2000-2015. We found that NPP on the Loess Plateau increased significantly from 2000 to 2015 (p<0.05). Significant increases in NPP were observed in core areas of the GTGP, including northern Shaanxi and Lüliang Mountain in Shanxi. NPP in alluvial plains decreased due to urban expansion into cropland. Significant increases in NPP from 2006-2010 were located north of the area of change in 2000-2005. NPP increased across three vegetation types and four slope gradients. In hilly-gully regions prone to soil erosion, such as central and southeastern parts of the Loess Plateau, obvious vegetation restoration was detected.     

Remote-sensing data reveals the response of soil erosion intensity to land use change in Loess Plateau,China

Developing an effective approach to rapidly assess the effects of restoration projects on soil erosion intensity and their extensive spatial and temporal dynamics is important for regional ecosystem management and the development of soil conservation strategies in the future. This study applied a model that was developed at the pixel scale using water soil erosion indicators (land use, vegetation coverage and slope) to assess the soil erosion intensity in the Loess Plateau, China. Landsat TM/ETM+ images in 2000, 2005 and 2010 were used to produce land use maps based on the object-oriented classification method. The MODIS product MOD13Q1 was adopted to derive the vegetation coverage maps. The slope gradient maps were calculated based on data from the digital elevation model. The area of water soil-eroded land was classified into six grades by integrating slope gradients, land use and vegetation coverage. Results show that the Grain-To-Green Project in the Loess Plateau worked based on the land use changes from 2000 to 2010 and enhanced vegetation restoration and ecological conservation. These projects effectively prevented soil erosion. During this period, lands with moderate, severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities significantly decreased and changed into less severe levels, respectively. Lands with slight and light soil erosion intensities increased. However, the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau was reduced. The contributions of the seven provinces to the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau and the composition of the soil erosion intensity level in each province are different. Lands with severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities are mainly distributed in Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. These areas, although relatively small, must be prioritised and preferentially treated.     

近35年三北防护林体系建设工程的防风固沙效应

通过分析三北工程区生态系统防风固沙服务量变化,进而评价工程的防风固沙效应。结果表明：① 近35 a,三北工程区林地面积持续增加、草地面积持续减少,特别是半干旱风沙区和黄土高原区。植被覆盖度在前20 a持续增加,近15 a则呈现先下降而后略微增加趋势。②土壤风蚀模数持续减少,近15 a减幅远高于前20 a,沙地、草地、其它类型转林地或转草地区域的减幅尤为明显。生态系统防风固沙服务保有率呈上升态势,干旱荒漠区增幅显著。草地和沙地为工程区生态系统防风固沙服务总量贡献了71%,且转草地区域的贡献高于转林地区域。③ 考虑到植被好转同时受气候变化和人类活动的影响,以风场减弱为主的气候变化导致土壤风蚀力减弱与三北防护林等生态工程对生态系统防风固沙服务变化的贡献率分别介于85%~89%和11%~15%之间。     

大兴安岭天保工程区生态系统服务变化研究

利用Landsat和MODIS遥感数据和InVEST模型,评估了1990-2015年大兴安岭天保工程区实施前后生态系统土壤风蚀量、生境质量和碳储量的时空变化,并通过地理探测器方法对生态系统服务时空变化分布与趋势进行驱动因子探测和交互作用探测分析.结果 表明:①从空间分布来看,额尔古纳市南部、鄂温克族自治旗西北部、科尔沁...     

陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征

This paper looks at the Green for Grain Project in northern Shaanxi Province.Based on remote sensing monitoring data,this study analyzes the locations of arable land in northern Shaanxi in the years 2000,2010 and 2013 as well as spatio-temporal changes over that period,and then incorporates data on the distribution of terraced fields to improve the input parameters of a RUSLE model and simulate and generate raster data on soil erosion for northern Shaanxi at different stages with a accuracy verification.Finally,combined with the dataset of farmland change,compared and analyzed the characteristics of soil erosion change in the converted farmland to forest(grassland)and the unconverted farmland in northern Shaanxi,so as to determine the project’s impact on soil erosion over time across the region.The results show that between 2000 and 2010,the soil erosion modulus of repurposed farmland in northern Shaanxi decreased 22.7 t/ha,equivalent to 47.08%of the soil erosion modulus of repurposed farmland in 2000.In the same period,the soil erosion modulus of non-repurposed farmland fell 10.99 t/ha,equivalent to 28.6%of the soil erosion modulus of non-repurposed farmland in 2000.The soil erosion modulus for all types of land in northern Shaanxi decreased by an average of 14.51 t/ha between 2000 and 2010,equivalent to 41.87%of the soil erosion modulus for the entire region in 2000.This suggests that the Green for Grain Project effectively reduced the soil erosion modulus,thus helping to protect the soil.In particular,arable land that was turned into forest and grassland reduced erosion most noticeably and contributed most to soil conservation.Nevertheless,in the period 2010 to 2013,which was a period of consolidation of the Green for Grain Project,the soil erosion modulus and change in volume of soil erosion in northern Shaanxi were significantly lower than in the previous decade.     

2000—2018年内蒙古长爪沙鼠疫源地地表景观特征及变化

鼠疫疫源地的环境变化对鼠疫的传播扩散具有重要影响。本文基于2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年及2018年五期土地利用和年最大化合成NDVI数据,选取斑块面积占比、景观形状指数、最大斑块比例和斑块破碎度、周长面积分维数、蔓延度指数、多样性指数、均匀指数及聚集指数,定量分析了内蒙古长爪沙鼠疫源地土地利用格局和植被格局的结构特征及演变规律。结果表明：① 2000—2015年,内蒙古长爪沙鼠疫源地内土地利用整体稳定,变化较小,2015年后变化较大,主要表现为不同草地之间的转换。② 2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年NDVI介于（0.056,0.37]的草地在疫源地内占据主体地位,面积占比分别为77.45%、83.61%、83.03%和82.47%。到2018年,该类草地面积显著减少,面积占比下降到48.44%。与之对应,2000—2015年,NDVI介于（0.37,0.83]的草地面积占比为22.54%、16.39%、16.96%和17.4%,而2018年,该类草地的面积显著增加到51.34%。③ 2000—2015年,各草地类别表现出类内高聚集分布,类间分界明显的特征。到2018年,各类别草地向多个方向扩散,并在整个疫源地内趋于均衡分布,植被类内连通性增加,类间分界逐渐平滑。该变化使得内蒙古鼠疫流行风险呈增加态势。本研究对厘清长爪沙鼠疫源地地表景观和生态环境的变化、预测鼠疫潜在风险、预防人间鼠疫暴发具有科学参考价值。     

黄土高原植被覆盖变化对生态系统服务影响及其阈值

黄土高原是退耕还林工程的核心区域,是中国生态恢复成效最显著的区域。明确黄土高原植被恢复对生态系统服务的影响,识别植被影响的阈值效应,是学术研究和管理实践共同的需求。然而,目前相关研究仍存在研究空缺,特别是在区域尺度对生态系统服务随植被变化阈值进行识别的研究较少。本文选择植被覆盖度（FVC）为指标表征2000—2015年黄土高原植被恢复情况,以土壤保持服务、产水服务和碳固定服务为指标表征研究区生态系统服务情况,对二者的时空变化及交互作用进行分析,评估植被覆盖变化对生态系统服务的影响,并对影响的阈值进行定量识别。结果显示：① 2000—2015年黄土高原植被显著恢复;生态系统服务变化差异明显,碳固定服务明显增强,土壤保持服务得到一定改善,产水服务较为稳定。② 植被覆盖变化与生态系统服务变化的相关程度存在差异,植被覆盖与碳固定服务的关联性最强,其次为土壤保持服务。③ 植被覆盖增加能够促进区域生态系统服务总体提升,但促进作用存在阈值效应。植被覆盖影响的阈值在林地区、林地—草地区、草地区和草地—沙漠区分别为44%、32%、34%和34%,超过上述阈值,植被覆盖增加的促进作用趋于减弱。     

2000—2019年中国重大生态工程生态效益遥感评估

本文提出了重大生态工程实施生态效益评估理论框架,在选取生态系统宏观结构、生态系统质量和生态系统服务3大类、6个一级指标和9个二级指标的基础上,利用地面和遥感数据,结合模型模拟,生成了2000—2019年长时间序列评估指标参数数据集,定量评估了中国重大生态工程实施20年后的生态效益。结果表明：生态恢复程度中等、较高和高的区域面积分别占全国国土面积的24.1%、11.9%和1.7%,生态工程实施数量越多的地区,生态恢复程度越高,生态恢复程度较高和高的区域主要集中在黄土高原、北方农牧交错带、东北平原、川滇黔渝湘结合部等地区;气候因素和生态工程对植被净初级生产力变化的贡献率分别为85.4%和14.6%,对水蚀模数变化的贡献率分别为69.5%和30.5%;中国植被覆盖度有20%的恢复潜力,森林植被覆盖度恢复潜力为6.4%,草地植被覆盖度恢复潜力为23%;气候条件是生态恢复的重要限制因素,生态恢复程度较高和高的区域主要分布在年均温大于0 ℃和年降水量大于300 mm的地区。因此,重大生态工程的部署,应充分考虑气候条件的限制性,避免实施单一生态工程或单一生态恢复措施,充分发挥生态工程组合措施的综合效应,提高生态投入资金的最大效益。     

气候变化和生态建设对秦岭—淮河南北植被动态的影响

论文基于2000-2019年秦岭—淮河南北MODIS-NDVI植被覆盖数据,对中国南北过渡带植被时空变化进行分析,并探讨植被动态变化驱动因素.结果 表明:①在趋势变化上,2000-2019年秦岭—淮河南北植被显著恢复.其中,秦巴山区植被恢复面积占比最高,其次是巫山山区和关中平原;植被退化区面积占比仅为6.4％,主要分布...     

2000—2015年伊犁河谷植被覆盖时空变化特征

利用2000—2015年的EOS/MODIS数据,采用趋势分析、Hurst指数、变异系数法对伊犁河谷植被时空变化及未来趋势进行分析,结果显示:空间分布上,伊犁河谷植被覆盖度呈北部、南部、东部偏高,西部、中部偏低的分布特征;时间变化上,2000—2015年,伊犁河谷植被覆盖度波动减小,减速为6.25%·(10 a)^-1;区域分布上,伊犁河谷植被表现为低波动变化,波动程度中等以及下占73.16%,波动程度高的区域占26.84%。未来预测表明,伊犁河谷植被覆盖呈退化趋势,其中,持续退化的面积占57.55%,持续改善的面积占13.51%。     

国家重点生态功能区生态系统服务时空格局及其变化特征

基于遥感数据及地理信息系统平台,利用生态模型,定量分析中国国家重点生态功能区在实施转移支付前（2000~2010年）、后（2010~2015年）生态系统宏观格局及关键生态系统服务的时空分布格局及其变化特征。研究结果表明：在气候变化与转移支付政策的共同影响下,中国国家重点生态功能区生态系统宏观结构总体好转,荒漠化得到有效控制,水体与湿地得到有效恢复,但森林及草地生态系统发生退化,农田与聚落生态系统面积进一步扩大;水土流失及土壤风蚀得到有效遏制,水源涵养及土壤保持服务得到大幅提升,但防风固沙服务整体有所下降,同时人类活动对生物多样性维护功能的威胁程度基本持衡。     

太行山淇河流域土地利用变化对生境的影响

山地作为陆地表面的特殊地域单元,地形起伏较大,生态系统较为脆弱,对全球变化信号有放大作用。因此,研究山地土地利用变化对生境质量的影响,对于权衡区域生态保护与发展及土地资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于InVEST模型,结合土地利用数据,并从地形起伏度视角,对太行山淇河流域2000-2015年生境质量进行研究。结果表明：①2000-2015年期间,淇河流域土地利用变化表现为耕地、林地面积逐渐减少,草地、建设用地面积逐渐增加。②流域整体生境质量较好,平均生境质量指数均超过0.7,且2015年有明显提升。③淇河流域的生境质量变化受地类变化影响较大。耕地、草地、建设用地由于受到过人为干扰的影响,其生境出现不同程度的退化;采伐、毁林开荒等行为导致林地的生境也开始缓慢退化,但由于林地的植被覆盖度较高,抗干扰能力较强,加上逐渐开始对其进行恢复,生境质量水平依然较高。④该流域生境质量在地形起伏度上的分布特征表现为平坦区和微起伏区以一般等级生境质量为主,小起伏区和中起伏区则以高度重要和极重要等级生境质量为主。     

Spatio-temporal Variation of Vegetation Ecological Quality and Its Response to Climate Change in Rocky Desertification Areas in Southwest China during 2000-2020

Vegetation restoration is the primary task of ecological reconstruction and rocky desertification control in Karst areas. With vegetation net primary productivity and coverage as two key indicators, a vegetation ecological quality evaluation model was built based on meteorological and remote sensing data. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation ecological quality index and its response to climate change in rocky desertification areas in Southwest China during 2000-2020 were also analyzed by using the difference method and linear trend method. The results showed that: (1) Vegetation ecological quality in rocky desertification areas in Southwest China showed a fluctuating upward trend during 2000-2020. In 2020, the vegetation ecological quality index reached 69.7, which was 19.9% and 9.3% higher than the averaged values for 2000 and 2000-2019, respectively, ranking the fourth highest since 2000. (2) Vegetation ecological quality of the rocky desertification areas in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces have been improved by 89.2%, 99.2% and 98.5%, respectively, from 2000 to 2020, with their vegetation ecological quality index values increasing by 0.5-0.75 per year in southeast Yunnan, most areas in Guizhou and northwest Guangxi. (3) Precipitation was an important meteorological factor affecting the vegetation ecological quality in rocky desertification areas. The vegetation ecological quality index in the northwest and central Yunnan rocky desertification areas has been rising slowly, but with localized declines at a yearly rate of nearly 0.25 caused by climatic warming and drying.     

1990—2010年黄河宁蒙段所处流域土地利用变化

以Landsat TM和ETM+遥感影像为基础数据源,应用地理信息系统技术,对黄河宁蒙段所处流域1990-2010年土地利用变化进行了监测,并结合气候变化、人类活动和政策因素探讨了土地利用变化的驱动力,初步分析了土地利用/覆被变化对流域水-沙关系的影响。结果表明：（1）20年来研究区建设用地面积增加了1 310.04 km²,耕地面积增加了611.15 km²,水域和草地面积分别减少了1 499.51 km²和474.93 km²;（2）20年来黄河宁蒙段所处流域土地利用变化速度经历了缓慢变化-显著变化-急剧变化的过程。各土地利用类型在后10 年（2000-2010年）的变化速度均比前10年（1990-2000年）大;（3）研究时段内草地和未利用地转化为林地,草地和耕地被开发为建设用地,未利用地和草地被开垦为耕地;（4）人类活动和政策因素是影响20年来土地利用变化的主要驱动因子,但人口数量的增加、经济的发展及环境政策的调整对研究区土地利用变化的影响更为显著;（5）1990-2010年流域耕地和林地面积分别增加了611.15 km²和543.19 km²,植被覆盖度由1990年的34.7%增加到2010年的40.8%。林地和耕地面积的增加均使得流域总蒸发量增加,灌溉用水增加,从而径流量减少,植被覆盖度的增加使得流域径流量和输沙量均降低。     

Effects of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region,China

The first-stage of an ecological conservation and restoration project in the Three-River Source Region (TRSR), China, has been in progress for eight years. However, because the ecological effects of this project remain unknown, decision making for future project implementation is hindered. Thus, in this study, we developed an index system to evaluate the effects of the ecological restoration project, by integrating field observations, remote sensing, and process-based models. Effects were assessed using trend analyses of ecosystem structures and services. Results showed positive trends in the TRSR since the beginning of the project, but not yet a return to the optima of the 1970s. Specifically, while continued degradation in grassland has been initially contained, results are still far from the desired objective, ‘grassland coverage increasing by an average of 20%–40%’. In contrast, wetlands and water bodies have generally been restored, while the water conservation and water supply capacity of watersheds have increased. Indeed, the volume of water conservation achieved in the project meets the objective of a 1.32 billion m³ increase. The effects of ecological restoration inside project regions was more significant than outside, and, in addition to climate change projects, we concluded that the implementation of ecological conservation and restoration projects has substantially contributed to vegetation restoration. Nevertheless, the degradation of grasslands has not been fundamentally reversed, and to date the project has not prevented increasing soil erosion. In sum, the effects and challenges of this first-stage project highlight the necessity of continuous and long-term ecosystem conservation efforts in this region.     

Responses of Ecosystems to Ecological Compensation in a Key Ecological Function Area of the Loess Plateau

Evaluation of the ecological effects of eco-compensation policies helps analyze policy rationality and feasibility and provides scientific and practical bases for perfecting eco-compensation systems. Taking the key ecological function area of the Loess Plateau, China as a case study, we have evaluated ecosystem responses to the Grain-for-Green Project that commenced in 1999. Six indicators were selected to assess changes in ecosystem structure, quality and function. The results showed that implementation of the Grain-for-Green Project has reduced sloping cropland by 1571 km² and increased ecological land by 1337 km². The increase in ecological land alters ecosystem structures across the study area and the decline in sloping cropland reduces farming activity interference; both of these are conducive to the restoration of natural vegetation. From 2000 to 2010, the vegetation cover of grassland, desert and forest ecosystems increased 10.89%, 8.34% and 4.24% respectively and average NPP rose 51%, with an average annual growth rate of around 5%. This indicates that eco-compensation has promoted the improvement of ecosystem quality. Total biomass of ecosystems increased two times on average from 2000 to 2010, meaning that the carbon sequestration capacity of ecosystems also increased. The reduction in the area of water loss and soil erosion and the increase in retained runoff by forests indicate an improvement in ecosystem function and services on the Loess Plateau.     

近40年来金沙江南岸干热河谷区的土地利用变化及其土壤侵蚀治理研究 ——以云南宾川县为例

云南金沙江流域生态环境极为脆弱,在人为作用下土地利用/土地覆被变化较为显著,水土流失严重,生态环境日益恶化,目前已被我国政府列为全国生态环境建设的重点区域。本文选择金沙江中游中山高原与干热河谷区较为典型的宾川县作为研究实例,采用航片判读、实地调查与GIS等方法编制1960、1980和2000年土地利用与土壤侵蚀图,据此分析了该县1960 ~ 2000年的土地利用/土地覆被变化及其引发的土壤侵蚀变化特征,重点揭示区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的基本规律及其引发的土壤侵蚀变化过程,并提出土壤侵蚀治理的工程与技术措施。     

基于MODIS时间序列数据的沙漠化遥感监测及沙漠化土地图谱分析——以内蒙古中西部地区为例

土地沙漠化是内蒙古中西部地区主要的生态环境问题之一,遥感与图谱分析为其研究提供了有效的技术手段。基于MODIS数据产品,反演时间序列的沙漠化监测指标,结合决策树分类法提取沙漠化土地信息,并提出新的沙漠化修正指数进行沙漠化土地动态分析;采用地学图谱分析方法提取了3个不同时间尺度上沙漠化土地的时空复合图谱信息,对沙漠化土地类型变化、土地沙漠化的程度等进行分析。结果表明:(1)遥感监测指标与决策树分类方法相结合可以有效地提取沙漠化土地信息。(2)2000-2014年内蒙古中西部地区的沙漠化程度与面积总体上呈减轻与减少趋势,2011-2014年间沙漠化总面积年平均值约为17.2万km²,比2000-2010年沙漠化总面积年平均值减少约2万km²。(3)沙漠化土地变化具有多时间尺度的特征,短时间尺度与较长时间尺度上沙漠化的动态变化趋势不同。各类型沙漠化土地动态度的绝对值随时间尺度的增加而降低。不同时间尺度沙漠化土地的净逆转比例也不同,2005-2010年和2005-2014年沙漠化土地净逆转比例较大,分别为13.95%和9.08%。受研究时段长度的限制,10 a或更长时间尺度上进行沙漠化动态变化趋势及其成因机制的分析可能更为合理;而5 a或更短的时间尺度,可能仅对揭示沙漠化高风险区或快速恢复区等热点地区有帮助。(4)2000-2014年毛乌素沙地及阴山北麓的农牧交错区等地区呈现相对稳定逆转的态势,而浑善达克沙地中西部等部分地区沙漠化土地变化较不稳定,近5 a仍呈现恶化的态势。     

Inter-annual variations in vegetation and their response to climatic factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2010

To understand the variations in vegetation and their correlation with climate factors in the upper catchments of the Yellow River, China, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index（NDVI） time series data from 2000 to 2010 were collected based on the MOD13Q1 product. The coefficient of variation, Theil–Sen median trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test were combined to investigate the volatility characteristic and trend characteristic of the vegetation. Climate data sets were then used to analyze the correlation between variations in vegetation and climate change. In terms of the temporal variations, the vegetation in this study area improved slightly from 2000 to 2010, although the volatility characteristic was larger in 2000–2005 than in 2006–2010. In terms of the spatial variation, vegetation which is relatively stable and has a significantly increasing trend accounts for the largest part of the study area. Its spatial distribution is highly correlated with altitude, which ranges from about 2000 to 3000 m in this area. Highly fluctuating vegetation and vegetation which showed a significantly decreasing trend were mostly distributed around the reservoirs and in the reaches of the river with hydropower developments. Vegetation with a relatively stable and significantly decreasing trend and vegetation with a highly fluctuating and significantly increasing trend are widely dispersed. With respect to the response of vegetation to climate change, about 20–30% of the vegetation has a significant correlation with climatic factors and the correlations in most areas are positive： regions with precipitation as the key influencing factor account for more than 10% of the area; regions with temperature as the key influencing factor account for less than 10% of the area; and regions with precipitation and temperature as the key influencing factors together account for about 5% of the total area. More than 70% of the vegetation has an insignificant correlation with climatic factors.