统一使用构造地质术语的研讨

讨论一些有争议的构造地质术语。建议:1、废弄冲断层一词;2、引用“能动断层”的概念,但活断层包含能动断层,活断层是早第三纪以来断续活动的及现今仍在活动的断层;3、“同生断层”、“同沉积断层”二词,建议采用“生长断层”一词:4、破劈理的间距规定为小于1mm;5、轴面和枢纽面为同义词;6、对圆柱状褶皱而言,褶皱是褶皱面上一条直线,它平行于自身移动能描绘出褶皱的形态,轴迹是轴面与水平面或横剖面的交线;7、取消倾角0°～5°为水平岩层的规定;8、“岩层接触关系”改用“地层接触关系”;9、构造等值线图不宜简称构造图,称构造等高线图较为准确;10、“花岗-片麻岩穹窿”改称片麻岩穹窿;11、岩墙、岩脉应予区分。     

新疆乌恰地区萨热克铜矿床储矿构造样式与控矿规律

通过对新疆乌恰地区萨热克铜矿床的构造岩相学实测剖面研究,认为萨热克巴依复式向斜构造有利于盆地流体大规模聚集成矿,且萨热克铜矿床受构造和盆地流体作用影响形成南、北两个矿带。北矿带储矿构造样式为褶皱群落+顺层断层+层间连通性复式断裂-裂隙带,后期具有强沥青化流体侵入特征;南矿带储矿构造样式为传播褶皱+侵入构造+穿层断裂-裂隙带。典型钻孔及坑道的构造岩相学相体解剖研究结果表明:上侏罗统库孜贡苏组二段旱地扇扇中亚相杂砾岩为矿质的初始富集岩性,矿体在膝折构造及沿断裂构造侵位的辉绿岩脉部位增厚;层间和切层断裂-裂隙发育最密集构造应力区为富烃类还原性成矿流体提供运移通道及储矿空间;总体显示萨热克铜矿具有构造与成矿流体叠加耦合作用特征。     

试论沉积岩层构造裂隙的展布规律及其水文地质作用

本文着重阐述了沉积岩层构造裂隙形成及水文地质作用方面的五个论点: 研究层状构造裂隙水时,必须从沉积建造、地质构造及后期改造三个方面进行综合探讨。 任何一个构造应力场中,其应力分布状态,一定要受到不同力学性质(岩性、结构及固结程度)的岩层在空间上的分布所控制,从而才能产生相应的应变形态(各类性质的断裂与褶皱)。 弯滑褶皱的脆性层位中,才能形成背斜核部的脱空及翼部的顺向导水裂隙系统,而滑流褶皱则不具备这种性质。 压性断层下盘是否具有导水作用,要依据断层面的产状是否接近直立而确定。 压性断层与扭性断层的错断方面不同,其裂隙系统的展布方向恰好直交。即压性断层的低序次体现为顺向导水,而扭性断层的低序次体现为垂向导水。     

广西河池五圩矿田构造应力场划分及力源探讨

五圩矿田位于广西南丹-河池锡多金属成矿带的南端,主干构造为NNW向的不对称短轴背斜,其上叠加了NE、SN、EW 3个方向的褶皱,它们在丹池带上都有表现.文章通过大量共轭节理、层面擦痕、断层派生小构造、次级褶皱等构造要素野外观测,室内计算,恢复了五圩矿田中生代(印支-燕山期) 4期构造应力场,各期主压应力方位依次为NEE、NW-SE、N WW-SEE及NNE向,前两期为印支期,后两期为燕山期.并探讨了其力源:印支期来源于古特提斯板块向北俯冲与江南古陆向南推移形成的SN向顺时针区域力偶;燕山期来源于丹池断裂的右旋或左旋走滑活动.     

青城子矿田构造变形结构及其控矿特征

通过对青城子矿田构造变形结构分析，以及矿田中构造变形结构在成矿过程中的演化模式的建立，提出了以早期开阔褶皱为基础，晚期构造叠加构成圈闭空间的主体控矿格架，并用其进行成矿预测，指出今后找矿方向。     

山东青岛灵山岛褶皱样式及力学特征分析

灵山岛褶皱构造发育,类型表现出多种形式,其成因类型还存在争论。通过地质填图工作,在对灵山岛褶皱构造要素进行观察、测量以及构造应力场分析的基础上,讨论了灵山岛褶皱构造的成因。灵山岛褶皱枢纽产状的一致性,共轭节理和褶皱轴面所反映的主应力方向的一致性,大褶皱与小褶皱之间的几何关系,明显具有构造成因的轴面劈理、窗棱构造、布丁构造等面理和线理构造,这些特征反映了灵山岛褶皱属于构造成因。综合区域资料分析认为,灵山岛褶皱构造是在NW-SE向挤压构造应力场的作用下结果,是古太平洋板块与亚洲陆缘俯冲碰撞的响应。     

南大巴山西北段镇巴—下高川地区地质构造解析

在南大巴山西北段镇巴—下高川地区进行1∶50 000地质填图基础上,通过对地质构造现象野外的详细观测,运用持平投影的构造几何学和运动学等方法对主要断层面擦痕和断层两侧不对称褶皱枢纽以及褶皱两翼产状进行统计分析和构造解析,结合区域沉积资料和地质年代学资料,对该区构造进行构造序列分析,并探讨南大巴山构造带的变形时限、动力学机制及其演化。研究表明:南大巴山西北段镇巴—下高川地区断裂构造特征表现为高角度逆冲推覆兼有右行走滑性质的叠瓦式逆冲推覆构造;与逆冲推覆构造相关褶皱多为轴面东倾西倒的同斜褶皱和斜歪褶皱,而且由东向西褶皱紧闭程度逐渐减弱,表明逆冲推覆方向由东向西,扩展方式为前展式。该区是在印支期扬子地块与秦岭造山带全面碰撞造山作用基础上,在燕山期中—晚期整个大巴山构造系由北东向南西方向大规模的陆内造山,形成了现今的构造几何形态,其中右行走滑构造是燕山期中—晚期(J3-K2)逆冲推覆构造持续向西南推移过程中形成的。     

济宁煤田济北矿区构造展布规律分析

通过对济宁北矿区区域构造特征以及区内各井田地质资料的统计研究分析,系统总结了该矿区断层构造的发育特征和展布组合规律。研究发现：在区域上,研究区构造以断裂为主,且规模和强度较大,褶皱强度小,均为宽缓褶皱。矿区内的主要断裂有两组,一组为SN向的区域性断裂,构成井田边界,另一组为由其附生的NE向断裂,使其开采地质条件复杂化。区内NE向褶皱发育,多呈背、向斜相间分布。     

山东省苍峄铁矿带后期改造与找矿方向分析

苍峄铁矿带为山东省典型的"鞍山式"铁矿成矿带,其后期改造作用剧烈,控矿因素复杂。带内先后发现和评价了多个大、中型铁矿床,现区内露头及浅部矿体已基本查明,探求铁矿石资源量逾9亿t,仍未完全控制该矿带的延长和延深规模,其深部及外围隐伏资源潜力巨大。以往勘查工作侧重于各区段浅部矿体特征和规模的控制评价,对矿带赋存规律和找矿方向的研究存在不足。该文结合矿带内已查明矿床特征,对区内基底褶皱构造和断层构造开展了分析研究。基于褶皱控矿理论,将苍峄铁矿划分为5个主含矿带,以次级截矿断层为界,将各含矿带自西向东分为3个区段。从断层构造对控矿褶皱及含矿带的后期改造入手,对原始控矿褶皱进行了恢复重建。验证了太白向斜、石闫背斜、辛庄向斜和后大窑背斜为连续产出的复式褶皱,因褶皱构造向西倾伏,致使辛庄向斜向东剥蚀缺失,石闫背斜和后大窑背斜向西隐伏深潜,并有继续向西延伸的可能。进而分析了区内找矿远景,划分3个赋矿远景区,指明了该区今后的重点找矿方向。     

小世界网络特征识别的城市交通状态网络自相关分析

大量研究表明,考虑了空间多维性的小世界网络模型对于研究交通网络特性对交通流的影响很有必要。但现有相关研究普遍未能有效找出小世界网络特征产生的临界阈值进而判断网络结构特征对城市交通运行的影响。以伦敦市主干道路网络为案例,通过网络环境下的Moran's I和Getis-Ord's G两个统计量,找出道路网络结构的小世界特征及其网络动力产生的临界阈值,并利用基于交通网络距离的半变异(方差)函数分析该临界阈值是否合理,然后运用网络自相关分析小世界网络结构特征及其网络动力对道路交通流的影响。结果表明:(1)伦敦市主干道路网络的全局Moran's I和全局Getis-Ord's G的收敛值是0.34,小世界网络现象或动力出现的临界阈值是17 000 m;(2)半方差图显示估算的小世界网络特征出现的阈值距离远小于理论半变异函数模型估算的空间相关性作用范围,且在该阈值附近半变异值呈明显上升趋势,表明该阈值是合理的;(3)在此阈值影响范围下,伦敦市主干道路段间交通流网络自相关性总体上呈显著正自相关特征,其局域空间关联格局呈中心区低-低和外围高-高的分布模式。     

Structural feature and tectonic evolution of Awati——Bachu area in Tarim Basin

The research area is situated in the western part of Tarim basin, which includes Awati depression and Bachu uplifted block. It underwent three times processes of compression in a large scale and a near term extension since Cambrian. The first compression occurred during Middle Cambrian to Devonian, which formed fault band folds in NW axial direction. They were ＂under-water uplift＂ and distributed all over the research area. The second compression occurred in Late Permian and formed fault band folds and a few fault propagation folds in NS axial direction. They are developed near Tumuxiuke fault belt and the northern research area. The western anticline is bigger than the eastern one in extent and size. The third compression occurred during Palaeogene to Quaternary and formed tumuxiuke fault belt and fault propagation folds in NW direction. They are distributed over the south part of the research area. Tumuxiuke fault belt is a big scale dextral reversed strike-slip fault belt; it transformed or destroyed the fold structure of the research area. A short-term extension occurred during Early Permian. Tarim Basin is in the rift forming stage of craton, and there exist widespread basic vol- canic rocks, basic intrusive bodies and dikes.     

Structural feature and tectonic evolution of Awati——Bachu area in Tarim Basin

The research area is situated in the western part of Tarim basin,which includes Awati depression and Bachu uplifted block. It underwent three times processes of compression in a large scale and a near term extension since Cambrian. The first compression occurred during Middle Cambrian to Devonian, which formed fault band folds in NW axial direction. They were "under-water uplift"and distributed all over the research area. The second compression occurred in Late Permian and formed fault band folds and a few fault propagation folds in NS axial direction. They are developed near Tumuxiuke fault belt and the northern research area. The western anticline is bigger than the eastern one in extent and size. The third compression occurred during Palaeogene to Quaternary and formed tumuxiuke fault belt and fault propagation folds in NW direction. They are distributed over the south part of the research area. Tumuxiuke fault belt is a big scale dextral reversed strike-slip fault belt; it transformed or destroyed the fold structure of the research area. A short-term extension occurred during Early Permian. Tarim Basin is in the rift forming stage of craton, and there exist widespread basic volcanic rocks, basic intrusive bodies and dikes.     

Characterizing landscape spatial heterogeneity in multisensor images with variogram models

Most evaluation of the consistency of multisensor images have focused on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） products for natural landscapes, often neglecting less vegetated urban landscapes. This gap has been filled through quantifying and evaluating spatial heterogeneity of urban and natural landscapes from QuickBird, Satellite pour l＇observation de la Terre （SPOT）, Ad- vanced Spacebome Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER） and Landsat Thematic Mapper （TM） images with variogram analysis. Instead of a logarithmic relationship with pixel size observed in the corresponding aggregated images, the spatial variability decayed and the spatial structures decomposed more slowly and complexly with spatial resolution for real multisensor im- ages. As the spatial resolution increased, the proportion of spatial variability of the smaller spatial structure decreased quickly and only a larger spatial structure was observed at very coarse scales. Compared with visible band, greater spatial variability was observed in near infrared band for both densely and less densely vegetated landscapes. The influence of image size on spatial heterogeneity was highly dependent on whether the empirical sernivariogram reached its sill within the original image size. When the empirical semivariogram did not reach its sill at the original observation scale, spatial variability and mean characteristic length scale would increase with image size; otherwise they might decrease. This study could provide new insights into the knowledge of spatial heterogeneity in real multisen- sor images with consideration of their nominal spatial resolution, image size and spectral bands.     

歧口凹陷板桥斜坡区新生代断裂特征及油气地质意义

歧口凹陷发育多类型斜坡构造,为地层岩性油气藏主要富集区。板桥斜坡为歧口凹陷西缘受边界断裂控制的旋转掀斜型斜坡,斜坡内断裂特征复杂。在钻井及高分辨地震三维解释基础上,对板桥斜坡区内断裂特征进行分析,并探讨其油气地质意义。研究表明,板桥斜坡内部发育3组不同类型的断裂系,其组合类型、变形特征及成因机制具有显著差异。西侧的大张坨平行断裂系受控于差异伸展作用,缓岸带一侧发育一组平行排列的张性断裂,断裂走向与斜坡倾向垂直,形成断鼻背景上的单一斜坡构造;东侧的长芦羽状断裂系及高沙岭帚状断裂系形成受伸展走滑作用共同控制,断裂走向与地层倾向平行,形成顺向复杂断裂斜坡构造。斜坡区演化经历了初始裂陷期-旋转掀斜期-坳陷沉降期3个阶段,控制了斜坡区古地貌特征、沉积体系类型及砂体展布。断裂活动特征的差异则控制了油气运聚特征的不同,早衰型断裂易于油气短距离运移在中深部富集成藏,继承型断裂两侧具多目的层立体含油的特征。      

招平断裂带北段金矿找矿新进展及控矿构造新认识

招平断裂带北段以玲珑金矿田的石英脉型金矿而闻名于世。21世纪以来,随着深部找矿的不断深入,地质工作者突破传统的石英脉型金矿找矿思路,将深部找矿的方向聚焦于招平断裂带北段的主干断裂蚀变破碎带上,蚀变岩型金矿找矿取得了重大的突破,截至2018年5月,累计探获新增金资源量超过800t。通过对招平断裂带北段空间展布、构造演化、构造控矿、构造-蚀变-矿化时空关系等方面的研究,发现NNE向的九曲蒋家断裂带及NE向破头青断裂在构造活动时间、蚀变特征、控矿特征等方面具有高度一致性,认为二者均为招平断裂带的分支。通过对两条断裂带的构造发育程度、蚀变强度、控制矿体规模等方面的对比研究,提出九曲蒋家断裂带为主干断裂,其深部找矿潜力更大,应为今后地质找矿的主要对象。     

Seismogenic fault and topography control on the spatial patterns of landslides triggered by the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake

Jiuzhaigou National Park, located in northwest plateau of Sichuan Province, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and one of the most popular scenic areas in China. On August 8, 2017, a Mw 6.5 earthquake occurred 5 km to the west of a major scenic area, causing 25 deaths and injuring 525, and the Park was seriously affected. The objective of this study was to explore the controls of seismogenic fault and topographic factors on the spatial patterns of these landslides. Immediately after the main shock, field survey, remote-sensing investigations, and statistical and spatial analysis were undertaken. At least 2212 earthquake-triggered landslides were identified, covering a total area of 11.8 km~2. Thesewere mainly shallow landslides and rock falls. Results demonstrated that landslides exhibited a close spatial correlation with seismogenic faults. More than 85% of the landslides occurred at 2200 to 3700 m elevations. The largest quantity of landslides was recorded in places with local topographic reliefs ranging from 200 to 500 m. Slopes in the range of ~20°-50° are the most susceptible to failure. Landslides occurred mostly on slopes facing east-northeast(ENE), east(E), east-southeast(ESE), and southeast(SE), which were nearly vertical to the orientation of the seismogenic fault slip. The back-slope direction and thin ridge amplification effects were documented. These results provide insights on the control of the spatial pattern of earthquake-triggered landslides modified by the synergetic effect of seismogenic faults and topography.     

基于土地利用强度的城市道路增长模拟模型与案例分析

城市交通与土地利用相互作用、相互影响。传统的城市空间模拟研究多关注交通对土地利用变化影响,缺少土地利用对路网空间形态影响的模拟。已有研究通常使用静态路网,不能表达土地利用与交通间的动态相互作用关系。本文以城市土地利用强度与城市道路网络空间分布间的正向关系,提出了基于城市土地利用强度的城市路网增长模拟模型。以唐山市为例,对其城市环路内的道路增长进行了模拟。结果表明,该模型能以城市土地利用强度的空间分布特征快速生成路网,反映城市土地利用对道路网络扩张的影响。模拟结果与实际路网具有高度的空间分布相似性。该模型可进一步与土地利用模拟模型结合,模拟城市土地利用与交通的动态相互作用。     

Spatial distribution of large-scale landslides induced by the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake

The 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 induced hundreds of large-scale landslides. This paper systematically analyzes 112 large-scale landslides (surface area > 50000 m2), which were identified by interpretation of remote sensing imagery and field investigations. The analysis suggests that the distribution of large-scale landslides is affected by the following four factors: (a) distance effect: 80% of studied large-scale landslides are located within a distance of 5 km from the seismic faults. The farther the distance to the faults, the lower the number of large-scale landslides; (b) locked segment effect: the large-scale landslides are mainly located in five concentration zones closely related with the crossing, staggering and transfer sections between one seismic fault section and the next one, as well as the end of the NE fault section. The zone with the highest concentration was the Hongbai-Chaping segment, where a great number of large-scale landslides including the two largest landslides were located. The second highest concentration of large-scale landslides was observed in the Nanba-Donghekou segment at the end of NE fault, where the Donghekou landslide and the Woqian landslide occurred; (c) Hanging wall effect: about 70% of the large-scale landslides occurred on the hanging wall of the seismic faults; and (d) direction effect: in valleys perpendicular to the seismic faults, the density of large-scale landslides on the slopes facing the seismic wave is obviously higher than that on the slopes dipping in the same direction as the direction of propagation of the seismic wave. Meanwhile, it is found that the sliding and moving directions of large-scale landslides are related to the staggering direction of the faults in each section. In Qingchuan County where the main fault activity was horizontal twisting and staggering, a considerable number of landslides showed the feature of sliding and moving in NE direction which coincides with the staggering direction of the seismic faults.     

东莞市交通路网格局对城市空间扩张影响研究

城市化进程中,交通路网格局的发展与土地利用变化有着密切关系,交通系统的发展引起城市空间形态、土地利用开发、土地利用价格和用地布局特征的变化,反之,土地利用变化也引起了交通路网格局、路网密度的改变。本文以东莞市为例,对其交通路网密度与新增城市用地变化强度作了定量分析。根据TM遥感影像提取2001、2005和2009年3期的城市用地,采用核密度估算(KDE)新增城市用地变化强度,探讨区域内交通路网格局与新增城市用地变化强度的关系。结果表明,在2001-2005年间,路网格局变化较大,新增道路类型主要为高速路,新增城市用地总量较大、扩张速度快,特别是交通路网密度大的边缘区域。在2005-2009年间,随着路网发育不断成熟,路网密度内部差异减少,新增道路类型主要为县乡道路,新增城市用地速度明显放缓。经相关系数显著性检验后表明:2001-2009年间,在置信度为95%时,东莞市道路网密度、加权密度(x)与新增城市用地核密度(y)的相关系数Rxy均大于0.1946,证明东莞市道路网密度、加权密度与新增城市用地核密度高度相关。     

重力剖面反演莱阳南凹陷深度

莱阳南凹陷沉积中心位于山东省莱阳市南,在布格重力场上反映为西宽东窄近EW走向的重力低值闭合异常。垂直于异常走向,在布格重力异常中心及周围布设了五条重力剖面,以地层密度资料为基础,通过2.5D反演计算,大致查明了莱阳南凹陷的空间分布形态,并对其基底形态做了详细分析,计算结果表明中生界最大沉积厚度为4km左右。在其中一条剖面上布设可控源音频大地电磁测深测量工作,从岩层的电性角度出发推断了凹陷深度,二者结论基本一致。