湿地生态水文过程及其模拟研究进展

在明确生态水文学相关概念的基础上,概述了湿地生态水文的研究历程和目前的研究热点.总结和分析相关文献发现,湿地关键水文过程在不同时空尺度的变化规律、湿地生态过程和水文过程的耦合作用机制、多尺度湿地生态水文过程的模拟与调控是目前湿地生态水文学的热点研究内容.总体而言,湿地生态水文研究已经由关注单一类型湿地水文过程向研究多类...     

湿地生态系统对气候变化的响应

气候变化常伴随着区域气温及降雨条件等发生变化,对湿地水文、生物地球化学过程、水质与水循环、湿地能量平衡与湿地生态功能等产生较大的影响。湿地水文条件是决定湿地生态过程的关键因子,气候变化引起的地表积水水位变化直接影响湿地植物优势种群结构的演替及氧化-还原环境条件的变化,导致湿地生态过程的变化及温室气体排放强度和时空分布特征等的变化。气候对湿地结构和功能的影响还包括营养物质和矿物质的循环及食物链的动态变化等。     

流域生态水文过程与功能研究进展

 探讨流域生态系统与水文过程耦合关系及水文机理是当今水科学的前沿问题。通过阐述流域生态水文过程与生态水文功能的国内外研究进展,同位素技术在生态水文研究方面的应用进展。提出了应用同位素技术、水化学方法与景观格局分析法相结合来研究流域不同景观带水文过程及生态水文功能,来探讨不同生态系统与水文过程的耦合关系及水文机理,开展流域地下水-土壤-植被作用层水文过程研究。最后展望了今后的研究趋势和重点研究工作,指出了未来的发展方向。     

鄱阳湖人工控制与湿地生态保护

从考察鄱阳湖湿地生态特征入手,探讨鄱阳湖控制工程对湖区湿地生态环境的影响,认为只要水位运行调度得当,控湖工程不仅不会破坏湖区湿地生态环境,反而会使湖滩草洲及候鸟越冬环境得到稳定和改善.同时提出了保护鄱阳湖湿地的相关对策.     

鄱阳湖湿地管理现状及对策分析

近年来鄱阳湖湿地利用与保护取得了一定的发展和成效,但随着鄱阳湖生态经济区建设不断深入,湿地利用与保护依然面临着诸多问题。为了维护湿地系统生态平衡、保护湿地功能和湿地生物多样性,实现湿地资源的可持续利用,坚持生态优先、做到适度利用、统一行政执法、加强科技创新、推进公众参与等是非常重要的应对策略。     

三峡工程蓄水运行对鄱阳湖典型湿地植被的影响

以鄱阳湖1989～2009年10景秋季Landsat-TM影像为基础,对赣江主支口与饶河口交汇处三角洲和赣江南支口两处典型湿地进行了遥感解译,分析三峡工程运行后鄱阳湖典型湿地的演变趋势.结果表明:三峡工程蓄水运行之前,1989～2001年间鄱阳湖湿地草滩迅速蔓延,湿地正向演替趋势明显.距离湖口远近不同的湿地受三峡工程运...     

湿地植被格局成因研究进展

植被格局是指植被在生活空间中的位置和布局状况,是物种生物学特性和外界环境因子综合作用的结果.湿地植被在景观上总是沿着某个环境梯度呈较明显的带状分布特点,但是关于带状分布形成的机理目前还不是很清楚.大量事实表明,湿地植被格局不仅受制于湿地自身自然环境状况(包括非生物和生物因素),同时也取决于湿地植物种的生物学特性,并且受到人类干扰活动的影响.具体成因如下:非生物因素主要包括气候、地貌、水文和土壤等,这些因素通过对水、热、光和营养等因子的分配而在不同尺度上影响湿地植被的组成和分布,其中,水位和盐度梯度分别是淡水和盐沼湿地植被格局形成的主导因子.生物因素主要包括竞争和植食作用,高竞争力物种采用迅速繁殖和扩散的策略成为优势物种直接影响植被的分布,植食作用则可能通过改变植物间竞争关系而影响植物分布.物种生物学特性主要包括胁迫忍耐力及繁殖和定居能力等,如洪水忍耐力高的物种往往分布在最高水位的区域,繁殖和定居能力强的物种能使自身在复杂环境下取得竞争优势.人类活动可以通过改变湿地生态系统中的非生物因素和生物因素的相互关系来影响植被分布格局.针对当前研究的现状,今后的研究应在淡水湿地系统植被成因,生物因素如植物间相互作用以及植物自身关系的权衡对格局的影响,微生物作用对植被格局的影响,野外控制实验四个方面进一步加强.     

鄱阳湖湿地生态保护与可持续利用研究

鄱阳湖湿地是国际重要湿地之一 ,对调蓄长江洪水、候鸟与湿地多样性保护等具有重要意义 ,同时也是全国著名的商品粮基地。湿地保护、恢复与湖区社会经济发展的矛盾随着退田还湖的实施而突现。文中在对鄱阳湖湿地主要生态功能、生态环境问题进行分析评价的基础上 ,提出了湖区湿地保护与可持续利用的对策     

湖泊湿地生态修复规划研究:以岳阳南湖湿地生态修复为例

湖泊湿地生态修复项目涉及相关水系的重新调整或重新组织,使退化的水文环境得到恢复。岳阳楼洞庭湖国家级风景名胜区南湖景区是岳阳市内最大的生态绿地,近年来由于南湖的排涝能力下降,暴雨经常导致城区洪涝严重,造成人员伤亡和经济损失。通过研究历史上洞庭湖和南湖的水系特征,恢复部分水系连通两湖,扩大集水面积;构建南湖大湿地系统,增强湖水自净能力,避免湖体富营养化。为保护景区内居民的安全,在新社区的设计中将道路、建筑、河道和湿地相结合,提出具有防灾减灾功能的"海绵城市系统"。     

甘肃省张掖市黑河流域中游典型退化湿地植被特征及生态恢复技术

对甘肃省张掖市黑河流域中游典型退化湿地植被特征进行了研究,分析了影响湿地植被退化的主要原因,探讨了研究区退化湿地的植被恢复技术。研究结果表明,研究区分布有植物45科123属196种,其中,禾本科(Poaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)和豆科(Leguminosae)包含的植物属较多,分别占研究区植物属总数的17.07%、9.76%、7.32%和7.23%。湿地植物群落的种类组成主要以广布性的湿生、盐生和中生植物为优势种,植物群落以盐生、湿生和沼泽型的植物群落为主。提出了采用天然湿地补水、湿地封育、人工种草和栽植湿地植物恢复技术,以及实施生态农业与"退耕还湿"等工程,进行湿地植被恢复。     

Wetland vegetation biomass estimation and mapping from Landsat ETM data: a case study of poyang lake

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. This paper conducted a digital and rapid investigation of the lake’s wetland vegetation biomass using Landsat ETM data acquired on April 16, 2000. First, utilizing the false color composite derived from the ETM data as one of the main references, the authors designed a reasonable sampling route for field measurement of the biomass, and carried it out on April 18–28, 2000. Then after both the sampling data and the ETM data were geometrically corrected to an equal-area projection of Albers, linear relationships among the sampling data and some transformed data derived from the ETM data and the ETM 4 were calculated. The results show that the sampling data is best relative to the band 4 data with a high correlation coefficient of 0.86, followed by the DVI and NDVI data with 0.83 and 0.80 respectively. Therefore, a linear regression model, which was based on the field data and band 4 data, was used to estimate the total biomass of entire Poyang Lake, and then the map of the biomass distribution was compiled.     

鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物种群的分布格局

根据野外样地调查数据,应用方差均值比率法、聚集强度指数法和相关分析法,对鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物种群分布格局进行了研究,分析了其形成的原因,并比较了各指数间的关系.结果表明,鄱阳湖洲滩优势植物种群都为聚集分布,它们的聚集强度存在差异,聚集度最高的是糙叶苔草(Carex scabrifolia),最小的是稻搓菜(Lapsana...     

近50年鄱阳湖流域径流变化特征研究

利用鄱阳湖流域1955-2003年3个主要水文站(外洲、李家渡、梅港)月径流实测资料,采用统计方法和小波方法,分析近50年该流域径流的年内、年际和周期变化特征.结果表明:鄱阳湖流域年内最大径流主要出现在4月、5月或6月;就季节变化而言,春季径流量最大,夏季次之,秋季和冬季较小.径流年际变化在开始较长时段呈增长趋势,1998年出现转折,之后递减,下降速度略低于前期增长速度.外洲等3水文站存在25～26 a的第一主周期,8 a和3～4 a的次主周期,周期变化基本一致.通过对相应影响因素的分析,发现该流域径流变化是气候、流域覆被和水利工程等多种因素共同作用的结果,而气候因素中的降水和蒸发起着主要作用.     

旅游地理学在中国的发展回顾

全面回顾了我国旅游地理学近２０年的来的发展历程,阐述了三个发展阶段的主要特点和所取得成绩,并对旅游地理学主要研究领域的理论和方法进展和旅游地理学教育和人才培养等方面进行了评述,章最后总结了旅游地理学发展的经验,认为地理学的旅游应用拓展,既推动了旅游地理学这门发支学科在中国的形成和发展,也将促进地理学本身的建设和发展。     

鄱阳湖区洪灾风险与农户脆弱性分析

This paper quantitatively explores farmers' vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps,which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly,the spatial extent and charac-teristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from the 1:50,000 topographic map. Secondly,for each of the township,six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are: rural population proportion,cultivated land proportion,GDP per unit area,employment proportion of primary industry,net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly,the normalized indices (as GIS data layers) were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coeffi-cient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers' livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the "five rivers".     

Impact of economic development on wetlands in Hangzhou Bay Industrial Belt

Based on Landsat TM images in 2005 and urban planning data of 2005–2020 in Hangzhou Bay Industrial Belt, this paper studied the potential risk of the planned urban construction land extension to the wetlands by employing a GIS spatial analysis method. The results show that: (1) The wetland resources are widely distributed and diverse, with a proximal distribution to present urban construction lands spatially. (2) From 2005 to 2020, the urban construction lands will expand vastly and rapidly, and will take over large areas of wetlands that are mostly the ponds and the aquiculture water areas in the reclamation areas of Hangzhou Bay south coast. Moreover, this change will be spatially uneven obviously, e.g., the most serious recessions of the wetlands are concentrated in Ningbo city, Hangzhou city and Cixi city. (3) Overall, the potential risk to wetlands is very high, and will keep increasing with the trend of urbanization. (4) The quantity and spatial pattern of the planning urban construction land have substantial impacts on the wetland loss. Therefore, some policies and regulations are suggested to coordinate the relationship between urban economic development and wetland resource protection such as adjusting the construction land planning, compensating for wetland occupation as well as constructing wetland parks.     

杭州湾工业带经济发展对湿地的影响(英文)

Based on Landsat TM images in 2005 and urban planning data of 2005-2020 in Hangzhou Bay Industrial Belt,this paper studied the potential risk of the planned urban construction land extension to the wetlands by employing a GIS spatial analysis method.The results show that:(1) The wetland resources are widely distributed and diverse,with a proximal distribution to present urban construction lands spatially.(2) From 2005 to 2020,the urban construction lands will expand vastly and rapidly,and will take over lar...     

流域水热条件和植被状况对青海湖水位的影响

湖泊是陆地水资源的重要组成部分,也是局地气候和全球环境变化的敏感指示器之一。湖泊面积增加和水位的变化直接反映了流域内水量平衡变化过程,对区域和全球的气候变化的反映较为敏感。利用线性趋势法对青海湖流域长时间序列气象、水文资料以及流域水热条件和植被生长状况进行分析研究,利用皮尔逊相关系数法计算了各因素与湖水位的相关关系,旨在定量评估区域气象、水文、植被等要素的变化对和湖泊水位变化过程的贡献,开展细致的青海湖水位变化特征的影响因子探讨与分析。结果表明：该流域气候呈现显著的暖湿化趋势,其中流域年降水量总体上呈现弱的增加态势,气候倾向率为10.8 mm·（10 a）^-1;流域年平均气温呈显著的升高趋势（P <0.01）。流域年可能蒸散率和年实际蒸散波动较大,年实际蒸散虽有波动但增加趋势非常明显（P <0.01）。流域净第一性生产力（P）平均值为2.86 t DM·hm^-2·a^-1,呈现显著的增加趋势（P <0.01）。从1961年开始湖水位呈现逐年波动下降的趋势,到2004年水位最低（P<0.01）;2004—2015年的近10 a连续上升,上升速率达14.4 m·（10 a）^-1（P <0.01）。流域气温升高、降水量增加,流域气候呈显著的暖湿化特征,入湖河流径流量也呈现出弱的增加态势;气候暖湿化特征导致流域生物温度增加,植被生长状况得到改善,[WTBX]NPP[WTBZ]显著增加。年降水量增多,河流径流量增大,湖水位抬升;前一年的降水量、≥0 ℃积温、温度、径流量、NPP和蒸发量对湖水位的影响更大;NDVI和NPP的增加反映流域植被生长状况得到好转,从而增加了流域植被水土保持和水源涵养能力,对湖水位产生间接的影响。降水量、≥0 ℃积温、温度、径流量和NPP对青海湖水位起到正反馈效应,而蒸发量对湖水位主要起负反馈效应,年降水量和年径流量是湖水位变化的最直接的影响因子。     

白杨河——艾里克湖湿地及周边植物群落与环境因子的关系

应用数量分类和排序方法,对新疆白杨河-艾里克湖湿地植被进行了多元统计分析。结果表明,该研究区域主要植被类型中共有植物18种,隶属10科,17个属。其中,多数植物种类在样方中出现的频次较低,说明该地区植物物种丰富度较低。TWINSPAN结果表明,该地区植物可以分9个种类组,与实际调查结果一致。CCA排序结果同TWINSPAN分类结果基本一致,反映出植物群落分布格局随环境因子梯度变化的趋势。分析了不同环境因子的关系,并从定量的角度,以CCA排序图直观的揭示了决定艾里克湖湿地植物群落分布的环境因子主要是地下水位、土壤有机质,其回归模型分别为:X_1=-0．6037L 0．6824(R~2=0．6024);X_2=0．74530M 0．1142(R~2 =0．6004)。     

Farmers&rsquo|vulnerability to flood risk: A case study in the Poyang Lake Region

This paper quantitatively explores farmers’ vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps, which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly, the spatial extent and charac-teristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from the 1:50,000 topographic map. Secondly, for each of the township, six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are: rural population proportion, cultivated land proportion, GDP per unit area, employment proportion of primary industry, net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly, the normalized indices (as GIS data layers) were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coeffi-cient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers’ livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the “five rivers”.