多环芳烃类污染场地地下水风险评估参数敏感性分析

以华北平原某多环芳烃类污染场地为例,选取苯并(a)芘为目标污染物,建立了污染场地地下水风险评估模型,采用局部敏感性分析方法研究EFOa(成人室外暴露频率)、BWa(成人平均体重)、DAIRa(成人每日空气呼吸量)、ATca(致癌效应平均时间)、ATnc(非致癌效应平均时间)以及土壤特征参数Pws(土壤含水率)、ρs(土...     

地下水污染场地污染的控制与修复

我国存在大量的地下水污染场地,给地下水资源的使用带来了严重威胁。将地下水污染场地划分为4大类,15个亚类,为制定不同地下水污染场地的管理、控制和修复规定提供了依据;对地下水污染防治规划的内容和方法技术进行了论述。提出了建立地下水污染的预警系统,为污染的预防奠定基础;介绍了地下水污染的控制与修复技术,并对地下水污染防控和治理的基本原则进行了探讨。     

典型制革污染场地地下水盐污染特征

在区域地下水调查的基础上,以某制革污染场地为研究对象,采集场地及其周围地下水样,对地下水中无机组分检出值进行了统计分析,识别了各组分的平面分布特征,最后对地下水盐污染机理以及各组分之间的关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明,制革厂废水排放、废弃物堆放已对地下水造成盐污染,主要污染组分为总硬度、溶解性总固体、Cl-和SO2-4;受污染的地下水环境以微酸性和还原性为特征;沿地下水流向,地下水中总硬度、溶解性总固体、Cl-、SO2-4、三氮由制革区向下游逐渐减小,基本上呈现出以皮革厂为中心的污染区,污染范围大概为0.20km2;制革污染场地地下水中硬度的升高,同时伴随着溶解性总固体、Cl-、SO2-4浓度升高,各组分之间具有明显的相关性,其主要原因是皮革区地表水污水和固体废物淋滤液入渗过程中经历阳离子交换、钙镁易溶盐溶解及难溶盐溶解等作用,导致地下水中Ca2+、Mg2+Cl-和SO2-4含量增加,最终溶解性总固体也升高;铵氮在含水介质中的迁移转化也是地下水硬度升高的一个重要因素。地下水三氮之间转化主要的途径是硝化作用,与地下水的氧化还原条件有关,氧化性相对较强的地下水中NO3-N含量高,而NH3-N和NO2-N含量相对较低。     

一种岩溶地下水污染风险的源径标值评价方法

以往,国内外提出的关于岩溶地下水污染风险评价方法与防控措施,都是基于地下水脆弱性评价的理论方法,是在对岩溶地区进行流域范围内大面积的脆弱性评价基础上,进行岩溶水污染危险性分区,然后以危险性分区为依据,提出岩溶水污染风险防控措施.这种风险评价与防控方法,是针对大区域大范围的岩溶水的.评价出的结果或提出的防控措施,对于具体的岩溶水源地针对性差.本文针对中国南方岩溶地区降雨时期集中、水循环快、分布不均、易受污染等特点,综合考虑水源地(污染目标)、污染源、污染途径、污染造成的损失值等因素,首次提出了岩溶水污染风险的"源-径-标-值"(SPTV)评价方法,从控制污染源、切断污染途径、保护岩溶水源等角度提出污染防控措施,针对性、可操作性都很强,克服了已有方法的缺点,具有较好的推广应用前景.     

污染场地地下水调查布点及样品采集技术研究

地下水监测井布点和采样,是地下水污染调查的重要部分。由于污染场地的规模较小和其特殊性,很多区域地下水污染普查的方法并不完全适用于污染场地。本文结合地下水的分布及运动特征,从全面性、系统性、代表性、可行性、经济性五方面,阐述污染场地地下水调查布点应遵循的基本原则。同时,通过探讨国内外地下水采样的规范和要求,总结出适用于我国污染场地的地下水采样技术。     

西南岩溶山区某石化类场地地下水污染风险评价

本论文以西南岩溶山区某石化类场地为例,以污染场地风险评价导则作为指导,结合国内外地下水污染风险评价方法,在完成场地地下水污染风险识别以及源项分析的基础上,建立了符合场区实际水文地质条件的地下水水流及溶质运移数值模型,对不同情形下污染物泄露对场区浅层孔隙-溶蚀裂隙地下水的影响进行预测,结合预测结果建立了场区地下水污染风险...     

废旧金属拆解场地浅层地下水芘污染特征与分析

在分析废旧金属拆解场地浅层地下水中芘的检出和分布特征的基础上,对地下水中芘的污染来源、污染途径和污染控制因素进行了探讨.研究结果表明,场地中心和地下水下游2km范围内芘污染明显,垂直于地下水流向芘迁移距离较小,一般小于0.5km.芘在地下水中的迁移转化受地下水中pH、Eh及DO等因素的控制,弱酸性或中性环境以及厌氧强还原条件下,芘易于检出和迁移,一般难以生物降解.     

论场地土壤和地下水污染调查与风险评价的程序和内容

通过分析、对比发达国家场地污染调查与风险评价技术流程的大量信息,结合工作实践,充分考虑我国的实际情况,视土壤和地下水为相互联系的一个整体,提出了我国现阶段场地尺度土壤和地下水污染调查与风险评价的技术程序和工作内容。     

岩溶地区地下水污染风险评价方法探究——以地苏地下河系流域为例

岩溶地下水污染风险评价对岩溶地下水的保护、管理和合理利用具有重要意义。文章总结了近年来国内外地下水污染风险评价方面的研究进展,针对目前评价体系存在的不足,构建了适合岩溶区地下水污染风险评价体系。该方法基于欧洲模式,实现地下水防污性能评价;污染负荷评价则考虑污染物在覆盖层中的衰减过程,利用折减系数实现污染负荷量化;最后,基于GIS空间叠加分析耦合防污性能与污染负荷评价,实现区域地下水污染风险评价。文章以地苏地下河系流域为例,开展岩溶区域地下水污染风险评价,结果表明：区域整体地下水污染风险偏低,地下水中等及以上污染风险区域面积424.41 km2,占研究区总面积的39.03%,主要分布在研究区中东部地苏乡、东庙乡、六也乡局部等人类活动频繁与地苏地下河干流中下游段。地下水污染风险空间分布特征不仅显示了岩性、坡度、岩溶网络发育等自然条件对评价结果的影响,同时也反映了人类活动的影响。地势平缓,岩溶发育程度强烈,加之人类活动频繁是导致区域地下水污染风险较高的原因所在。     

基于随机配点法的地下水污染风险评价

地下水污染事件难以被直接观测,其发生环境通常也具有多种不确定性,风险评价可以量化地下水污染事件的危害性。利用随机配点模型和多项式抽样技术,建立了高效的风险评价模型;考虑了渗透系数、孔隙率和弥散度等多种不确定性因子,探讨了复杂条件下的风险函数的分布特征。研究结果表明:基于随机配点法的风险评价模型避免了多次重复求解对流弥散方程,通过计算成本低廉的随机配点技术得到浓度随机场的拉格朗日多项式,进行多项式抽样获取浓度样本并得到风险函数;与传统的解析算法相比,该方法无需对输入参数和浓度的分布形态做出假设;与传统的蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)算法相比,该模型具有明显的效率优势和优越的收敛速度;输入参数的分布类型对风险分布产生显著影响。     

Mapping groundwater contamination risk using GIS and groundwater modelling. A case study from the Gaza Strip, Palestine

Increasing pressure on water resources worldwide has resulted in groundwater contamination, and thus the deterioration of the groundwater resources and a threat to the public health. Risk mapping of groundwater contamination is an important tool for groundwater protection, land use management, and public health. This study presents a new approach for groundwater contamination risk mapping, based on hydrogeological setting, land use, contamination load, and groundwater modelling. The risk map is a product of probability of contamination and impact. This approach was applied on the Gaza Strip area in Palestine as a case study. A spatial analyst tool within Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to interpolate and manipulate data to develop GIS maps of vulnerability, land use, and contamination impact. A groundwater flow model for the area of study was also used to track the flow and to delineate the capture zones of public wells. The results show that areas of highest contamination risk occur in the southern cities of Khan Yunis and Rafah. The majority of public wells are located in an intermediate risk zone and four wells are in a high risk zone.     

水溶性污染物在土壤中转化的原位实验方法

建立了一种研究水溶性污染物在土壤中运转化的原位实验方法，该方法已成功地应用于研究黄土中氨氮的运移转化规律，克服了土柱实验存在的破坏土壤结构及氧化还原电位发生变化等所引起的实验误差。     

Hydrogeological investigation of a groundwater contamination site in southern Taiwan

 Groundwater samples taken from wells adjacent to a food machinery manufacturing plant in southern Taiwan indicate that there is a serious phenolic contamination. To understand the hydrogeological properties, and to prepare for remedial action, a series of hydrogeological investigations were conducted. Investigative work included collecting background information, analyzing existing data, measuring the groundwater, and conducting a slug test, pumping and recovery test, aerial photography analysis and electrical resistivity survey. Results from these investigations show that the local groundwater aquifer may be classified as an unconfined or confined formation, depending on the thickness of the interbedded clay layer. The direction of local groundwater flow is from southwest to northeast, with high transmissivity. The contaminant moves much more slowly than the average groundwater velocity, and it is limited to an area centered around the plant. The local geology of the contaminated area exhibits significant heterogeneity; it is not likely to have been formed by natural sedimentation. Data from the field aerial photography analysis and electrical resistivity survey also suggest that this shallow formation may result from artificial back-filling. Received: 1 September 1994 · Accepted: 28 December 1995     

石油类污染场地土壤与地下水污染调查实例分析

以冀中平原某石油类污染场地为例,从污染源分布勘察、场地水文地质模型建立、土壤及地下水的现场调查入手,采用物探、坑探、钻探综合调查技术和定深取样等一些取样方法,对不同深度土壤及地下水的有机污染进行调查和样品分析。结果表明:整个场地的土壤和地下水受到不同程度的污染,30m深度内包气带和饱水带已被污染,50m深度的地下水中有有机污染物检出,石油类场地的污染特征主要表现为土壤及其地下水中含有高浓度单环芳烃和卤代烃。且单环芳烃在土壤与地下水中的浓度高于其它有机污染物。     

Neural network assessment of groundwater contamination of US Mid-continent

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied to data taken from 1,302 domestic and rural hydraulic wells in the Mid-continent of the USA including Illinois, Iowa, and other 12 States to predict the contamination of the groundwater with pesticides. Preliminary hydrogeological and geostatistical analyses were carried out to assess groundwater vulnerability and data variability and weight, where data attributes were pre-processed and grouped into three main categories: hydrologic, human interaction, and climatic groups. ANNs are computer parallel-based systems that are characterized by their topologies, transfer functions, and learning algorithms. The backpropagation network (BP-NN) learning algorithm, used here, involves incremental adjustment of a set of parameters to minimize the error between the desired output and the actual output. Sensitivity analysis of the main BP-NN attributes was conducted to improve the BP-NN performance. Results of several trials demonstrated that the BP-NN have predicted the contaminated wells within each minor group in high precision. Sensitivity analysis revealed that BP-NN topologies and transfer functions were the main factors that affected its performance. It is evident that BP-NN is a powerful tool to predict the groundwater contamination over a wide area with limited data availability, which can provide an alternative cheap and effective tool to assess groundwater contamination worldwide.     

Regional assessment and mapping of groundwater vulnerability to contamination

In many regions the use of groundwater for water supply is limited by the increase in contamination of aquifers. The problem of contamination requires the development of new approaches in assessing areas in which groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. A brief analysis of the present day level of methods for regional evaluation and mapping of areas in which groundwater is vulnerable is presented.