海南岛西部沿海地区近70年来的生态环境变化

海南西部沿海地区具有干旱、风大、高温、多灾害的自然地理特点,生态环境具有脆弱性。近70年来本区生态环境变化很大,20世纪30年代呈典型的热带稀树草原景观,人类对生态环境的影响小;20世纪50年代出现了大面积的风沙化环境,生态环境恶化;此后,风沙化环境一直呈逆转趋势,1970年至2000年,人类重视对生态环境的建设,生态环境比较稳定。在本区生态环境的变化过程中,自然生态环境的脆弱性是其前提条件,而大规模的人类活动则是其变化的主要原因。日本帝国主义的侵略和掠夺、沿海防护林工程建设、经济建设和水利建设等人类活动对本区生态环境的变化起了主要的作用。     

豫西山地植被NDVI及其气候响应的多维变化北大核心CSCDCSSCI

豫西山地是秦岭山系在河南境内的余脉,处于亚热带向暖温带的过渡区域,是气候变化的敏感区。利用S-G滤波算法重构2000-2013年MODIS-NDVI时序影像,结合DEM、气温和降水数据,运用趋势分析、相关性分析等方法探讨豫西山地NDVI及其气候响应的多维变化。结果表明:(1)14年来豫西山地NDVI呈增长态势,增速为0.041/10a。NDVI值随山地海拔升高先增后降,随坡度增加而增大,在各坡向的分布相差不大。(2)植被在<1100 m海拔区恢复概率最高,在>1700 m区域退化概率最高;在10°~20°坡度区域恢复概率最高,在0°~5°区域退化概率最高;坡向对植被变化的分异作用不明显。(3)不同海拔、坡度、坡向上的植被所受影响因素不同,高海拔区植被动态主要受降水控制;不同坡度上的植被NDVI与气温的相关性均大于与降水的;在不同坡向上差异不明显。(4)崤山、熊耳山、伏牛山三大山脉北坡NDVI增速均大于南坡;北坡植被对降水变化较敏感,而南坡植被对气温变化较敏感。这些都是在全球变化背景下该区生态环境响应的重要信号,反映了过渡带生态响应因子对山地生态系统的重要性。     

近60 a山西省极端气温事件的年际变化及其对区域增暖的响应

基于山西省境内70个气象站点的逐日最高气温、最低气温和平均气温资料,使用8个不同的极端气温指数分析其1960—2019年近60 a极端气温事件的变化特征,并分析其对气候变暖的响应。结果表明：（1）夏季日数、热夜日数、日最低气温极大值、日最低气温极小值均呈显著增加趋势,冰冻日数、霜冻日数呈显著减少趋势。（2）极端最高（低）气温的极大、极小值均上升,并且大部分地区极端气温的极小值增温幅度更大。（3）山西省平均气温呈显著变暖趋势,平均每10 a增加0.26℃,空间上气温增幅呈从东南向西北逐渐增大的趋势。各极端气温指数对气候变暖具有较好的响应,其中霜冻日数对于山西省区域增暖的响应最显著,其次为日最低气温极大值。（4）山西省半干旱区的日最低气温极小、极大值增温更快,冰冻日数减少速度快;半湿润区的热夜日数增加速度快,霜冻日数减少速度快。     

近20年来烟台沿海地区土地利用变化研究

基于地理信息技术、景观格局分析理论和马尔可夫模型,利用1986年、1992年、2000年和2004年四期TM数据,定量分析了烟台沿海地区土地利用类型变化及其景观格局动态特征。结果显示:近20年来,烟台沿海地区各种土地类型变化及其相互转化频繁。水域、果园和建设用地分别增加335.61%、70.43%和134.48%,而耕地、林地分别减少18.63%和20.75%。各种土地利用类型空间格局变化显著,耕地、果园破碎度增加,连通性降低,水域、林地和建设用地则趋于集中,连通性增强,景观类型有向多元化方向发展的趋势。马尔可夫模型预测表明,从2008年至平稳期,水域、耕地和林地面积将持续减少,建设用地和果园将逐年增加。耕地保护与建设用地扩张之间的矛盾将更加突出。     

全球变暖背景下青藏高原三江源地区植被指数(NDVI)时空变化特征探讨

深入探讨近期三江源地区植被覆盖度随全球气候变暖的时空变化过程对三江源国家公园与生态文明建设具有重要意义.已有研究从不同视角对三江源地区生态环境变化进行了探讨,但对三江源地区复杂的地理环境以及全球变暖背景下的生态系统变化及其影响研究仍显薄弱,特别是对近期气候变暖对植被覆盖程度变化的影响研究更为缺乏.本文利用NASA官方网...     

外商直接投资对中国沿海地区经济发展的影响

定量模型分析表明,外商直接投资和对沿海地区经济增长具显著影响,但并非是促这些地区经济增长的最主要影响变量。大企业调查表明,外资影响通过产业关联在投资地和非投资地扩散,外资对沿海地区技术水平和管理水平的提高有重要促进作用。     

中国沿海地区雨潮复合灾害联合分布及危险性研究

沿海地区极易受到极端降雨和高潮位引发的复合洪涝灾害影响。研究风暴增水和累积降雨同时发生的概率,设计雨潮联合分布函数,对提升沿海城市防洪除涝应对措施的有效性、减少城市复合洪涝灾害造成的损失具有重要意义。论文以1979—2014年中国沿海逐日最大风暴增水和邻近雨量站日累积降雨数据作为统计样本,采用Copula函数构建雨潮联合概率模型,并利用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验、赤池信息准则、贝叶斯信息准则评价雨潮联合分布拟合优度,优选中国沿海雨潮联合概率分布函数模型。基于此模型,定量化设计中国沿海雨潮复合灾害情景。结果表明：在空间分布上,中国沿海雨潮复合灾害频次呈现明显的“两头多中间少”格局,其中,广东西部沿海、福建北部、浙江南部、山东及辽宁沿海频次相对较高;在50年一遇联合重现期下,北部湾、海南岛北部、浙江沿海、渤海湾部分沿海表现为极端降雨和较高的风暴增水,雨潮遭遇的复合灾害事件十分值得关注。研究结果在一定程度上揭示了中国沿海地区雨潮复合灾害的时空变化规律,并为复合灾害情景预测提供了定量化评估方案。     

中国沿海地区近20年台风灾害风险评价

依据自然灾害系统理论,综合考虑致灾因子和承灾体特征,提出台风灾害风险评价方法。在GIS环境下对中国沿海地区台风灾害危险性、脆弱性和风险进行分析评价。评价结果显示:海南省、上海市和广东省、福建省、浙江省的沿海区域台风灾害危险性较高;北京市、天津市、上海市和江苏省、山东省的大部分地区及广东省、福建省、浙江省、河北省的沿海区域承灾体脆弱性较高;海南省、上海市和广东省、福建省、浙江省的沿海区域台风灾害风险较高;而北京市、天津市以及河北省、辽宁省和山东省的大部分区域台风灾害风险较低。     

NDVI对降水季节性和年际变化的敏感性

利用气候变量实现对NDVI所表示的植被绿度信息的预测,以表达生物圈过去和未来状态,对全球变化研究是非常重要的.分析了1983～1992年降水的年际动态、季节动态与中国北方几种典型植被类型NDVI的关系,以及降水的空间分异对植被的影响.结果表明,降水的年际变化对植被生长的影响存在着明显的区域差异;在不同植被类型分布区,10年间降水的季节分配动态不同,降水季节分配的变化对不同类型植被生长有重要的影响;地表植被NDVI对降水的时空变化敏感.     

东南沿海前汛期降水极值变化特征及归因分析

选取东南沿海五省(市)(上海,浙江,福建,广东和海南)79个站点1960-2012年前汛期(4-6月)的降水极值序列,将广义可加模型(GAMLSS)引入非平稳降水频率分析中,分析了降水极值的变化特征;运用主成分分析法分别构建综合气候指数和以温室气体排放量为代表的人类活动指数,同时考虑两类指数对降水极值序列变化特征的影响,运用贡献分析法和GAMLSS模型分析了气候因子和人类活动因子对降水极值变化的影响机制.结果表明:① 东南沿海降水极值增加趋势显著,变异性明显增强的区域主要集中在浙江东北部,广东中北部和西部沿海,福建东部等地区;② 人类活动的加剧与降水极值的变化显著相关,尤其在社会经济发达地区,在社会经济快速发展阶段(1986-2012年)人类活动对极端降水的贡献要明显大于发展缓慢阶段(1960-1985年),浙江和广东两省尤为突出;③ 浙江省东北部,福建省大部,广东西部沿海以及中北部地区是极端降水的高风险区,需加强对极端降水及其次生灾害的风险防范.     

1901-2012年陕西降水、气温变化特征

利用英国东英格兰大学气候研究中心CRU最新发布的1901-2012年的月平均气候资料,分析陕西近百年降水、气温的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)年平均降水南北差异较大,陕南降水多且年际变化最大,西安为年际变化的第二高值中心。(2)陕西降水具有明显的年代际变化周期,20世纪40年代之前降水变化较平缓,40年代后降水变化幅度变大,异常偏多或偏少的年份较多。(3)降水的EOF1表现为整体的正异常,体现了陕西年平均降水的一致变化,EOF2主要表现为陕西南部和陕西东北部的反相位振荡,且具有显著年际变化周期。(4)陕西气温近112年有两个偏冷期:20世纪20年代之前和50年代到90年中期,20世纪20年代到50年代和90年代后期以来为偏暖期。与全国气温变化不同,第二个暖期是从90年代开始迅速升温,滞后于全国气温变化,且气温的最高值出现在90年代而不是40年代。(5)气温的第一模态解释了总模态的88.4%,且表现为陕西一致的正异常,表明陕西平均气温空间变化的一致性,Morlet小波分析显示其有2~4年的周期震荡和16年左右的年代际变化周期。     

1982-2015年柴达木盆地不同流域植被气候响应差异

基于1982-2015年生长季（5~10月）GIMMS-MODIS融合数据、气象数据,利用一元线性回归和相关分析等方法研究柴达木盆地及各流域植被NDVI的时空演变及其与气候要素的关系。结果表明：（1）柴达木盆地植被整体上趋于改善,NDVI与气温和降水呈显著正相关。（2）盆地内各流域NDVI呈现不同程度的增长趋势,区域气候差异明显,盆地东部NDVI平均值与气温和降水的关系表现为以1989年和2002年为转折点的3段式特征,而盆地西部呈现出以1994-1995年为节点的2段式特征。（3）盆地东西部植被对气候要素响应的差异性显著,这可能与高原季风、西风环流及下垫面等因素有关。     

清代中后期江苏四季降水变化与极端降水异常事件

根据清代雨雪档案记载,重建了1736～1908年江苏6个府的逐季降水等级序列。分析发现:（1）1750s、1790s、1830s、1840s及1880s等5个年代江苏全省春、夏多雨,1770s、1780s、1810s及1870s等年代则春、夏少雨;秋季降水1750s、1840s、1850s及1860s等4个年代通省偏多,1770s、1810s及1890s等则偏少;冬季降水1830s、1840s及1890s等3个年代通省偏多;1820s、1850s及1870s等3个年代降水偏少。（2）1755年、1823年、1840年、1849年、1883年、1885年和1906年等7年江苏出现极端大涝;1768年、1778年、1785年、1814年、1856年、1873年、1876年和1891年等8年则极端亢旱。（3）江苏气候在1830年前后可能发生过一次转折。其中1830年以前降水变化相对和缓,多雨期和少雨期持续时间较长;而1830年以后,旱、涝时段频繁交替,且多发极端旱、涝事件。这一特点与El Nino事件在1830年以后相对多发相对应。     

Analysis of Spatio-temporal Land Surface Temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Changes in the Andassa Watershed,Blue Nile Basin,Ethiopia

Analysis of the nexus between vegetation dynamics and climatic parameters like surface temperature is essential in environmental and ecological studies and for monitoring of the natural resources. This study explored the spatio-temporal distribution of land surface temperature (LST) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the relationship between them in the Andassa watershed from 1986 to 2016 periods using Landsat data. Monthly average air temperature data of three meteorological sites were used for validating the results. The findings of the study showed that the LST of the Andassa watershed has increased during the study periods. Overall, average LST has been rising with an increasing rate of 0.081°C per year. Other results of this study also showed that there has been a dynamic change in vegetation cover of the watershed in all seasons. There was also a negative correlation between LST and NDVI in all the studied years. From this study we can understand that there has been degradation of vegetation and intensification of LST from 1986 to 2016.     

Grassland coverage inter-annual variation and its coupling relation with hydrothermal factors in China during 1982-2010

GIMMS (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) from 1982 to 2006 and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI from 2001 to 2010 were blended to extract the grass coverage and analyze its spatial pattern. The response of grass coverage to climatic variations at annual and monthly time scales was analyzed. Grass coverage distribution had increased from northwest to southeast across China. During 1982-2010, the mean nationwide grass coverage was 34% but exhibited apparent spatial heterogeneity, being the highest (61.4%) in slope grasslands and the lowest (17.1%) in desert grasslands. There was a slight increase of the grass coverage with a rate of 0.17% per year. Increase in slope grasslands coverage was as high as 0.27% per year, while in the plain grasslands and meadows the grass coverage increase was the lowest (being 0.11% per year and 0.1% per year, respectively). Across China, the grass coverage with extremely significant increase (P<0.01) and significant increase (P<0.05) accounted for 46.03% and 11% of the total grassland area, respectively, while those with extremely significant and significant decrease accounted for only 4.1% and 3.24%, respectively. At the annual time scale, there are no significant correlations between grass coverage and annual mean temperature and precipitation. However, the grass coverage was somewhat affected by temperature in alpine and sub-alpine grassland, alpine and sub-alpine meadow, slope grassland and meadow, while grass coverage in desert grassland and plain grassland was more affected by precipitation. At the monthly time-scale, there are significant correlations between grass coverage with both temperature and precipitation, indicating that the grass coverage is more affected by seasonal fluctuations of hydrothermal conditions. Additionally, there is one-month time lag-effect between grass coverage and climate factors for each grassland types.     

Grassland coverage inter-annual variation and its coupling relation with hydrothermal factors in China during 1982–2010

GIMMS (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies) NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index) from 1982 to 2006 and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) NDVI from 2001 to 2010 were blended to extract the grass coverage and analyze its spatial pattern. The response of grass coverage to climatic variations at annual and monthly time scales was analyzed. Grass coverage distribution had increased from northwest to southeast across China. During 1982–2010, the mean nationwide grass coverage was 34% but exhibited apparent spatial heterogeneity, being the highest (61.4%) in slope grasslands and the lowest (17.1%) in desert grasslands. There was a slight increase of the grass coverage with a rate of 0.17% per year. Increase in slope grasslands coverage was as high as 0.27% per year, while in the plain grasslands and meadows the grass coverage increase was the lowest (being 0.11% per year and 0.1% per year, respectively). Across China, the grass coverage with extremely significant increase (P<0.01) and significant increase (P<0.05) accounted for 46.03% and 11% of the total grassland area, respectively, while those with extremely significant and significant decrease accounted for only 4.1% and 3.24%, respectively. At the annual time scale, there are no significant correlations between grass coverage and annual mean temperature and precipitation. However, the grass coverage was somewhat affected by temperature in alpine and sub-alpine grassland, alpine and sub-alpine meadow, slope grassland and meadow, while grass coverage in desert grassland and plain grassland was more affected by precipitation. At the monthly time-scale, there are significant correlations between grass coverage with both temperature and precipitation, indicating that the grass coverage is more affected by seasonal fluctuations of hydrothermal conditions. Additionally, there is one-month time lag-effect between grass coverage and climate factors for each grassland types.     

Variation in vegetation greenness in spring across eastern China during 1982-2006

Vegetation greenness is a key indicator of terrestrial vegetation activity. To understand the variation in vegetation activity in spring across eastern China (EC), we analysed the variation in the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from April to May during 1982-2006. The regional mean NDVI across EC increased at the rate of 0.02/10yr (r²=0.28; p=0.024) prior to 1998; the increase ceased, and the NDVI dropped to a low level thereafter. However, the processes of variation in the NDVI were different from one region to another. In the North China Plain, a cultivated area, the NDVI increased (0.03/10yr; r²=0.52; p<0.001) from 1982 to 2006. In contrast, the NDVI decreased (-0.02/10yr; r²=0.24; p=0.014) consecutively from 1982 to 2006 in the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas, two regions of rapid urbanisation. In the eastern region of the Inner Mongolian Plateau and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and decreased thereafter. In the Hulun Buir area and the southern part of the Yangtze River Basin, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and remained static thereafter. The NDVI in the grasslands and croplands in the semi-humid and semi-arid areas showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation, while the NDVI in the woodlands in the humid to semi-humid areas showed a significant positive correlation with temperature. As much as 60% of the variation in the NDVI was explained by either precipitation or temperature.     

Spatio-temporal Variation of Vegetation Ecological Quality and Its Response to Climate Change in Rocky Desertification Areas in Southwest China during 2000-2020

Vegetation restoration is the primary task of ecological reconstruction and rocky desertification control in Karst areas. With vegetation net primary productivity and coverage as two key indicators, a vegetation ecological quality evaluation model was built based on meteorological and remote sensing data. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation ecological quality index and its response to climate change in rocky desertification areas in Southwest China during 2000-2020 were also analyzed by using the difference method and linear trend method. The results showed that: (1) Vegetation ecological quality in rocky desertification areas in Southwest China showed a fluctuating upward trend during 2000-2020. In 2020, the vegetation ecological quality index reached 69.7, which was 19.9% and 9.3% higher than the averaged values for 2000 and 2000-2019, respectively, ranking the fourth highest since 2000. (2) Vegetation ecological quality of the rocky desertification areas in Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces have been improved by 89.2%, 99.2% and 98.5%, respectively, from 2000 to 2020, with their vegetation ecological quality index values increasing by 0.5-0.75 per year in southeast Yunnan, most areas in Guizhou and northwest Guangxi. (3) Precipitation was an important meteorological factor affecting the vegetation ecological quality in rocky desertification areas. The vegetation ecological quality index in the northwest and central Yunnan rocky desertification areas has been rising slowly, but with localized declines at a yearly rate of nearly 0.25 caused by climatic warming and drying.     

尼洋河流域极端气候时空分布特征及其可能成因

探究全球变暖下的尼洋河流域极端气候变化特征及原因,对于科学支撑西藏地区的极端气候灾害防治和生态安全保障等具有重要意义。本文基于尼洋河流域1960—2019年逐日降水及气温数据,采用极端气候指标法、Sen's斜率估计法、MK趋势及突变检验法、GIS空间分析法从降水、气温两个角度分析近60年尼洋河流域极端气候时空分布特征,并结合大气环流因子,使用地理探测器方法探讨时空分布特征的可能成因。结果表明：在时间上,尼洋河流域极端气候整体呈现暖湿化的变化趋势。极端降水的降水量、降水强度、降水日数均呈现增加趋势,极端气温的高温极值、低温极值均呈现增大趋势,低温日数呈现减少趋势。在空间上,尼洋河流域极端气候变化存在明显的空间分异性。极端降水整体自东向西逐渐减少、极端气温整体自东南向西北逐渐降低。尼洋河河道作为水汽通道,有一定的增温、保温作用,各极端气候指标沿着河道呈现出连续的极值点。副热带高压、青藏高压对尼洋河流域暖湿化的变化起到了正向增强作用,极涡、北大西洋涛动则相反。以坡度为代表的地形因子、以NDVI为代表的下垫面因子分别是影响极端降水、极端气温空间分布的最主要的环境因子,高程对极端降水、气温的空间分布均起到了重要的作用。