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This paper reports an experimental study of the evolution of permeability during rock brittle failure and a theoretical analysis of rock critical stress level. It is assumed that the rock is a strain-softening medium whose strength can be described by Weibull’s distribution. Based on the two-dimensional renormalization group theory, it is found that the stress level λc (the ratio of the stress at the critical point to the peak stress) depends mainly on the homogeneity index or shape parameter m in the Weibull’s distribution for the rock. Experimental results show that the evolution of permeability is closely related to rock deformation stages: the permeability has a rapid increase with the growth of cracks and their surface areas (i.e., onset of fracture coalescence point), and reaches the maximum at rock failure. Both the experimental and analytical results show that this point of rapid increase in permeability on the permeability-pressure curve corresponds to the critical point on the stress-strain curve; for rock compression, the stress at this point is approximately 80% of the peak strength. Thus, monitoring the evolution of permeability may provide a new means of identifying the critical point of rock brittle fracture. 相似文献
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Pore pressure changes in a geothermal reservoir, as a result of injection and/or production of water, result in changes of stress acting on the reservoir rock and, consequently, changes in the mechanical and transport properties of the rock. Bulk modulus and permeability were measured at different pressures and temperatures. An outcropping equivalent of Rotliegend reservoir rock in the North German Basin (Flechtinger sandstone) was used to perform hydrostatic tests and steady state fluid flow tests. Permeability measurements were conducted while cycling confining pressure; the dependence of permeability on stress was determined at a constant downstream pressure of 1 MPa. Also, temperature was increased stepwise from 30 to 140 °C and crack porosity was calculated at different temperatures. Although changes in the volumes of cracks are not significant, the cracks control fluid flow pathways and, consequently, the permeability of the rock. A new model was derived which relates microstructure of porosity, the stress–strain curve, and permeability. Porosity change was described by the first derivative of the stress–strain curve. Permeability evolution was ascribed to crack closure and was related to the second derivative of the stress–strain curve. The porosity and permeability of Flechtinger sandstone were reduced by increasing the effective pressure and decreased after each pressure cycle. 相似文献
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A Theoretical Model for Kaiser Effect in Rock 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
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José Sérgio dos Santos Thomas Paul Ballestero Ernesto da Silva Pitombeira 《Ground water》2011,49(3):415-425
A theoretical method is proposed to estimate post‐fracturing fracture size and transmissivity, and as a test of the methodology, data collected from two wells were used for verification. This method can be employed before hydrofracturing in order to obtain estimates of the potential hydraulic benefits of hydraulic fracturing. Five different pumping test analysis methods were used to evaluate the well hydraulic data. The most effective methods were the Papadopulos‐Cooper model (1967), which includes wellbore storage effects, and the Gringarten‐Ramey model (1974), known as the single horizontal fracture model. The hydraulic parameters resulting from fitting these models to the field data revealed that as a result of hydraulic fracturing, the transmissivity increased more than 46 times in one well and increased 285 times in the other well. The model developed by dos Santos (2008) , which considers horizontal radial fracture propagation from the hydraulically fractured well, was used to estimate potential fracture geometry after hydrofracturing. For the two studied wells, their fractures could have propagated to distances of almost 175 m or more and developed maximum apertures of about 2.20 mm and hydraulic apertures close to 0.30 mm. Fracturing at this site appears to have expanded and propagated existing fractures and not created new fractures. Hydraulic apertures calculated from pumping test analyses closely matched the results obtained from the hydraulic fracturing model. As a result of this model, post‐fracturing geometry and resulting post‐fracturing well yield can be estimated before the actual hydrofracturing. 相似文献
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Permeability, storage capacity and volumetric strain were measured in situ during deformation of hot-pressed calcite aggregates containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% quartz. Both isostatic and conventional
triaxial loading conditions were used. The tests were performed at confining pressure of 300 MPa, pore pressures between 50
to 290 MPa, temperatures from 673 to 873 K and strain rates of 3 × 10−5 s−1. Argon gas was used as the pore fluid. The initial porosities of the starting samples varied from 5% to 9%, with higher porosity
correlated to higher quartz content. Microstructural observations after the experiment indicate two kinds of pores are present:
1) Angular, crack-like pores along boundaries between quartz grains or between quartz and calcite grains and 2) equant and
tubular voids within the calcite matrix. Under isostatic loading conditions, the compaction rate covaries with porosity and
increases with increasing effective pressure. Most of the permeability reduction induced during compaction is irreversible
and probably owes to plastic processes. As has been found in previous studies on hot-pressed calcite aggregates, permeability,
k, is nonlinearly related to porosity, ϕ. Over small changes in porosity, the two parameters are approximately related as k ∝ ϕn. The exponent n strongly increases as porosity decreases to a finite value (from about 4 to 6% depending on quartz content), suggesting a
porosity percolation threshold. When subjected to triaxial deformation, the calcite-quartz aggregates exhibit shear-enhanced
compaction, but permeability does not decrease as rapidly as it does under isostatic conditions. During triaxial compaction
the exponent n only varies between 2 and 3. Non-isostatic deformation seems to reduce the percolation threshold, and, in fact, enhances
the permeability relative to that at the same porosity during isostatic compaction. Our data provide constraints on the governing
parameters of the compaction theory which describes fluid flow through a viscous matrix, and may have important implications
for expulsion of sedimentary fluids, for fluid flow during deformation and metamorphism, and melt extraction from partially
molten rocks. 相似文献
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Analytical Model for Contaminant Mass Removal by Air Sparging 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
An analytical model was developed lo predict the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from ground water by air sparging (AS). The model treats the air sparging zone as a completely mixed reactor subject to the removal of dissolved contaminants by volatilization, advection, and first-order decay Nonequilibrium desorption is approximated as a first-order mass transfer process. The model reproduces the tailing and rebound behavior often observed at AS sites, and would normally require the estimation of three site-specific parameters. Dimensional analysis demonstrates that predicted tailing can be interpreted in terms of kinetic desorption or diffusion of aqueous phase contaminants into discrete air channels. Related work is ongoing to test the model against field data. 相似文献
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In this paper a simple analytical model is presented for the one-dimensional transport equation describing the removal of a uniformly distributed, single-component NAPL under nonequilibrium conditions. Both advective and dispersive transport are included in the model. The model describes two distinct stages: a solution for the time the amount of NAPL declines but the length of the NAPL-containing region remains constant, and a solution from the moment the front, behind which all NAPL is depleted, starts to move. The model is valid for both dissolution (i.e., by water) or volatilization (i.e., by air). Dissolution (or volatilization) is considered a firstorder rate process with a constant mass-transfer rate coefficient. As expected, the model approaches the solution for equilibrium conditions if the mass-transfer coefficient tends to infinity. Even though the model is based on some rigorous assumptions, the simplicity of the model makes it useful for obtaining an initial mass-transfer rate coefficient from experimental data, which can be used to estimate the time required to dissolve all NAPL, as shown for two data sets taken from the literature. 相似文献
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为了综合考虑岩爆预测实践中的随机性与模糊性,云模型理论被引入到岩爆预测方法中。然而现有岩爆预测云模型的指标权重值在客观性和准确性方面尚需提高,为此本文提出基于反分析赋权方法的岩爆云模型。在给出该模型具体实现步骤的基础上,推导建立优化目标函数之后选用洞室最大切向应力与岩石抗压强度的比值、岩石抗压强度与抗拉强度的比值、弹性能量指数等作为评判指标,基于18个岩爆工程实例,利用Matlab软件开展了指标权重的反分析计算。最后,将新建立的岩爆预测云模型应用于江边水电站和马路坪矿的岩爆预测中,并与主观赋权方法云模型的预测结果对比分析,检验了其可行性与有效性。研究表明,基于反分析赋权方法的岩爆预测云模型赋权过程中主观性干扰因素较小,预测结果准确率较高。 相似文献
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以往对平面破坏模式的岩质边坡稳定性评价,主要关注潜在滑坡体在自重、坡体内静水压力和地震荷载耦合作用下沿破坏面的抗滑稳定性,并未涉及各类外荷载作用线不通过潜在滑体重心而引起的绕坡趾倾覆稳定性。针对这一问题,提出地震与张裂缝水压耦合作用下的岩质边坡倾覆稳定性解析方法,基于力矩平衡原理推导出岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定性系数的一般表达式;通过深入的变动参数比较研究,探讨张裂缝水压和地震荷载对抗倾覆安全系数的影响,认为水压是控制岩质边坡倾覆破坏的决定性因素,而地震荷载处于次要因素,其在一定程度上增加或减小抗倾覆稳定性。在此基础上建立不同参数组合下的岩质边坡抗倾覆稳定图,为工程技术人员快速评估饱水岩质边坡地震倾覆稳定性提供直接依据。 相似文献
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Albert T. Rutledge 《Ground water》2014,52(5):789-797
The PULSE analytical model, which calculates daily groundwater discharge on the basis of user‐specified recharge, was originally developed for calibration using streamflow data. This article describes a model application in which groundwater level data constitute the primary control on model input. As a test case, data were analyzed from a small basin in central Pennsylvania in which extensive groundwater level data are available. The timing and intensity of daily water‐level rises are used to ascertain temporal distribution of recharge, and the simulated groundwater discharge hydrograph has shape features that are similar to the streamflow hydrograph. This article does not include details about calibration, but some steps are illustrated and general procedures are described for calibration in specific hydrologic studies. The PULSE model can be used to assess results of fully automated base flow methods and can be used to define groundwater recharge and discharge at a relatively small time scale. 相似文献
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