海岸沙丘成因的讨论

本文以中国和西非二个典型沙丘海岸为例,说明海滨沙丘是海陆相互作用下形成的,特别是在冰期极地气候条件下,低海面时形成广大的岸外沙质浅滩,极地气旋风暴作用,促进海岸沙丘的形成发育。     

海岸沙丘植物群落分布、适应性和演替研究进展

海岸沙丘植物分布在海陆交错带,在岸线防护和维持沙丘的稳定性方面发挥了重要的水文、生态、美学和社会经济服务功能。在生境条件日益恶劣和人类活动干扰日趋频繁的情况下,海岸沙丘植物处在破坏压力大增、恢复困难的境地。掌握海岸沙丘植物群落的分布格局、适应机理和恢复机制,是开展生态系统保护和恢复工作的基础和关键。综述研究表明,海岸沙丘的气候特征是影响植物群落空间分布和演替的第一要素;沙质土壤粒径较粗,通透性较大,水分和养分持蓄能力较弱,白天受热快、日灼、水分蒸发强烈和夜间降温迅速等土壤环境特点,是决定沙质海岸植物存活的另一因素;海陆交接的特殊环境和沙丘发育过程,导致沙丘形状、面积、高度、起伏特性、移动特点、海岸地理位置和陆源生物流等的生境片段化,是限制沙丘基因物种流的重要因子;此外,经济浪潮推动下的人类活动更是深深影响着海陆间的物质与能量流动,改变着海岸沙丘的原有生境、植被格局和演替模式。海岸沙丘天然植物种类相对匮乏,种群单一,优势种明显,层次结构简单,外貌季相变化明显,微生境差异导致植物群落斑块化突出。大多数海岸沙丘植被系统中,优势植物是一年生到多年生的草本植物,但在热带海岸也有小范围的雨林植物分布。不同海岸生境中,沙丘植物衍生了相应的行为、生理生态适应机制。该地区不同植物群落受干扰的方式、强度、频率会影响演替的进程、速度以及方向,且逆向演替易于发生,并恢复困难。在全球气候变暖导致海平面上升,沙丘植物的重要性日益引起关注的前提下,海岸沙丘植被格局及与环境因素关系、各演替阶段植物群落更替的驱动力分析、植物适应机理探讨、适生物种的筛选和恢复效果等的研究对于深入开展沙丘植物的保护和恢复工作,维持沙丘的稳定性和生态系统平衡具有重要的科研价值和实践意义。     

"两栖"发展战略与珠江三角洲的可持续发展

随着科学技术的发展,尤其是海洋科技的发展,海洋将迅速成为人类的活动空间,世界发展空间将逐步由“陆栖”转向“海陆两栖”,珠江三角洲具有丰富的海洋国土资源,为此必须实施“两栖”发展战略。“两栖”发展战略的实施将促进珠江三角洲的可持续发展。     

金字塔沙丘风洞流场结构的实验研究：兼论金字塔沙丘发育模式

金字塔沙丘以其大尺度、金字塔形态和放射状伸展的沙臂为特征。本文以三面体金字塔沙丘模型的风洞流场实验为基础，结合野外观测资料，发现金字塔沙丘的流场结构，特别是背风侧剖面流场除具有一般新月形沙丘的流场结构特点外，还有特殊的“Ｅ”型流场结构，正是这种多向风信产生的复杂流场结构形成具有凹面形态的多角形金字塔沙丘。据此，作者提出了由新月形沙丘（包括其复合形态）演化为金字塔沙丘的发育模式。     

福建长乐海岸-海滩沙丘系统砂物质的粒度特征反映的海岸动力环境分异

通过对福建长乐东部海岸典型的海滩-沙丘系统表层砂样的粒度分析,探索海滩砂与沙丘砂物质物源及其在海滩与滨海沙丘之间输移变化的关系模式。结果表明:1)长乐海岸横向沙丘表面粒度组成以中砂和细砂为主,平均粒径介于1.53~2.31Ф,平均值为1.98Ф;海滩砂的粒度组成以粗砂、中砂和细砂为主,平均粒径介于1.26~2.08Ф,平均值为1.76Ф;海滩砂分选性不如沙丘砂。2)海滩-沙丘系统的砂质沉积以滚动和悬浮组分(OP)、悬浮和滚动(PQ)为主,同时含有极少量的递变悬浮组分(OR),反映了典型的海陆过渡相(潮间带和潮上带)的沉积环境,经常遭受风力和波浪的混合作用。3)从粒度特征看,研究区海滩-沙丘系统的动力关系属于完全耗散性,海岸系统的动力环境,即波浪、潮汐、风力的共同作用,以及海滩宽度与坡度、海滩与沙丘之间的相互作用关系决定了海滩-沙丘系统的粒度组成和粒度参数特点。     

中国温带海岸沙丘分类系统初步探讨

海岸沙丘分类一直是海岸风沙地貌研究的重要基础问题之一。本文以已有的国内外海岸沙丘分类研究为基础,根据我国温带海岸的自然地理环境和海岸沙丘的类型特点,制定了一个三级10类的我国温带海岸沙丘的分类系统,并简单介绍了我国温带海岸主要海岸沙丘类型的分布与基本形态特征。     

沙丘动力学数值模拟研究方法综述(Ⅱ):沙丘形成演变模拟

沙丘形成与发育过程强烈依赖于初始动力条件及地表特性。沙丘动力学数值模拟方法可以充分考虑其形成所依赖的这些初始条件,实现对沙丘场形成演变及沙丘间的相互作用过程和未来发展进行定量模拟和预测,是研究沙丘的一种及其有效途径。本文主要介绍了沙丘形成发育动力学数值模拟研究工作所采用的方法及所取得的主要成就。     

闽江口海岸沙丘的形成与演化

闽江口海岸沙丘的物质来源于以闽江泥沙为沙源的海滩沙，宽广的海滩、强劲的向岸风与干旱的时空耦合，适宜的地形空间构成了海岸沙丘发育的基本条件。海岸沙丘起源于约２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．，其活动是多幕次的，唐、宋及近代几次气候干冷期的出现，人口陡增以及垦荒规模扩大等人为因素，促进了海岸沙丘的发育进程。海岸沙丘从海向陆按雏形沙丘，岸前沙丘，横向沙丘及沙丘链，圆形、抛物线型或Ｕ型沙丘及风积平原依次演化。     

珠江三角洲城乡一体化区域差异的定量分析

选取了反映城张一体化的几个重要指标，采用灰色关联分析的方法，对珠江三角洲城乡一体化的区域差异以定量的方法进行研究，把珠江三角洲的26个市县分成了4类，分析了珠三解城乡一体化发展过程中的内部差异；用洛伦茨曲线分析了珠江三角洲各县市自1993年以来在经济发展水平、城市化水平的发展特点以及今后可能的发展趋势。     

澳门回归对珠江三角洲的影响

介绍澳门概况,论述澳门回归对珠江三角洲产生重要影响,分析澳门社会经济特征,提出澳门与香港和珠江三角洲区际协调与合作的建议,探讨澳门今后的发展方向。     

珠江口岛屿全新世沙堤的年代与沉积环境

通过对珠江口岛屿小型海湾如珠海淇澳岛和澳门黑沙滩一级阶地上的古沙坝/沙丘进行光释光（OSL）年代测定、粒度分析,结果表明,全新世潮间带砂体沉积的底部年代根据光释光测年结果和沉积速率推算,超过9 ka。海岸带形成的古沙坝或风成砂质沉积的光释光测年结果大部分老于新石器文化堆积的器物年代,表明全新世高海面期砂质滨海相沉积的形成先于新石器人类活动遗迹。潮间带砂质滨海相沉积的上覆地层常在6.5 ka左右快速转变为潮上带的风成沉积-人类活动混合堆积,导致文化层中沉积物粒度分选变差,参数波动较大。淇澳岛小沙澳湾9―4.3 ka的滨海相砂质沉积的顶部目前位于海拔＋4.8 m,这一高程可能与构造抬升运动有关。     

广东黄圃镇海蚀遗址的形成年代及古地理环境

广东中山市黄圃镇海蚀遗址是广东沿海至今为止所发现最大规模的海蚀遗址之一,古海蚀地貌延伸范围超过200米,海蚀洞、海蚀崖、海蚀平台等海蚀地貌仍保持得较为完好。根据地形特征、地层（钻孔）资料、海侵范围、史料记载进行综合确定了古海蚀遗址的形成年代和古地理环境。古海蚀崖所在的尖峰山由白垩系陆相红色碎屑岩系构成。黄圃附近地区在晚更新世末期第一次海侵前已经是一隆起地块,在晚更新世和全新世两次海侵时都处在较高的位置,出露的白垩系地层（尖峰山）为蚀余的低矮山地。这些残余山地在全新世海侵大部分时段内为珠江口古海湾中的岛屿,黄圃镇作为大陆岸线的时间很短,海蚀地形主要形成于晚全新世前海侵时（距今约6100～1600年）的岛屿时期。     

珠江三角洲生物埋葬群与环境变迁

本文将珠江三角洲第四纪环境与现代环境的生物埋葬群进行对照，重建晚更新世中期和全新世中期的古沉积环境，划分出两期的海侵区、海侵波及区、海侵影响区。并对中更新世海侵期表示存疑。     

苏北地区新石器时代考古遗址分布特征及其与环境演变关系的研究

苏北地区7000-6500aB.P.青莲岗文化时期重要新石器遗址有18处,主要分布在苏北废黄河泗阳至涟水段南北两岸。6000-5200aB.P.刘林文化时期重要遗址有9处,主要分布在涟水、邳县和高邮等地。6300-4400aB.P.大汶口文化时期主要遗址有8处,4100-3800aB.P.龙山文化时期主要遗址有23处,这两个时期遗址主要分布于连云港-沭阳-泗洪一线以西。以上遗址分布与气候和海面变化密切相关:7000aB.P.前的全新世最大海侵使江苏沿海普遍遭到海侵,故本区未发现7000aB.P.前的新石器遗址;青莲岗文化遗址多分布在基本未受海侵影响的陆相环境区;刘林文化遗址的锐减预示着5500aB.P.前后苏北全新世高海面的到来;龙山文化时期苏北大部分成陆,使得遗址数量增加更为显著。     

太湖地区多剖面地层学分析与良渚期环境事件

太湖地区多剖面地层学分析和环境考古研究表明:本区良渚期为全新世大暖期中气候逐渐向干凉转变的时期,但大部分时间里仍略比今天暖湿。良渚期末气候走入低谷并剧烈波动,良渚期侵蚀面反映一次较长时间的海面下降过程,气候剧烈波动的转型期与海面下降至低海面过程相一致。此时本区洪积层、埋藏遗址及遗址地层中文化间歇层等发育皆反映古洪水泛滥事件的存在;而良渚期侵蚀面上的铁锰结核聚集现象及现没于水下的众多良渚期开挖的古井等遗迹还反映出这一时期也曾发生过气候干燥事件。分析认为良渚文化繁荣发展期陆地面积扩大,气候略好于今天;而良渚文化衰亡期则处于4300~3800aB. P.间的水、旱灾丛生的低海面气候异常期。     

珠江水下三角洲

根据海底地形，陆架残留沉和残留地貌，第四系厚度分布，断裂分布等综合分析，认为珠江口外的陆架只有１个水下古三洲。按照陆架第四纪地层及其分布，沉积旋回的更替，推断水下古三角洲经历过４个发育期的演变而与陆上珠江三角洲构成一个完整的体系。     

安徽淮河流域全新世环境演变对新石器遗址分布的影响

安徽淮河流域是我国自然条件多重过渡地带和古代文化交汇地区,新石器时代演绎了多期古文化,石山子文化时期以渔猎为主,大汶口文化时期渔猎与农耕并重,而龙山文化时期以农耕为主,渔猎为辅。利用野外考古资料和已有考古研究成果,系统地梳理本区新石器文化发展进程,利用钻孔孢粉、年代数据等恢复本区全新世自然环境演变过程,并将考古资料和环境演变研究有机地结合起来,探讨该地区全新世环境演变和古文化发展的关系。研究表明,随着全新世大暖期的开始,新石器早期出现石山子文化,地方特征明显。6.5 kaBP~ 5.5 kaBP气候暖湿,受高海面和洪涝灾害等的影响,地表环境恶劣,导致文化发展中断、考古遗址缺失,5.5 kaBP~4.0 kaBP气候趋干,自然条件有利于人类生存,大汶口、龙山文化逐渐繁荣。与中原、山东地区相比,本区在新石器文化发展阶段、遗址数量和分布变化等方面存在较明显差异。     

鄱阳湖流域史前人类遗址时空分布及其环境响应（英文）

The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China.     

Spatiotemporal distribution of sea-island prehistoric dune sites,Holocene sea levels,and aeolian sand activities in Fujian Province,China

The lower reaches of the Minjiang River and its adjacent areas were among the most active prehistoric archaeological areas in Fujian Province. The accumulation types of Neolithic archaeological strata are roughly divided into dune sites and dune/shell mound sites. The sites can also be roughly divided into estuarine, coastal, and sea-island sites based on their geomorphic features. The cultural development of these prehistoric sites is of great significance for understanding the migration and spread of Austronesian civilization. Based on luminescence dating of typical Neolithic sites on Haitan Island, their quartz-OSL (optically stimulated luminecesence) burial ages were determined. Synthesizing previously published results, the temporospatial distribution characteristics of the sea-island sites on Haitan Island are discussed, and the relationship between Neolithic human activities and regional geomorphic processes is analyzed. The results show that: (1) the spatial and temporal distribution of the Haitan Island Neolithic sites are closely related to small-scale geomorphic features and are controlled by mesoscale geomorphic processes. The sites were mainly distributed in the foothills of two high hills along an NNE-SSW trend. With an increase in altitude, the features were distributed as “single site (I) - superimposed site - single site (II)” and appear successively. Single type sites (I) mainly appeared at low sea level, whereas single type sites (II) mainly appeared at high sea level. Superimposed sites were not subject to sea level changes. The relative elevation of the superimposed sites in the study area indicates the optimal residential area for human activities in the region. The single site with an elevation lower than the optimal residential area was mainly restricted by the lowest residential area, whereas the single site at a higher elevation than the optimal residential area was mainly affected by livelihood patterns. (2) High sea level caused by the “backwater effect” in low latitude areas in the southern hemisphere, and coastal aeolian sand activity influenced by sea level fluctuations in the middle Holocene correspond well with human activities recorded in the cultural stratigraphy of sea-island type sites. The altitude of coastal aeolian sand accumulation can be used as an indirect index to estimate the age of coastal dunes.     

Tidal amplification and along‐strike process variability in a mixed‐energy paralic system prograding onto a low accommodation shelf,Edgeøya,Svalbard

The study describes the depositional development and sediment partitioning in a prograding paralic Triassic succession. The deposits are associated with the advance of large prism‐scale clinoforms across a shallower platform area. Approaching the platform, the limited accommodation and associated relative higher rates of deposition generated straighter clinoforms with lower foreset angles. The vertical restriction across the platform is interpreted to have amplified the tidal signature. Sediment was redistributed from the coast into increasingly sandy delta‐front deposits, compared to offshore equivalents. The deposits comprise extensive compound dune fields of amalgamated and increasingly clean sandbodies up‐section. Rapid deposition of significant amounts of sand led to differential subsidence and growth‐faulting in the delta front, with downthrown fault blocks further amplifying the tidal energy through funnelling. A mixed‐energy environment created along‐strike variability along the delta front with sedimentation governing process‐regime. Areas of lower sedimentation were reworked by wave and storm‐action, whereas high sedimentation rates preserved fluvially dominated mouth bars. A major transgression, however, favoured tidally dominated deposits also in these areas, attributed to increasing rugosity of the coastline. Formation of an extensive subaqueous platform between the coast and delta front dampened incoming wave energy, and tidally dominated deposits dominate the near‐shore successions. Meanwhile formation of wave‐built sand‐bars atop the platform attest to continued wave influence. The strong tidal regime led to the development of a heterolithic near‐shore tidally dominated channel system, and sandier fluvial channels up‐river. The highly meandering tidal channels incising the subaqueous platform form kilometre wide successions of inclined heterolithic stratification. The fluvially dominated channels which govern deposition on the delta plain are narrower and slightly less deep, straighter, generally symmetric and filled with cleaner sands. This study provides important insight into tidal amplification and sand redistribution during shallowing on a wide shelf, along with along‐strike process‐regime variability resulting from variations in sediment influx.