C型采场支承压力分布特征的数值模拟研究

冲击地压的发生与支承压力的分布有重要关系。为研究C型采场支承压力的动态变化规律,采用FLAC3D软件对孤岛工作面推进过程中煤体垂直应力场进行了数值模拟。通过对工作面推进过程中煤体支承压力的平面分布特征、走向支承压力和倾斜支承压力的动态演化特征进行分析,得到以下结论：① 煤体中垂直应力分布呈“C”形;② 孤岛工作面超前支承压力影响距离为正常工作面的3～5倍;③ 双工作面“见方”时,支承压力峰值达到最大值。工程实例验证了结论的可靠性,其结果可为现场冲击地压预测和防治提供依据。     

断层破裂带附近采场采动效应的流固耦合分析

矿井底板突水是一个复杂的多物理场耦合问题,结合含断层破裂带条件下采场开采的工程背景,通过离散元流固耦合分析,研究了采场工作面推进过程中断层带的变形与受力情况以及底板支承压力、渗流矢量和渗流速度的动态发展规律和分布特征。相关模拟结果表明,采场中煤层的开采与断层破裂带之间是相互影响的,以支承压力为代表的采动应力是底板破坏形成导水裂隙带及断层“活化”突水的一个主要诱因,而断层的存在也使得工作面与断层带范围内的围岩应力更加集中,增大了底板破坏突水的危险性。采动过程中,底板破坏所形成的导水裂隙带主要集中在工作面前方及下方围岩中,这些区域渗流速度较大,是形成突水的主要通道。     

不同岩性顶板回采工作面矿压分布规律

采用数值模拟技术和现场矿压观测系统,研究了不同岩性顶板回采工作面矿压分布规律及其显现特征。结果表明,在煤炭开采过程中,不同岩性顶板回采工作面最大支承应力存在一定差异,在强度较高的砂岩顶板岩体中,支承压力大,工作面前方支承压力峰值距工作面距离小,初次来压步距和周期来压步距大,矿压显现强烈;而在强度较低的泥岩顶板区,顶板岩体不能和砂岩骨架层一样抵抗覆岩压力,且支承压力小,支承压力的峰值向回采工作面前方岩体内部推移,初次来压步距和周期来压步距小,矿压显现不明显。      

松软煤层综放面顶底板采动应力分布规律研究

以某矿综放采场为背景,通过现场实测、相似材料模拟等手段,研究了松软煤层综放开采中液压支架受力状态、两巷单体支柱受力特征和顶底板的采动应力分布规律,结果表明液压支架在工作面不同位置受力状态不同,处于中部位置的支架受力最大,同一支架前立柱受力大于后立柱;风巷围岩应力大于机巷围岩应力,两巷的超前采动应力峰值位置在工作面前3～11m;顶板岩层同一层位中采动应力分布随工作面的距离不同而不同;不同层位应力分布也不同,离煤层越近的岩层中应力集中系数越大;底板岩层在工作面前方6m左右处应力达到最大,在工作面处应力为零。该研究结果有效地指导了该矿井同一煤层综放面巷道布置、两巷支护及工作面顶板管理。     

回采工作面围岩采动应变场-渗透系数场耦合

采动岩体变形与渗透特性是工作面突水防治研究的基本问题。采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了岩石变形-渗透特征及其三维定量关系,研究了煤炭开采中回采工作面围岩应变场、渗透系数场分布及其控制因素。研究结果表明,采动岩体渗透性变化主要取决于应变状态及应变增量,且随着垂直于裂隙的张应变的增加而增加;工作面后方垮落带和煤壁边缘的剪碎带产生剧烈的采动拉伸变形,渗透系数较采前显著增大,而支承压力区和整体移动带岩层产生较大的采动压缩变形,渗透系数较采前明显减小;工作面围岩垂向渗透系数较水平渗透系数增加的幅度及增加区的范围小,但对水体下采煤工作面涌水起主导作用。加快工作面推进速度、减小工作面斜长和采高能降低采场围岩渗透系数增加幅度,并将渗透系数场变化范围局限在采区附近,能有效减小采动对原始煤岩层渗透性的影响。      

孤岛工作面底板破坏深度微震测试与模拟分析

针对孤岛工作面煤层开采底板损伤问题,以河北葛泉煤矿11913孤岛工作面为研究对象,采用微震方法分析其底板破坏深度;并通过数值模拟对首采、跳采及孤岛3种工作面回采过程中围岩采动应力与底板破坏的规律进行了对比分析。微震测试结果显示11913工作面回采过程中微震事件主要发生在下巷,识别出工作面最大破坏深度20~25 m;基于COMSOL的11912首采、11914跳采及11913孤岛3个工作面数值模拟结果显示,11912首采与11914跳采条件下煤柱地应力集中状态变化不大,最大破坏深度小于11.56 m,仅发育至工作面底板的注浆改造层内部;而11913孤岛回采条件下,受到重复采动影响,工作面两侧煤柱应力集中状态骤增,最大破坏深度剧增至23 m,已发育至煤层底板的本溪组灰岩含水层。研究结果对于华北型煤田下组煤层开采底板破坏规律分析与不同类型工作面回采条件下底板水害防治有一定的参考价值。      

双系煤层开采相互影响下的覆岩运动与破坏规律分析

以大同矿区同忻煤矿为例,利用关键层理论、物理探测技术和数值模拟,分析双系煤层开采形成的覆岩运动与破坏规律。研究结果表明：（1）石炭二叠系煤层工作面推进至193 m时,覆岩裂隙带发育高度达到最大为174.7 m;（2）物理探测得到3-5^#煤层开采引起的覆岩垮裂带高度约为180 m,综合理论计算与现场实测,确定覆岩裂隙带发育高度与采厚之比为11.7-12.0;（3）侏罗系煤层开采引起的底板破坏及双系间覆岩软弱夹层的缺失为双系煤层采空区联通进一步提供了条件;（4）侏罗系煤层的开采影响石炭二叠系煤层工作面超前支承压力的分布规律,当石炭系煤层工作面位于侏罗系煤层遗留煤柱下方时,超前支撑压力较无采空区时增大12.4%;（5）研究成果揭示了双系开采相互影响关系,为采取安全开采措施、减弱双系开采相互影响程度提供了科学依据。     

采动诱导应力集中对顺层钻孔瓦斯抽采影响的试验研究

利用自主研发的多场耦合煤层气开采物理模拟试验系统,开展受采动影响导致工作面前方不同应力分布条件下的顺层钻孔瓦斯抽采物理模拟试验,对抽采过程中卸压区、应力集中区和原始应力区的煤层瓦斯压力、钻孔抽采流量、应力敏感系数和无因次渗透率等参数演化规律进行分析。试验结果表明,(1)在瓦斯抽采过程中钻孔周围瓦斯压力下降速率先快后慢,越靠近钻孔的瓦斯压力等压线越为密集,瓦斯流速越大,钻孔周围瓦斯压力梯度先增大后减小;(2)随着采动应力集中系数增大,煤层渗透率降低,瓦斯抽采流量减小,其中采动应力水平最大的应力集中1区瓦斯抽采流量最小,而应力水平最小的卸压区抽采流量最大;(3)应力集中区的应力敏感系数高于卸压区和原始应力区,而该区域无因次渗透率下降速率最慢。     

顺层钻孔布置间距对煤层瓦斯抽采效果影响的物理模拟试验研究

基于自主研发的多场耦合煤层气开采物理模拟试验系统,开展了不同顺层钻孔布置间距条件下的瓦斯抽采物理模拟试验,对瓦斯抽采过程中煤层瓦斯压力及抽采流量的演化规律进行了探讨。研究结果表明:煤层内不同测点的气压随着与抽采管之间距离的减小,下降速率加快;当受抽采叠加效应影响时,在相同距离条件下抽采管之间区域的气压下降速率大于外侧,且在抽采开始后该气压差异迅速到达峰值后呈下降趋势,而距离抽采管越近的区域,或随钻孔布置间距增加,叠加效应均减弱;在煤层垂直于钻孔的断面上,气压梯度与抽采瞬时流量存在幂函数关系,随着钻孔布置间距减小,或数量增加,同一位置的气压下降速率增大,抽采瞬时流量下降速率加快,累计流量增加,煤层渗透性系数ɑ值增大,说明煤层瓦斯抽采效率更高。研究结果可为现场合理布置抽采钻孔提供一定的理论依据。     

断层面摩擦强度对工作面开采影响数值模拟分析

断层面摩擦强度是评价煤炭开采中应力扰动诱发断层滑动危险性的依据。依托晋城矿区成庄井田,采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了断层面摩擦强度对深部地应力的约束机制,研究了成庄井田F13断层及其在不同摩擦强度条件下对回采工作面顶板稳定性、超前支承压力分布和断层滑动的影响规律。研究结果表明:地壳深部最大与最小主应力比值受断层面摩擦强度的限制,当其达到临界方向断层的摩擦强度极限时,断层就会发生滑动;断层破碎带的存在导致初始应力场扰动,形成断层带低应力区及高应力集中区,在回采过程中将直接影响煤层顶板移动变形和采动应力分布;断层面摩擦强度较小时,工作面开采至断层附近顶板下沉量及断层上下盘错动位移较大,支承压力峰值由大变小明显,断层面上剪应力与正应力的比值易达到断层面的摩擦系数,断层滑动的危险性较大。      

Measurement of the Strong Pressure Appearance Laws with Hard Roof and Full Mechanized Mining Extra Thick Coal Seam

To master the laws of strong strata behavior of Tashan coal mine under Carboniferous coal mining process, the laws of strong strata behavior in 8107 working face was measured and analyzed. It was shown that the average initial weighting step of 8107 working face was 59.4 m. The average periodic weighting step of main roof was 16.2 m. The maximum working resistance during periodic weighting was 14,711.1 kN. The maximum working resistance during non-periodic weighting was 11,339.9 kN. The average dynamic load factor K during periodic weighting was 1.31. The stress of coal column on the side of the goaf could be divided into four zones (stress stabilization zone, stress slow-increasing zone, significant—increasing stress zone, stress reduction zone) along the strike of 8107 working face. There was a peak of lateral support pressure along the trend of 8107 working face. And the peak position was biased to the side of return airway roadway. With the increase of the distance from the down-side of return airway, the pressure peak of the inner coal body along the strike of 8107 the working face increased and the peak position decreased from the coal wall. The peak stress of coal column tended to be close to the up-side of return airway. And the distance from the down-side of return airway for the peak of inner coal was larger than that for the peak of coal pillar. The peak position of abutment pressure of hard roof was in the range of 10–25 m in front of 8107 working face under full mechanized mining extra thickness coal seam conditions. The relative stress concentration coefficient of k was 1.3–6.5. The range of 10–25 m from the front of the working face to coal wall was stress reduction zone. And the influence range of abutment pressure was about 80 m. It was of great significance to the control and practice of the surrounding rock of the stope for the mining of the hard extra-thick coal seam.     

Pressure-Relief Mining of the Working Face Under the Coal Pillar in the Close Distance Coal Seams

Intensive strata behaviors are generated when the No. 8707 working face of the 8# coal seam in a coal mine is advanced by way of the pillars left over of the upper part of 7# close distance coal seam. The theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and filed measurement were utilized to obtain the rule of the stress change when the 8707 working face of the 8# coal seam passes the pillars left over of the 7# coal seam. Meanwhile, a pressure-relief mining (PRM) technology was put forward. According to the research results, when the 8707 working face in the 8# coal seam was advanced to the position that was 20 m in front of the pillar left over, the abutment pressure reached the maximum for 26 MPa and the stress concentration factor was 3.25, which was likely to give rise to the rock burst. With the advance of the working face, the abutment pressure was reduced slowly. As the 8707 working face advanced 15 m away the pillar left over, the transfixed shear failure region of 45° was found in the bedrocks of the upper and lower coal seams, which was readily to give rise to the shear rupture, leading to the rock burst. Based on the aforementioned research, this research carried out the PRM by applying the hydraulic fracturing technology on the coal roof and pillar, which can ensure the safety and efficient mining of working faces.     

断裂结构面对回采工作面矿压及顶板稳定性的影响

通过对现场观测和数值模拟分析,系统研究了断裂结构面对回采工作面矿压分布和顶板稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,回采工作面顶板断裂结构面有3种典型组合类型,即“正三角形”结构、“川字形”结构和“倒三角形”结构。在工作面开采过程中,“正三角形”结构顶板稳定性差;“倒三角形”结构顶板稳定性好;而“川字形”结构顶板能形成结构平衡且稳定。由于断层使介质不连续,导致初始应力场挠动,局部产生附加应力,在断层带附近形成低压力区和高应力集中区带,比较明显的影响范围距断层面大约10~30 m。当工作面推进到高应力集中区带时,工作面前方煤(岩)体中支承压力明显增大,支承压力峰值位置向前方煤岩体中转移,易于发生冒顶事故和其他矿井动力地质现象;当工作面推进到低应力区带时,压力峰值降低,顶板稳定性差。      

断层对顶板稳定性影响相似模拟试验研究

通过相似模拟试验方法分析了不同倾向高角度正断层, 在采动影响下顶板岩体变形破坏和矿压分布规律。结果表明, 在采动影响下断层“活化”,断层带及其影响范围内的岩体破碎, 表现为周期断裂步距小, 冒落带高, 尤其是断层下盘, 顶板稳定性差; 当工作面开采到离断层面22.5~ 30 m时, 直到断层位置的前方煤体中支承压力增大, 煤体被压碎, 且随着距断层面距离的缩小, 支承压力的峰值位置向工作面前方转移; 通过断层后, 顶板岩体中支承压力减小, 比无断层存在的情况要低。      

Borehole stress monitoring analysis on advanced abutment pressure induced by Longwall Mining

The paper presented the research on the dynamic advanced abutment stress induced by longwall mining with borehole stress meters on mining side coal mass. Twenty vibrating wire borehole stress meters were installed into the extracting coal mass wall of a first mining roadway of 910 m depth in Zhuji Coal Mine, China, and were used to monitor dynamic changes in vertical and horizontal stresses. Three months of continuous monitoring and further analysis showed that the impacting distance of advanced abutment stress induced by mining in the strike of the working face along its central axis was the farthest, greater than 250 m (the face length is 220 m); it gradually decreased in the radial direction of the face from its central axis outward; the pressure peak was located within 24 m in the front of the mining coal wall; non-synchronous caving of the layered mudstone roof at the stope occurred. Comparison between vertical and horizontal stress increments indicated that the horizontal stress was much smaller than the vertical stress in the coal mass of mining side, while the latter’s magnitude determined the drastic degree of mine pressure manifestation. The study has been applied to determine the advanced support length of the working face and further provide a reliable basis to forecast such dynamic disasters as rock burst, coal and gas outburst, etc., as well as to design the asymmetric supports on both sides of a gateway.     

深部硬煤掘进工作面煤与瓦斯突出机制探讨

为深入探讨硬煤的煤与瓦斯突出机制,对深部硬煤掘进工作面煤与瓦斯突出的相关理论和模型试验进行研究。根据断裂力学、岩石力学及煤与瓦斯突出有关理论,提出深部开采过程中硬煤掘进工作面薄板理论假设,并将该理论应用于深部硬煤掘进工作面煤与瓦斯突出模拟试验研究。对硬煤掘进工作面薄板理论分析,认为工作面尺寸、煤的弹性模量、围岩侧压系数、瓦斯压力等因素对硬煤掘进工作面突出具有较大影响。试验结果表明,在围岩应力、煤的坚固性系数较大的情况下,硬煤突出临界条件主要受围岩应力、煤的弹性模量、围岩侧压系数及工作面尺寸等因素影响,而受瓦斯压力影响相对较小;在围岩应力、试样的坚固性系数较大且煤的弹性模量和侧压系数稳定不变的情况下,发生突出的临界轴向应力随模拟工作面尺寸增大而近似呈线性减小。试验结论基本符合本硬煤突出薄板模型理论公式,在一定程度上验证了硬煤掘进工作面煤薄板模型理论及硬煤掘进工作面突出机制假设。