声学多普勒流速剖面仪垂线平均流速计算模型研究及应用

以湖南省桃江水文站为研究对象,提出声学多普勒流速剖面仪（ADCP）垂线平均流速计算模型,通过对比分析表明ADCP施测的流速与转子速仪施测的垂线平均流速存在很好的一致性。因此该模型具有较好的适用性及推广应用价值,为水文缆道自动测流系统的建设提供技术支撑。     

基于微纳气泡示踪的拖曳法ADCP流速测试

声学多普勒剖面流速仪(ADCP)设备在水文领域保有量大、应用广,但如何对其进行量值溯源,确保现场测量数据准确可靠是用户非常关注的问题.分析ADCP的测试现状,阐述ADCP的6个测试参数,分析出流速测试是核心;利用微纳气泡作为示踪粒子,尝试解决静止水体无反射粒子的问题,为ADCP流速测试提供支撑;以TRDI的WHR600...     

ADCP声波流速流向剖面仪在海洋环境监测与评价中的应用

在简述ADCP声波流速流向剖面仪基本原理的基础上，结合几个典型的环境监测工程实例，简单地介绍了该技术在香港特别行政区海洋环境质量监测、海洋工程环境评价等方面的应用成果。工程应用的实际结果表明，采用ADCP技术能够获得良好的环境监测效果，阐明了这一技术在环境质量监测应用方面的重要性和有效性。     

H-ADCP流量在线监测指标流速法定线软件“定线通”介绍与应用

为适应H—ADCP应用于大江大河流量在线监测的需要，专门开发了指标流速法定线软件：“定线通”。“定线通”内置五种形式的回归方程（即断面平均流速与指标流速之间的函数关系）。只需输入实测流量、H—ADCP指标流速、水位、及大断面数据，“定线通”便可以对五种回归方程进行回归分析，即刻给出回归系数、定线评估参数和图形、及定线报告。“定线通”界面友好、使用方便。为应用H—ADCP进行流量在线监测提供了有效的定线工具。     

多普勒法测流技术简介

简述了多普勒法测量原理，介绍了声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)的测流原理、工作方法、性能以及实际应用情况。     

声学多普勒流速剖面仪应用浅析

对声学多普勒流速剖面仪在实际应用中进行了分析.通过在白山水库采用走航式及定点测流(垂向代表线法)两种方式,对白山水库测流断面进行了流量测验、流速分布及流向测量.声学多普勒流速剖面仪既适用于自由水面又适用于封冻期测量,最后对声学多普勒流速剖面仪进行了讨论.     

流速仪信号采集系统设计

介绍了流速仪检定系统的工作原理,分析流速仪信号特点和采集难点,针对流速仪信号受外界干扰信号波形复杂问题,设计信号采集硬件调理电路。针对流速仪信号周期多样性问题,对测频法和测周法进行误差分析和比较,确定在不同速度区间使用不同软件滤波的方法。通过硬件调理电路及软件滤波仿真验证,证明设计的可行性,可有效提高流速仪信号采集的精度,并在单片机平台上完成了硬件设计。     

黑龙江封冻期半深流速系数分析

根据黑龙江干流洛古河、上马广、卡伦山３个水语文站的资料,对封冻期半深流速系数进行了分析,不仅验证了《水文测验规范》（以下简称《规范》中规定的一射情况下半深汉速系数的取值范围,而且发现了情况下半深流速系数不再是一个常量,而是随时间变化的一个变量,并对其变化规律进行了探索,为北方河流封冻期在立封情况下确定半深系数提供了新的途径。     

HSLJ型流速仪计数器

ＨＳＬＪ型流速仪计数器张广海马登月王学金（黄委会山东水文水资源局）前言目前，我国使用的流速仪大都是旋桨或旋杯式流速仪，仪器内部装有机械接触丝，流速的大小由接触丝在单位时间内的接触次数反映出来。所以，准确测记接通次数是保证测速质量的关键。现行的流速仪计...     

雷达波流速仪流量测验水面流速系数分析

以具有不同河流特征的长冈水库水库、平江和孤江流域为例,进行了雷达波流速仪和LS1206B型流速仪水面流速的比测分析,并在比测试验的基础上,得出雷达波流速仪对水面流速的试验结果可以代表LS1206B型流速仪,同时用LS1206B型流速仪进行相对水深0.6 m测点流速的相关性分析,得出冈水库水库、平江和孤江流域水面流速系数分别为0.79、0.83和0.77,并根据试验所确定的水面流速系数进行平江流量的推求,进行所推求出的流量值和所构建的水位～流量关系曲线的查读流量值的误差计算,得到的50%、75%和95%累计频率下流量误差分别为2.7%、7.4%和9.2%,流量误差均值为0.6,该结果基本符合相关规范要求,也为雷达波流速仪在流域流量测验方面的推广应用提供了依据。     

Direct numerical simulation of bedload transport using a local, dynamic boundary condition

ABSTRACT Temporally and spatially averaged models of bedload transport are inadequate to describe the highly variable nature of particle motion at low transport stages. The primary sources of this variability are the resisting forces to downstream motion resulting from the geometrical relation (pocket friction angle) of a bed grain to the grains that it rests upon, variability of the near‐bed turbulent velocity field and the local modification of this velocity field by upstream, protruding grains. A model of bedload transport is presented that captures these sources of variability by directly integrating the equations of motion of each particle of a simulated mixed grain‐size sediment bed. Experimental data from the velocity field downstream and below the tops of upstream, protruding grains are presented. From these data, an empirical relation for the velocity modification resulting from upstream grains is provided to the bedload model. The temporal variability of near‐bed turbulence is provided by a measured near‐bed time series of velocity over a gravel bed. The distribution of pocket friction angles results as a consequence of directly calculating the initiation and cessation of motion of each particle as a result of the combination of fluid forcing and interaction with other particles. Calculations of bedload flux in a uniform boundary and simulated pocket friction angles agree favourably with previous studies.     

风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响——以太湖中两种典型沉水植物为例

为研究风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响,选取太湖中两种典型沉水植物(苦草与马来眼子菜)为研究对象,分别对苦草植物斑块与马来眼子菜植物斑块内外水体的瞬时流速进行野外现场测量,利用瞬时流速的能量谱分布将波浪流速与紊动流速分离,分别分析水生植物对时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能的影响。风浪影响下,水体中存在流向与测量时近水面处盛行风向一致的水流;波浪流速以垂向流速为主,且波浪流速自水面向床底逐渐减小;紊动能在水面处达到最大值,并向床底方向逐渐减小。与无植被条件相比,苦草与马来眼子菜的存在减小了时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能。两种植物形态上的差异,导致其对水流结构的影响不同:苦草叶片阻流面积在冠层中部达到最大,使得时均流速与波浪流速在苦草中部位置的减小程度最大;马来眼子菜叶片主要集中于冠层顶部(水面附近),其对时均流速以及波浪流速的减小作用在水面处达到最大。     

风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响——以太湖中两种典型沉水植物为例

为研究风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响，选取太湖中两种典型沉水植物（苦草与马来眼子菜）为研究对象，分别对苦草植物斑块与马来眼子菜植物斑块内外水体的瞬时流速进行野外现场测量，利用瞬时流速的能量谱分布将波浪流速与紊动流速分离，分别分析水生植物对时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能的影响。风浪影响下，水体中存在流向与测量时近水面处盛行风向一致的水流；波浪流速以垂向流速为主，且波浪流速自水面向床底逐渐减小；紊动能在水面处达到最大值，并向床底方向逐渐减小。与无植被条件相比，苦草与马来眼子菜的存在减小了时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能。两种植物形态上的差异，导致其对水流结构的影响不同：苦草叶片阻流面积在冠层中部达到最大，使得时均流速与波浪流速在苦草中部位置的减小程度最大；马来眼子菜叶片主要集中于冠层顶部（水面附近），其对时均流速以及波浪流速的减小作用在水面处达到最大。     

The orientation of helical flow in curved channels

The planform patterns of meandering submarine channels and subaerial fluvial bends show many similarities that have given rise to strong analogies concerning the fluid dynamics of these channel types. Existing models of helical motion in open‐channel bends depict flow that is characterized by surface flow towards the outer bank, and basal flow towards the inner bank. This paper investigates and compares, through an analytical model and physical experiment, flows within fluvial meanders, and submarine channel bends that contain density‐driven gravity currents. The results indicate that the sense of helical motion can be reversed in submarine bends that contain density currents when compared with fluvial bends, and that the orientation of the helical flow is dependent on the vertical distribution of downstream velocity. Specifically, the sense of helical motion is reversed in bends when the maximum downstream velocity is near the bed, resulting in near‐bed flow towards the outer bank. These findings suggest that the dynamics of sediment transport and deposition in curved channels with such velocity profiles will be fundamentally different to those currently assumed from sinuous open‐channels.     

一种底座式ADCP流量自动监测探头支撑装置的研制与应用

在流量自动监测系统中,底座式ADCP设备探头位于河底,维修极为不便。该研制装置采用304不锈钢支架配合滑轮、钢索、绞盘等手摇传动系统,将底座式ADCP设备探头从河底传送到水上岸边检修台,实现对设备探头的维护、检修、更换、安装、调试等操作,再通过该装置将底座式ADCP设备探头传送到河底原位,经十里长街等站实际应用,运行稳定可靠,运用极为方便;该装置防磁、防锈、防腐性能良好,为底座式ADCP探头提供一个很好的工作环境,且结构简单,运输方便,可作为中小河流永久流量自动监测站装置使用。     

床面附近泥沙运动的分析

基于水、沙两相的分相测量试验结果,分析了床面附近泥沙颗粒的脉动和力学特性,指出床面附近的泥沙运动有着特殊的力学机制:颗粒相具有较强的非湍流脉动,其产生的脉动应力对颗粒的运动起着重要作用。论述了沙粒在水流中从推移运动到扬起悬浮的物理过程,讨论了过去一些理论中存在的问题和不足,概括了泥沙颗粒在水流中从床面扬起的基本模式,运用两相流理论分析了沙粒在水流中扬起的动力学机理。根据颗粒运动的垂向动量平衡原理,对泥沙颗粒的垂向浓度分布规律作了新的分析解释。证实了除浓度梯度之外,颗粒相的垂向脉动强度梯度也是泥沙扩散的重要扩散势,进一步揭示了悬移质浓度垂线分布存在两种类型的内在机理。     

Mapping small-scale along-front structure using ADCP acoustic backscatter range-bin data

A quasi-three-dimensional view of a scallop-shaped river plume front is derived using acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) backscatter measurements recorded in individual range bins. The data show that the scallops consist of broad troughs of plume water separated by narrow cusps of ambient water and have an along-front wavelength of about 13 m. Having this view across such an inhomogeneous region is helpful in interpreting the corresponding ADCP velocity measurements, so that an examination of just those ADCP profiles made in the ambient water shows the expected strong sinking motion, which reaches about 25 cm s^?1 at 1–2-m depth.     

Flow, sediment transport and bedform dynamics over the transition from dunes to upper-stage plane beds: implications for the formation of planar laminae

Preliminary results are reported from an experimental study of the interaction between turbulence, sediment transport and bedform dynamics over the transition from dunes to upper stage plane beds. Over the transition, typical dunes changed to humpback dunes (mean velocity 0–8 ms^-1, depth 01 m, mean grain size 0.3 mm) to nominally plane beds with low relief bed waves up to a few mm high. All bedforms had a mean length of 0.7–0.8 m. Hot film anemometry and flow visualization clearly show that horizontal and vertical turbulent motions in dune troughs decrease progressively through the transition while horizontal turbulence intensities increase near the bed on dune backs through to a plane bed. Average bedload and suspended load concentrations increase progressively over the transition, and the near-bed transport rate immediately downstream of flow reattachment increases markedly relative to that near dune crests. This relative increase in sediment transport near reattachment appears to be due to suppression of upward directed turbulence by increased sediment concentration, such that velocity close to the bed can increase more quickly downstream of reattachment. Low-relief bedwaves on upper-stage plane beds are ubiquitous and give rise to laterally extensive, mm-thick planar laminae; however, within such laminae are laminae of more limited lateral extent and thickness, related to the turbulent bursting process over the downstream depositional surface of the bedwaves.     

Aerodynamic grain‐size distribution of blown sand

Aeolian sand entrainment, saltation and deposition are important and closely related near surface processes. Determining how grains are sorted by wind requires a detailed understanding of how aerodynamic sand transport processes vary within the saltating layer with height above the bed. Grain‐size distribution of sand throughout the saltation layer and, in particular, how the associated flux of different grain size changes with variation in wind velocity, remain unclear. In the present study, a blowdown wind tunnel with a 50 cm thick boundary layer was used to investigate saltating sand grains by analyzing the weight percentage and transport flux of different grain‐size fractions and the mean grain size at different wind velocities. It was found that mean grain size decreases with height above the sand bed before undergoing a reversal. The height of the reversal point ranges from 4 to 40 cm, and increases with wind velocity following a non‐linear relationship. The content of the finer fractions (very fine and fine sand) initially increases above the sand bed and then decreases slightly with height, whereas that of the coarser fractions (medium and coarse sand) exhibits the opposite trend. The content of coarser grains and the mean grain size of sand in the saltation layer increase with wind velocity, indicating erosional selectivity with respect to grains in multi‐sized sand beds; but this size selectivity decreases with increasing wind velocity. The vertical mass flux structure of fine sand and very fine sand does not obey a general exponential decay pattern under strong wind conditions; and the coarser the sand grain, the greater the decrease rate of their transport mass with height. The results of these experiments suggest that the grain‐size distribution of a saltating sand cloud is governed by both wind velocity and height within the near‐surface boundary layer.