浅层断层对场地地震动影响的有限元分析

应用动接触理论模拟断层的滑移问题,用有限元方法计算浅层断层对场地地震动的影响．计算结果表明,在地表断层出露的周围地区,断层下盘地表地震动放大效应较大,断层上盘地表地震动放大作用有明显的降低．这一结果说明,在有浅层断层的场地建设重大工程时需要考虑断层对地震动的影响．     

活动断裂地震变形与重大工程场地安全距离研究

在不考虑地表覆盖层的情况下，采用三维有限元方法计算了不同震级、不同断层活动方式以及不同断层倾角下断层上、下盘地表的地震位移及形变分布，通过设定的安全距离判定标准，研究了各种情况下工程场地距断层的安全距离。研究表明，活动断裂的安全距离应根据断裂性质、活动方式、活动强度、断裂上下盘等因素及工程设防要求共同确定。     

THE COSEISMIC VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS OF SURFACE RUPTURE ZONE OF THE 1556 HUAXIAN EARTHQUAKE

Coseismic displacement plays a role in earthquake surface rupture, which not only reflects the magnitude scale but also has effect on estimates of fault slip rate and earthquake recurrence intervals. A great historical earthquake occurred in Huaxian County on the 23^rd January 1556, however, there was lack of surface rupture records and precise coseismic vertical displacements. It's known that the 1556 Huaxian earthquake was caused by Huashan front fault and Weinan plateau front fault, which are large normal faults in the east part of the southern boundary faults in Weihe Basin controlling the development of the basin in Quaternary. Here, we made a study on three drilling sites in order to unveil the coseismic vertical displacements. It is for the first time to get the accurate coseismic vertical displacements, which is 6m at Lijiapo site of Huashan front fault, 7m at Caiguocun site, and 6m at Guadicun site of Weinan plateau front fault. These coseismic displacements measured based on same layers of drilling profiles both at footwall and hanging wall are different from the results measured by former geomorphological fault scarps. It's estimated that some scarps are related with the nature reformation and the human beings' activities, for example, fluviation or terracing field, instead of earthquake acticity, which leads to some misjudgment on earthquake displacements. Moreover, the vertical displacements from the measurement of geomorphological scarps alone do not always agree with the virtual ones. Hence, we assume that the inconsistency between the results from drilling profiles and geomorphological scarps in this case demonstrates that the fault scarp surface may have been demolished and rebuilt by erosion or human activities.     

不同倾角断层对场地动力放大效应的分析

一般认为断层有一定的隔震作用,但是也有不少震害表明断层附近的破坏反而比较严重。为探讨其中机理,采用有限元方法分别建立包含不同倾角无厚度断层的场地模型,并分析了在各种频率入射波的作用下该场地的动力反应。计算结果表明,断层对场地的动力反应有一定的放大作用,特别是当入射波的频率与场地的基频接近时,放大效应更为明显。计算结果还表明,断层的倾角对场地的动力反应也有影响,随着断层倾角的减小,断层出露点附近的动力放大效应增大。     

汶川8.0级地震地表变形局部化样式与建筑物破坏特征关系初步研究

以汶川地震地表形变带的实地测量数据为基础,结合沿实测地震地表变形剖面建筑物破坏情况的调查与测量,分析了不同地震地表变形类型及其建筑物破坏特征,定量化地讨论了地表变形梯度与建筑物破坏程度间的关系.提出无论地震地表变形表现为何种类型的断层陡坎,强变形均局部化在宽10~30 m的地表破裂带内;建筑物受损情况最直接的影响是建筑物所处地点的地表变形梯度,地表变形梯度大于0.1的地段,建筑物均完全被摧毁;地表变形梯度在0.07~0.1间的地段,建筑物遭受严重损坏,产生倾斜及强烈变形等;地表变形梯度在0.03~0.07间的地段,建筑物可能受到中度损坏,产生倾斜及变形等,具有抗震设防能力的建筑物一般不会倒塌;地表变形梯度小于0.03的地段具有抗震设防能力的构建筑物一般只会受到轻度损伤或基本完好.     

辽南核电站厂址区断层的评价问题

作者通过对核安全法规的学习和前人对辽南核电站厂址区断层的调查，并结合对断层实际踏勘，认为厂址区附近的东岗断层属于现行法规（ＨＡＦ０１０１）中规定的能动断层。但是，仅此一点并不能构成对推荐厂址的威胁，因为断层距厂址直线距离约４ｋｍ，断层的地表或近地表错动不会直接影响到核反应堆的安全。     

基于时间域半空间Green函数建立的边界积分方程及其在动态破裂模拟中的应用

研究地震断层的自发破裂传播可以为通过震源过程了解地球介质应力状态提供理论基础,有助于理解震源破裂的机理和规律,在震源动力学研究中具有重要的地位.边界积分方程方法是研究地震断层破裂传播问题的常用方法之一,在处理复杂断层系统方面具有优势.本文从半无限空间Green函数的时间域积分形式解出发,推导出离散化的边界积分方程积分核,并将其分别应用到平面断层和弯折断层两种断层模型的动力学破裂过程的模拟中.模拟结果表明,当破裂传播到自由表面处时,会产生反射震相,反射震相与直达震相的耦合效应会导致自由表面处的破裂传播速率明显加快,同时这种耦合效应也可以促进破裂在断层弯折部位的传播.对于断层有一定埋深的情况,自由表面对破裂过程的影响较小,因而自由表面的效应仅在断层直接与地表相交或者断层上沿距离地表很近时需要纳入考虑范围.本文将自由表面的影响加入到断层的自发破裂传播研究中,有助于更真实地了解复杂断层系统中的动力学破裂过程.

     

基于无人机倾斜航空摄影三维点云测量同震倾滑变形研究

2021年5月22日青海玛多发生M_S7.4地震,震源断层错动在地表形成了长达160 km的同震地表破裂。可靠的地震地表破裂带参数是研究震源断层活动机制和评价地震危险性的重要基础。采用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术可以获得高精度的点云数据并产出DOM和DEM数据。通过跨破裂带的地形测量,获取了玛多M_S7.4地震同震地表变形的垂直位移、水平缩短量和水平拉张量等参数。测量结果显示,玛多M_S7.4地震发震断层在不同破裂段具有不同性质和大小的倾滑分量,其中具有压扭性质的野马滩观测点断层垂直位移为0.69～1.01 m,倾向水平缩短量为0.17～0.41 m,倾滑位移为0.71～1.09 m;具有张扭性质的朗玛加合日段断层垂直位移为0.34～0.54 m,倾向水平拉张量为1.99～2.08 m。     

三维竖向断层场地对地面运动的影响

实际工程场地中的断层通常具有三维尺寸,应进行三维分析。本文考虑均匀弹性半空间内存在不同长度、深度的三维断层,由下向上垂直入射一个脉冲波,主要采用三维时域显式有限元结合透射人工边界的方法及相应编写的三维显示有限元波动程序DSI3,计算断层附近地震地面运动的时程反应,研究含有三维断层场地地面运动的一些特点,并与自由场反应对比,以说明三维竖向断层对地震波传播的特点和对断层附近地面运动的影响。     

1833年云南嵩明8级大地震地表破裂带的考查研究

根据实地考查研究，１８３３年嵩明８级大地震的地表破裂带，全长约１３０公里，破裂带贯通了小江西支断裂的６条次级断裂的及５个断裂阶部，地震的地表破裂中心在南冲，陆良山一带。     

1999年台湾集集地震近断层竖向与水平反应谱比值的研究

选取了1999年9月21日台湾集集7.6级地震主震中68组断层距在20km以内的近断层台站记录和46组断层距在40~70km的东部台站记录,按台站的上下盘位置、场地条件和断层距分组,对其竖向和水平加速度反应谱比值V/H进行了统计分析。研究表明:1)断层的滑动方向和断层破裂的传播方向对断层距在3km以内的台站上的地面运动谱比值V/H有一定影响,且主要体现在中短周期范围内,例如平行断层方向的谱比值要比垂直断层方向的谱比值大。在下盘断层距3~20km的范围内,场地条件对V/H基本没有影响。2)在集集地震中长周期(>3s)部分的谱比值通常>32,且有一个较高的峰值,表明其竖向运动加速度中的长周期分量大于其它地震。3)对于下盘的台站,地面运动在短周期(<0.2s)段的谱比值不随断层距的增加而减少。与中远(>40km)距离的台站相比较,近断层台站的V/H在工程界关心的周期范围内普遍较大。4)场地条件对谱比值V/H的影响在近断层处不显著。在远离断层的东部台站上,硬土场地谱比值V/H在长周期段大于软土场地     

Evidence for ground-rupturing earthquakes on the Northern Wadi Araba fault at the archaeological site of Qasr Tilah, Dead Sea Transform fault system, Jordan

The archaeological site of Qasr Tilah, in the Wadi Araba, Jordan is located on the northern Wadi Araba fault segment of the Dead Sea Transform. The site contains a Roman-period fort, a late Byzantine–Early Umayyad birkeh (water reservoir) and aqueduct, and agricultural fields. The birkeh and aqueduct are left-laterally offset by coseismic slip across the northern Wadi Araba fault. Using paleoseismic and archaeological evidence collected from a trench excavated across the fault zone, we identified evidence for four ground-rupturing earthquakes. Radiocarbon dating from key stratigraphic horizons and relative dating using potsherds constrains the dates of the four earthquakes from the sixth to the nineteenth centuries. Individual earthquakes were dated to the seventh, ninth and eleventh centuries. The fault strand that slipped during the most recent event (MRE) extends to just below the modern ground surface and juxtaposes alluvial-fan sediments that lack in datable material with the modern ground surface, thus preventing us from dating the MRE except to constrain the event to post-eleventh century. These data suggest that the historical earthquakes of 634 or 659/660, 873, 1068, and 1546 probably ruptured this fault segment.     

最强脉冲方向分量的周期特性及其影响因素分析

以NGA-West2强震数据库中的243组脉冲型地震记录为数据基础,按照我国场地分类标准对其进行分类,探讨场地条件、断层类型及断层距等对最强脉冲方向分量脉冲周期(T_P)随震级(M_W)变化规律的影响。结果表明:(1)最强脉冲方向分量与垂直断层走向分量的T_P具有强线性相关性,场地条件对二者周期相关性的影响不大;(2)场地土层的剪切波速越大,T_P随M_W增大的速率越快;(3)Ⅲ类场地的T_P值大于Ⅰ,Ⅱ类场地;(4)最强脉冲方向分量T_P随M_W的增大速率要快于垂直或平行断层走向分量;(5)在Ⅰ,Ⅱ类场地条件下,非走滑断层的T_P随M_W的增大速率快于走滑断层,这一规律在Ⅲ类场地条件下正好相反;(6)3类场地非近断层区域的T_P随M_W的增大速率快于近断层区域。建议在使用脉冲周期与震级关系的统计模型时应考虑场地条件、断层类型、断层距及不同国家场地分类标准差异性的影响。     

LATE QUATERNARY TECTONIC DEFORMATION AROUND THE HUJIATAI ANTICLINE ALONG THE EAST SEGMENT OF THE FODONGMIAO-HONGYAZI FAULT,NORTHERN QILIAN SHAN: AN INSIGHT ON THE SEISMOGENIC PATTERN OF 1609 HONGYAZI M7 1/4 EARTHQUAKE

The Fodongmiao-Hongyazi Fault (FHF)is one of the most active faults of the northern Qilian thrust fault zone. The 1609 Hongyazi M7 1/4 earthquake occurred on the east segment of the FHF, an area with a complex geometry at the Mayinghe River site. The seismogenic pattern of this earthquake revealed by complex surface ruptures remains unclear. In this paper, we focus on active tectonic deformation around the Hujiatai anticline (HA)in the Mayinghe River site. Combining with topographic survey via dGPS across deformed terraces and alluvial fans, a field survey of the geological section across the HA, the characteristics of the active fold and several sub-faults were constrained. Meanwhile, combined with the seismic reflection profiles passing through the anticline, the correspondence relationship between surface expressions of this tectonic and the deep structure was discussed. According to our research, the HA is a result of northward propagation of the range-front thrust fault F₁. At the same time, a thrust fault F₂ with dextral strike-slip motion and a thrust fault F₄ were formed on the east side and north side of the HA, respectively. These two active faults accommodated local deformation. Trench results and ¹⁴C dating reveal that the 1609 Hongyazi M7 1/4 earthquake ruptured the T₁ terrace in the Huangcaoba site. Combined with previous field investigations and literature about the 1609 Hongyazi earthquake, we suggest that this earthquake occurred on the range-front fault F₁, and the depth of the hypocenter may be about 8~22km.     

Parallel PSM/FDM Hybrid Simulation of Ground Motions from the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan, Earthquake

-- A new technique for the parallel computing of 3-D seismic wave propagation simulation is developed by hybridizing the Fourier pseudospectral method (PSM) and the finite-difference method (FDM). This PSM/FDM hybrid offers a good speed-up rate using a large number of processors. To show the feasibility of the hybrid, a numerical 3-D simulation of strong ground motion was conducted for the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake (M_w 7.6). Comparisons between the simulation results and observed waveforms from a dense strong ground motion network in Taiwan clearly demonstrate that the variation of the subsurface structure and the complex fault slip distribution greatly affect the damage during the Chi-Chi earthquake. The directivity effect of the fault rupture produced large S-wave pulses along the direction of the rupture propagation. Slips in the shallow part of the fault generate significant surface waves in Coastal Plain along the western coast. A large velocity gradient in the upper crust can propagate seismic waves to longer distances with minimum attenuation. The S waves and surface waves were finally amplified further by the site effect of low-velocity sediments in basins, and caused the significant disasters.     

无破碎带断层场地对SH波的散射

在层状半空间精确动力刚度矩阵和斜线荷载动力格林函数的基础上建立间接边界元方法,在频域内求解无破碎带断层场地对入射平面SH波的散射。为方便求解,将总波场分解为自由波场和散射波场,自由波场由直接刚度法求得,断层两侧的散射波场通过在断层面上分别对两侧施加均布斜线荷载产生的动力响应来模拟,虚拟荷载的密度可通过引入断层表面的边界条件确定,最后叠加自由波场和散射波场求得总波场。以有落差断层和无落差断层模型为例进行数值计算,分析断层落差、断层倾角以及断层两侧介质的刚度比对散射效应的影响。研究表明,断层落差与波长相当时,断层对SH波的放大作用最大;地表位移幅值随着断层倾角的增大逐渐增大;若断层无落差且其两侧刚度不同时,一般刚度较小一侧地表位移幅值较大且振荡更为剧烈,波从刚度较小一侧入射时位移幅值放大尤为显著。     

考虑场地类别和断层距的地震动及结构响应参数相关性分析

为了研究场地条件和断层距对地震动参数及其与结构响应参数相关性的影响,本文基于NGA数据库中5 266条水平分量地震动记录,采用皮尔森相关系数,分析了不同场地条件和断层距下地震动参数之间的相关性及其与结构响应参数的关系。结果表明,场地条件和断层距对绝大部分地震动参数相关性会产生明显影响,但存在一些参数的相关性几乎不受场地条件和断层距的影响;以四层钢筋混凝土框架结构为例,发现在不同场地条件和断层距下,结构响应参数与地震动参数的相关性变化明显,这表明在研究结构响应与地震动参数相关性时需要考虑场地条件与断层距的影响。     

P波入射下断层参数对地表地震动的影响

基于应用透射人工边界条件的显式有限元法计算断层破碎带宽度及力学参数变化、地震动入射角变化时二维断层场地模型P波入射下地表地震动场的分布。结果表明:(1)低速度破碎带的存在导致整个场地都有P波转换为SV波的分量,且在断层破碎带的区域出现断层陷波;(2)低速度破碎带的存在使输入场地恒定的能量向破碎带集聚放大,随着破碎带宽度增大或其介质波速降低集聚放大效应增大;(3)场地放大效应是频率相关的,宽度较宽或介质波速较低的断层破碎带对输入地震动中较低的频率成份放大显著;(4)竖向断层破碎带能阻隔斜入射地震P波,随着入射角增加隔震效应更显著。     

Building over faults: A procedure for evaluating risk

This paper examines the risk from fault offset to a building constructed over the surface trace of a fault. An expression relating the magnitude of surface offset to its return period is derived using classical seismic hazard analysis. The risk from fault offset is compared with that due to ground shaking by comparing offsets and MM intensities with equal likelihoods of occurrence. The comparison of risks is useful since it enables risk from fault movement to be related to levels of community acceptance as expressed in building codes for design against ground shaking effects. Relative risk is independent of fault activity rate, but does depend on regional constants, principally those describing the attenuation of MM intensities. For a site over an isolated fault in the Wellington, New Zealand region the risk of damage from fault rupture appears to be about equal to that from ground shaking for buildings with poor earthquake resistance (e.g. unreinforced masonry structures). But for structures designed to have some resistance to ground shaking, the risk due to fault rupture is considerably greater than that due to ground shaking.     

地震映像勘探在工程场地地震安全性评价近场区工作中的应用

在第四系覆盖区工程场地地震安全性评价近场工作中,活动断层的探测是一项重要工作,在目标层埋深几十米的情况下,地震映像勘探是进行断层探测的有效物探手段,结合唐山北郊热电2×300MW机组建设场地、沽源电厂建设场地的地震安全性评价中的应用实例,表明该方法进行断层探测具有明显的效果。