浅基岩场地条件下地下结构抗震分析简化方法计算精度研究

为研究浅基岩场地条件下地下结构抗震分析简化方法计算精度,采用反应加速度法和反应谱法计算2层3跨和2层2跨矩形地铁车站结构在均质场地和浅基岩场地条件下的地震响应,将动力时程分析法结果作为参考解,对比分析反应加速度法和反应谱法在不同场地条件下的计算精度。研究结果表明,在均质场地条件下,反应加速度法最大误差约18%,反应谱法最大误差约9%;在浅基岩场地条件下,反应加速度法最大误差约33%,反应谱法最大误差约16%;反应谱法和反应加速度法在浅基岩场地条件下的计算精度均小于均质场地条件,且反应谱法计算精度受场地条件的影响较小。     

地震动特性对隔震结构弹塑性位移反应谱的影响研究

根据特定震源机制、震级、断层距和场地条件选取69条地震动记录并进行分组,利用Nspectra软件计算隔震结构的弹塑性位移反应谱,分析断层距、场地条件、震级、阻尼比对弹塑性位移谱的影响,探讨隔震层的力学参数对地震能量耗散的影响。研究结果表明:相较于远场,处于近场的隔震结构最为不利,隔震层位移谱值受场地条件、地震加速度和速度大小影响较大;随着断层距的增大,位移谱值衰减较快,且在软土场地中隔震层的位移谱值衰减幅度大于硬土场地;地震震级大小对位移谱形状的影响不明显,但能够使隔震层的位移谱值产生整体缩放效应;阻尼比在小于0.4的范围内,隔震层在不同地震动特性作用下位移谱值差别较大,但在大于0.4以后,位移谱值及谱形基本趋于一致;屈服力较小(恢复力/重力小于等于1)的隔震层随自振周期增大其耗能性能更加突出。     

液化土层对地表位移谱的影响

通过现场地震记录分析和理论计算,研究了液化土层对地表位移谱的影响规律,提出了液化位移增量谱和液化修正位移谱.对比了美国Superstition Hills地震和日本阪神地震中液化场地加速度时程和位移时程,分析了液化和非液化场地位移谱区别.采用改进的一维有效应力分析方法,计算了在不同强度和波型地震波输入下厚度和埋深不同的液化砂层对地表位移谱的影响.结果表明:液化对地表位移和位移谱有显著放大作用,位移谱在1s左右开始增大,加震最显著频段为1～5s,谱位移增加0.1～0.7m,烈度8度时平均加震增幅0.1～0.25m,9度时平均增幅0.4～0.7m.     

地震动峰值位移和峰值速度对地下结构地震反应的影响

针对3类不同的典型场地条件下的单层双跨地铁车站结构,采用土-地下结构整体动力时程分析方法,分析了地震动水平输入时峰值位移和峰值速度差异对地下结构地震反应的影响。结果表明,地震动峰值速度差异对地下结构地震反应的影响,在硬土场地条件下较大,中硬场地条件下次之,软土场地条件下最小;地震动峰值位移差异对不同场地条件下的地下结构的地震反应无明显影响。     

北京地区中硬场地对地震动加速度反应谱的放大效应研究

当前,合理确定地震动峰值加速度与反应谱特征周期是工程场地地震动参数确定工作的主要内容。本文以北京地区典型中硬场地为研究对象,分析场地条件对不同周期地震动反应谱值的影响。首先,计算不同震级、震中距条件下的基岩地震动加速度反应谱,合成基岩输入地震动时程;再利用110个工程场地的钻孔资料进行土层地震反应计算,分析中硬场地条件对不同输入环境下的地震动加速度反应谱值的放大效应。结果表明,中硬场地对高、中频震动放大效应明显,尤其是对0.2-0.5s周期段地震动加速度反应谱值的放大倍数大多在1.3以上;场地覆盖层厚度变化对不同频段地震动加速度反应谱值的放大倍数所产生的影响是不同的,与场地自振周期的相关性很强;在不同的地震动输入环境下,中硬场地对不同频段地震动加速度反应谱的影响是不同的,这一结论对实际的抗震设防工作具有一定参考价值。     

考虑场地类别与设计分组的延性需求谱和弹塑性位移反应谱

非线性反应谱是基于性能的抗震设计理论中亟待解决的基础性课题之一。本文将四种场地类别上的641条地震记录,按我国现行抗震规范设计分组的要求分为12组,对大量具有不同屈服强度系数的单自由度体系作了弹塑性时程分析。研究了结构强度水平、周期、场地类别以及设计分组等因素对延性需求的影响。结果表明,在给定屈服强度水平下结构的延性需求强烈地依赖于场地条件、设计分组等因素。对于短周期结构,延性需求随场地土变软而增大,同类场地随设计分组特征周期增大而增大。通过非线性回归分析,建立了与场地类别、设计分组相对应的延性需求谱μ-ξy-T的计算公式。在此公式的基础上,结合现阶段抗震设计规范构建了弹塑性位移反应谱,可用于结构弹塑性位移需求的简化计算,同时讨论了弹塑性位移反应谱的基本特点。     

汶川地震不同场地反应谱平台值统计分析

加速度反应谱平台值表征地震动的强度特性,场地条件是影响反应谱平台值的一个重要因素.本文选取6组同一地区断层距相近而场地条件不同的强震记录,对其标准化的加速度反应谱形状及平台值进行分析;并以汶川地震中173个有详细地勘场地上的强震记录为基础,统计分析了不同场地类别和断层距区间内的加速度反应谱平台值.本文研究结果显示,场地条件对加速度反应谱平台值有较大影响,随着场地变软,加速度反应谱平台值增大.本文定义了场地影响系数,计算并给出了不同地面峰值加速度对应的场地影响系数.     

液化土层对地表加速度反应谱的影响

采用一种改进的有效应力方法研究土层液化对地表加速度反应谱的影响，分析中考虑了砂层的厚度、埋深和输入地震波的幅值和波型等因素。分析结果表明，土层液化使地表加速度反应谱的特征周期至少延长0．1秒以上，使原Ⅱ类场地变为Ⅲ类场地，高烈度时易变成Ⅳ类场地，反应谱中周期0．8秒-1．0秒是液化砂层加震或减震的一个分界点，液化对反应谱短周期分量具有一定的减震作用，而对长周期分量有非常显著的放大作用。     

反应谱特征参数的提取及其变化规律研究

以误差最小原则，用自动搜索的方式对强地震反应谱提取特征参数，并分析了这些参数与震级和距离的关系，结果表明，在不同场地条件下，反应谱的特征周期和谱平台高度随震级的增大而增大；同时，随着距离的增大，特征周期增大，谱平台高度降低，下降段衰减系数平均值为1.5左右。     

含软弱夹层场地中地下结构抗震分析的反应位移法误差分析

反应位移法是《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》(GB 50909—2014)和《地下结构抗震设计标准》(GB/T51336—2018)在均质场地或简单成层场地中推荐使用的地下结构抗震简化分析方法,对于软弱夹层场地中其适用性有待商榷。本文基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,构造了一般成层场地和含软弱夹层场地,采用土-地下结构整体动力时程分析方法获得了不同工况下地下结构的地震反应。以此为基准,评价分析了反应位移法在含软弱夹层场地中的适用性。结果表明：较一般成层场地而言,含软弱夹层场地中反应位移法所得出的结构反应与动力时程分析方法相比误差更大,在含软弱夹层场地中反应位移法适用性显著降低;从地基弹簧、土层剪力和结构惯性力三方面分析了误差产生的原因,给出了含软弱夹层场地中可使用整体式反应位移法提高计算精度的建议。     

关于能力谱方法收敛性的讨论

给出了ATC-40迭代求解方法A收敛性的一个数学解释。分析了ATC-40迭代求解方法A和改进的能力谱方法在迭代上的差异,并从数学上证明了改进的能力谱方法有收敛的结果。     

能力谱方法在梁桥抗震性能评估中的比较研究

本文在阐述了能力谱方法的基本原理和实施步骤的基础上,比较了五种不同的改进能力谱方法在计算原理和实施步骤上的差异,并对它们的特点进行了剖析。然后,用这五种能力谱方法分别对9个中短周期的梁桥纵桥向的简化模型进行6条地震波下目标位移的估计,并以非线性时程分析结果为标准,比较了这五种方法的计算精度。结果显示,前三个短周期体系方法的误差离散性比较大,周期大于0．65s后的误差基本稳定在±30％以内,使用非弹性反应谱的方法计算结果误差在±30％以内的个数多于对应使用弹性反应谱的方法,此外,精度较好的两条波,对应反应谱加速度峰值较小,且附近加速度变化较平缓。     

An improved capacity spectrum method for ATC‐40

In order to account for the non‐linear behavior of structures via non‐linear static procedure, the capacity spectrum method has been adopted by ATC‐40 for evaluation and retrofit of reinforced concrete buildings. For elastic‐perfectly‐plastic SDOF systems, the accuracy of the capacity spectrum method depends only on the acceleration response spectrum chosen to form the demand spectrum and the adopted model for calculating the equivalent viscous damping ratios. According to this method, the pseudo‐acceleration response spectrum (PS_a) is used to create the demand diagram. It is found that the ATC‐40 procedure, using its Type A hysteretic model, may be inaccurate especially for systems with damping ratios greater than 10% and periods longer than 0.15sec. In order to improve the accuracy of the capacity spectrum method, this study proposes to use the real absolute acceleration response spectrum (S0._a) instead of the PS_a to establish the demand diagram. The step‐by‐step procedure of the improved method and examples are implemented in this paper to illustrate the calculations of earthquake‐induced deformations. In addition, three selected models of equivalent viscous damping are also compared in this paper to assess the accuracy of the model used in the ATC‐40 procedure. Results show that the WJE damping model may be used by the capacity spectrum method to reasonably predict the inelastic displacements when the ductility demand (μ) of the structures is less than 4, whereas the damping model proposed by Kowalsky can be implemented when μ>4.0. Alternatively, the damping model proposed by Kowalsky may be used to calculate the equivalent viscous damping for the entire range of ductility. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of displacement coefficient method and capacity spectrum method with experimental results of RC columns

For the performance‐based seismic design of buildings, both the displacement coefficient method used by FEMA‐273 and the capacity spectrum method adopted by ATC‐40 are non‐linear static procedures. The pushover curves of structures need to be established during processing of these two methods. They are applied to evaluation and rehabilitation of existing structures. This paper is concerned with experimental studies on the accuracy of both methods. Through carrying out the pseudo‐dynamic tests, cyclic loading tests and pushover tests on three reinforced concrete (RC) columns, the maximum inelastic deformation demands (target displacements) determined by the coefficient method of FEMA‐273 and the capacity spectrum method of ATC‐40 are compared. In addition, a modified capacity spectrum method which is based on the use of inelastic design response spectra is also included in this study. It is shown from the test specimens that the coefficient method overestimates the peak test displacements with an average error of +28% while the capacity spectrum method underestimates them with an average error of ‐20%. If the Kowalsky hysteretic damping model is used in the capacity spectrum method instead of the original damping model, the average errors become ‐11% by ignoring the effect of stiffness degrading and ‐1.2% by slightly including the effect of stiffness degrading. Furthermore, if the Newmark–Hall inelastic design spectrum is implemented in the capacity spectrum method instead of the elastic design spectrum, the average error decreases to ‐6.6% which undervalues, but is close to, the experimental results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土结构抗震能力评估的简化能力谱方法

本文通过对现有能力谱法的研究,在吸收前人研究成果的基础上,探讨了一种简化的能力谱方法。该方法不是根据需求谱与能力谱有无交点(性能点)为评估依据,而是以能力谱为根据求出不同延性状态下既有建筑物相应的抗震能力,并与需求谱相应的谱加速度比较,判断结构的抗震能力是否满足要求。该方法不需要复杂的迭代计算来求结构的性能点,计算过程简单;同时,可以考虑既有建筑物的老化及损伤。最后,本文应用自行编制的计算程序,通过一个工程实例说明了该方法的应用及其特点。     

基于抗震承载力和改进能力谱法的钢筋混凝土结构耐久性设计

钢筋混凝土结构是一种广泛使用的结构形式,其耐久性设计是一个十分迫切需要解决的问题。在一般大气环境下,混凝土碳化和钢筋锈蚀是钢筋混凝土结构耐久性的重要影响因素,在其作用下结构的抗震承载力发生变化,因此可将结构抗震承载力因素引入结构的耐久性设计中。采用改进能力谱法,以罕遇地震下薄弱层的弹塑性层间位移作为结构承载力指标,研究了一般大气环境下钢筋锈蚀因素对钢筋混凝土结构抗震耐久性的影响,提出了基于抗震承载力和改进的能力谱法的钢筋混凝土结构耐久性设计方法。通过一个五层钢筋混凝土结构的算例说明了验算结构抗震性能耐久行的必要性。     

Capacity spectrum method based on inelastic demand spectra

By means of a graphical procedure, the capacity spectrum method compares the capacity of a structure with the demands of earthquake ground motion on it. In the present version of the method, highly damped elastic spectra have been used to determine seismic demand. A more straightforward approach for the determination of seismic demand is based on the use of the inelastic strength and displacement spectra which can be obtained directly by time-history analyses of inelastic SDOF systems, or indirectly from elastic spectra. The advantages of the two approaches (i.e. the visual representation of the capacity spectrum method and the superior physical basis of inelastic demand spectra) can be combined. In this paper, the idea of using inelastic demand spectra within the capacity spectrum method has been elaborated and is presented in an easy to use format. The approach represents the so-called N2 method formulated in the format of the capacity spectrum method. By reversing the procedure, a direct displacement-based design can be performed. The application of the modified capacity spectrum method is illustrated by means of two examples. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DISCUSSION ON THE SPECTRA SHAPE OF SEISMIC MARGIN EARTHQUAKE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN CHINA

Fukushima nuclear accident caused widespread concern of earthquake initiated severe accident. Under this background, China nuclear utilities carried out research and application of seismic margin assessment(SMA)approach to evaluate the seismic margin of the existing nuclear power plants(NPP)by different spectra shape of seismic margin earthquake(SME). By reviewing the method used to determine SME of operational NPP in central and eastern United States(CEUS), this paper analyzed the seismic hazard characteristic of China NPP sites, contrasted the design basis ground motion between NPP in CEUS and China, and suggested giving priority to evaluating the seismic margin of operational NPP that adopted the improved second generation technology for the urgency and importance of assessment on the actual seismic capacity of NPP. Comparing RG1.60 spectrum to normalized site-specific SL-2 level acceleration spectra, we found that some normalized spectra overtook the RG1.60's in high frequency range, so it is not always adequate to scale RG1.60 spectrum to evaluate the seismic margin for sites of the improved second generation NPP. We selected a sample site whose site-specific SL-2 level ground motion is close to the standard design of improved second generation NPP(0.2g scaled RG1.60 spectrum)to determine the seismic margin earthquake by probabilistic seismic hazard analysis method of the sample site. Compared to the given PGA(0.3g)scaled scenario earthquake ground motions and the uniform hazard response spectrum(UHRS), whose PGA is 0.3g to PGA(0.3g)scaled standard spectra(median NUREG/CR0098 spectrum and RG1.60 spectrum), the results demonstrated that uniform hazard response spectrum and scaled scenario earthquake ground motions are both significantly higher than the PGA scaled median NUREG/CR0098 spectrum, and all the three spectra are enveloped by PGA scaled RG1.60 spectrum. Then, this paper suggests adopting the uniform hazard response spectrum or scenario earthquake ground motions to evaluate the seismic margin of improved second generation NPP beyond site SL-2 ground motion; and to evaluate the seismic margin of improved second generation NPP beyond standard design, we recommend to use PGA scaled RG1.60 spectrum.     

钢筋混凝土结构基于改进能力谱法的地震损伤性能设计

本文基于国内外非线性静力分析方法,阐述了最近由Ｃｈｏｐｒａ和Ｇｏｅｌ提供的改进能力谱法的基本概念和实施步骤;其次,结合文献「１８」中提出的钢筋沸凝土结构地震损伤“三水准”性能目标和改进能力谱法,提出了基于能力谱法的结构地震损伤性能简化设计及验算方法;最后,通过设计例题说明了本文方法的可行性,并将计算结果与时程分析进行了比较,显示了此法的有效性。     

A mathematical basis for the convergence of the capacity spectrum method

The capacity spectrum method is adopted by the ATC‐40 document for evaluating the inelastic deformation demands of reinforced concrete structures. Several studies have shown that the iterative procedure needed in the method may not give convergent outcomes in some cases. This paper focuses on the convergence of the capacity spectrum method in the constant velocity region of the response spectrum. The results obtained from the examples discussed in this study show that the convergent characteristics of this method depend on the elastic period, the hysteretic damping model, the yield displacement and the ductility ratio of the system analyzed. The capacity spectrum method can converge only for the case that the absolute value of the first derivative of the government equation derived from the demand and capacity diagrams of structures is smaller than 1.0. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.