我国东南沿海午后短时降水极端峰值强度与湿度和地表气温的关联

利用中国东南沿海地区55个站点的逐时降水、日平均地面温湿场、低空气温露点差及OISST海表温度资料,对午后短时降水的极端峰值强度与湿度和地表气温的关联进行分析。结果表明,东南沿海地区午后短时降水极端峰值强度随气温的变化趋势存在明显变化,日最高气温低于29℃时,峰值强度随气温升高而上升;日最高气温高于29℃时,峰值强度随气温升高而下降。分析水汽条件作用发现,峰值强度在高温条件下随气温的升高而下降的现象与相对湿度变化有关,日最高气温较高时,相对湿度随气温的升高而大幅减小。初步分析可知,当陆地达到较高温度并进一步增温时,附近海域海表温度变化不大,使得洋面水汽含量增加较少。在陆地水汽主要来自于海洋的情况下,伴随陆地的进一步升温,地表相对湿度将减小。     

春季格陵兰海冰与夏季中国气温和降水的关系

采有英国Hadley中心的GISST海冰面积资料，NCFP／NCAR再分析资料以及中国160站气温和降水资料，分析了春季格陵兰海冰面积与夏季中国区域气温和降水的关系。初步研究表明，春季格陵兰海冰面积变化和随后夏季我国黄河长江中下游之间地区气温以及8月份华北和西南地区降水呈明显正相关，而和6月黄河中上游地区降水则具有明显的负相关。同时，春季格陵兰海冰异常时期对应着北半球大气环流的明显主为化，表明海冰与我国气温及降水之间的联系具有一定的环流背景。     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TROPICAL PACIFIC SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND SUMMER RAINFALL OVER NORTHWEST CHINA

In this paper,the data of summer precipitation in Northwest China were expanded by means of EOF.According tomajor eigenvectors in expansion the area of Northwest China was divided into four natural rainfall regions.Amongthem the region of greatest precipitation variability is found over the East Qinghai-North Shaanxi region,includingEast Qinghai,Central and East Gansu,Ningxia and North Shaanxi.There is apparent teleconnection between the firstand second time-dependent coefficients in EOF expansion and the tropical Pacific SST in the corresponding period andearlier months.The variation of the east tropical Pacific SST in winter and spring is able to predict precipitation trend ofNorthwest China next summer.Moreover,in the El Nino years precipitation trend is opposite to the following year,andthe region from East Qinghai to North Shaanxi is most sensitive.     

奇异值分解及其在北美陆地气温与我国降水遥相关中的应用

从矩阵理论的奇异值分解（ＳＶＤ）定理出发，详细地论述了有关数学原理及计算方法，作为ＳＶＤ的一个应用，计算了北美陆地气温场与我国夏季降水场的奇异值解，并对分离出的主相关区的可靠性及预报蕴示进行了讨论，结果表明：北美陆地气温与我国夏季降不存在明显的线性相关，尤其是冬季、陆地气温场以降江中下游及西北地区夏季降不有很好的指示意义     

RESPONSES OF SUMMER RAINFALL OVER CHINA TO ANOMALIES OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC

The temporal and spatial responses of summer(June—August)rainfall (SR) over China to anomalies of sum-mer sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific is investigated by using regression analysis and prin-cipal component analysis in this paper.The results show that the responses of SR over China to SST anomalyin the eastern North Pacific in middle latitudes are more sensitive than the others.The strong response areasof SR to SST are generally located in the Changjiang River valley,west:rn North of China,and South China.The spatial pattern of responses of SR to SST manifests in the spatial pattern of the first principal componentnamely,the domain shape with negative-positive-negative anomalies along south-north direction,thus the signof anomalies in the Changjiang River valley is contrary to that of its North or South.     

华南地区未来地面温度和降水变化的情景分析

利用英国Hadley气候预测和研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS,模拟分析基于政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)2000年发布的<排放情景特别报告>(SRES)中设计的B2情景下华南区域2071～2100年的温度和降水量的可能变化,结果显示:2071～2100年均地面温度相对于气候基准时段(1961～1990年)上升约2～4 ℃;华南区域未来夏季降水量在22°N以北区域较气候基准时段增加,而以南区域减少;冬季降水则表现为华南区域较气候基准时段减少.2071～2100年华南区域的温度气候趋势系数为正值,年均降水气候趋势系数为负值.2071～2100年的高温事件和强降水事件的发生频率均比气候基准时段明显增加.     

EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND ITS DIURNAL VARIATION ON DIURNAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL: A PARTITIONING ANALYSIS BASED ON SURFACE RAINFALL BUDGET

The effects of sea surface temperature(SST) and its diurnal variation on diurnal variation of rainfall are examined in this study by analyzing a series of equilibrium cloud-resolving model experiments which are imposed with zero large-scale vertical velocity.The grid rainfall simulation data are categorized into eight rainfall types based on rainfall processes including water vapor convergence/divergence,local atmospheric drying/moistening,and hydrometeor loss/convergence or gain/divergence.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the increase in SST from 27°C to 29°C during the nighttime,whereas they are decreased during the daytime.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased as the SST increases from 29°C to 31°C but the decreases are larger during the nighttime than during the daytime.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are decreased by the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST with diurnal difference of 1°C during the nighttime,but the decreases are significantly slowed down as the diurnal difference of SST increases from 1°C to 2°C.The rainfall contributions of the rainfall types with water vapor convergence are insensitive to the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST during the daytime.     

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE RECORDED IN LAHORE AND MIANWALI OVER THE PAST THREE DECADES

Surface air temperatures recorded over the past three decades at the weather stations located in Lahore (anindustrialized and densely populated city) and Mianwali (a small and sparsely populated city) were analyzed in order tostudy their climatic trend.Lahore,where meteorological data are recorded at two weather stations (city station and air-port station) indicates a cooling trend,of about 0.5℃ per record period of 1953—1992,for the airport station (31°31′N,74°24′E) and a slight warming trend,of about 0.2℃,for the city station (31°33′N,74°20′E) for the record period of 1950—1992.The Mianwali weather station (32°33′N,71°31′E) also shows a slight cooling trend,of about 0.4℃ per recordperiod of 1959—1992.The climatic variability at these stations was studied by computing seasonal and annual tempera-ture anomalies.The results are explained in terms of the local environmental conditions.     

低纬高原城市冬季南北朝向室内温湿特征的初步分析

通过对低纬城市－昆明冬季室内、外气温观测资料的分析，探讨了不同天气下南北朝室内的气温、湿度特征。得出昆明地区冬季各种天气状况下室内最低气温和日均气温的增温效应均十分显著，与庭院相比，南向室内的增温幅度为7．7－10．0℃和4．6－5．8℃；北向室内为4．6－7．0℃和1．3－4．4℃；最高气温南向室内高于室外，而北向室内一般低于室外。另外，建筑物不但可维持较高的室同温度，而且减缓了室内气温的变化幅度，不论南向室内还是北向室内，气温日较差均小于室外，变幅仅为室外的40％－48％（南向）和20％－30％（北向），且最高气温出现时间比室外约迟2小时，显示了建筑物内温度变化的惰性。研究还得出南向室内相对湿度均小于北向，南北差异以晴天最大，阴天最小。室内相对湿度的日变化特征为夜间湿度大，变化小，昼间湿度小，变化大。以上结果可为低纬城市气候的深入研究，建筑的合理设计提供科学基础。     

印度洋春、夏季海温对西藏高原夏季降水的影响

利用NCEP提供的1950—1997年全球月平均海表面温度场资料，首先通过EOF分解得到不同季节印度洋海温场空间分布特征，并在此基础上使用合成分析、相关分析和SVD分解等多种方法讨论了印度洋前期和同期海温异常与西藏高原夏季降水变化的关系。寻找出影响高原夏季降水的关键海区，目的为高原夏季早涝预测提供参考依据。     

全球地表(海表)前期温度与中国及华中地区夏季降水的关联

用SVD方法分析了1月全球地表(海表)温度与中国及华中区域夏季降水场的关系,分析结果表明:1月热带地区地表(海表)温度与夏季长江中游降水关系最好,呈正相关。与新疆西北部、青海东北部、长江上游有弱的正相关,与山东大部分地区、浙江沿海地区有弱的负相关。前期热带海洋海表温度偏高,可能预示长江中游夏季降水偏多,反之亦然。由于分析的范围为全球的陆面和海面,因而其关联范围较已有成果有很大的扩展,不仅仅为热带西太平洋、印度洋和南海,而是整个热带地区,包括热带的海洋和陆地。预报信号也提前了4个月,可为预测长江中游夏季降水提供更长时效的参考和依据。     

COMPARISONS OF CIRCULATION ANOMALIES BETWEEN THE DAILY PRECIPITATION EXTREME AND NON-EXTREME EVENTS IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF YANGTZE RIVER IN BOREAL SUMMER

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and in situ meteorological observations of daily precipitation in boreal summer from 1979 to 2008, the features of circulation anomalies have been investigated using the composite analysis for the extreme events and non-extreme events of regional mean daily rainfall(RMDR) occurring over the midand lower- Yangtze valley(MLYV). The extreme RMDR(ERMDR) events are the events at and above the percentile99 in the rearranged time-series of the RMDR with ascending order of rainfall amount. The non-extreme RMDR events are those at the percentiles 90-85 and 80-75 separately. Our results suggest that the threshold value is 25 mm/day for the ERMDR at percentile 99. Precipitation at all the percentiles is found to occur more frequently in the Meiyu rainfall season in MLYV, and the ERMDR events have occurred with higher frequency since the 1990 s. For the percentiles-associated events, the MLYV is under the control of an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the mid- and lower- troposphere with vastly different anomalous circulation at higher levels. However, at both low and high levels, the ERMDR events-related anomalous circulation is stronger compared to that linked to the non-ERMDR events. The dominant sources of water vapor differ between the ERMDR and non-ERMDR events. During the ERMDR events plentiful water vapor is transported from the Bay of Bengal into the MLYV directly by divergence while there is distinctly increased water vapor from the South China Sea(SCS) in non-RMERMDR episodes. The diabatic heating rates < Q1>, < Q2> and< Q1>- < Q2> have their anomalous patterns and are consistent with each other for these percentiles but their strength decreases markedly with the drop of rainfall intensity. For the precipitation at percentiles 99 and 90-85, the sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in the Pacific distribute positively(negatively) in the south(north), and are stronger when the ERMDR emerges, with little or no SSTA as the events at percentile 80-75 occur. Besides, these results suggest that the genesis of the ERMDR event is directly related to intense local circulation anomalies and the circulation anomalies over the Pacific and SCS in tropical to mid-latitudes, and probably linked with the Pacific SSTA closely while the non-ERMDR events are mainly associated with the anomalous circulation on a local basis. The findings here help understand and predict the happening of ERMDR events over the MLYV.     

冬季北极海冰与中国同期气温的关系

采用Hadley中心的海冰密集度资料和中国160站气温资料,对冬季北极海冰变化的主要模态进行了分析,定义了5个关键海区,重点讨论了冬季北极海冰异常与中国冬季气温的关系.结果表明,冬季北极海冰变化主要表现为第一模态,即太平洋、大西洋的海冰反位相分布.海冰变化的关键区域为区域Ⅰ巴伦支海、区域Ⅱ格陵兰海、区域Ⅲ戴维斯海峡、区...     

冬季北极海冰与中国同期气温的关系

采用Hadley中心的海冰密集度资料和中国160站气温资料,对冬季北极海冰变化的主要模态进行了分析,定义了5个关键海区,重点讨论了冬季北极海冰异常与中国冬季气温的关系。结果表明,冬季北极海冰变化主要表现为第一模态,即太平洋、大西洋的海冰反位相分布。海冰变化的关键区域为区域Ⅰ巴伦支海、区域Ⅱ格陵兰海、区域Ⅲ戴维斯海峡、区域Ⅳ白令海以及区域Ⅴ鄂霍次克海。中国冬季平均气温、冬季最低气温、冬季最高气温均与北极关键海区的海冰异常有显著相关,但是与其对应的海区有所不同。     

全球地面气温变化特征与我国黑龙江省冬夏冷暖异常的关系

利用ＮＮＣＥＮＰ／ＮＣＡＲ１９７９年１月至１９９５年１２月的全球候平均地面气温再分析资料和同期黑龙江省３２个站各候平均地面气温,研究了８０年代来全球地面气温的变化特征及其与我国黑龙江省地区冬夏冷暖异常的关系。８０年代以来全球气温明显升高,赤道、两极及北半球的高纬地区、南半球的低纬地区变化较大,且先于其它地区出现。与黑龙江省地区温度相关在的地区有亚欧大陆中西部、印度洋、赤道东太平洋、北美西北部及北太     

中国西北春季降水与太平洋海温相关特征的研究

应用奇异值分解对中国西北3-5月的降水资料与太平洋海温进行了相关分析。结果表明：北太平洋与中国西北春季降水有较好的相关,在太平洋海温3-5月呈El Nino峰值位相时,除青海高原外,中国西北地区降水偏水;而当12-2月的海温呈El Nino成熟位相型时,次年西北地区3-5月的降水偏多;而当北太平洋海温12-2月呈La Nina型时,次年青海高原区3-5月的降水偏少。太平洋海温的西风漂流区、黑潮区、加利福尼亚海流区和北赤道海流区的海温的变化与中国西北地区3-5月的降水之间有明显的相关关系。其中黑潮区12-2月的海温与新疆北部的降水呈反相变化,即当黑潮区的海温低时,西北地区的新疆北部降水偏多。中国西北地区3-5月的降水对太平洋温变化的响应区主要的新疆北部、青海高原及其东北侧、沙漠盆地、河西西部等地。     

热带气旋对1975-2018年暖季中国极端降水气候态、变化趋势及其与温度关系的影响研究

全球变暖背景下我国极端小时降水和极端日降水(EXHP、EXDP)气候态及变化趋势的区域差异明显,其中热带气旋(TC)的影响尚不明确。利用1975─2018年暖季台站小时降水(P)和热带气旋最佳路径等资料,采用百分位法定义极端小时降水与极端日降水,并将总降水(All)客观分为热带气旋降水与非热带气旋(nonTC)降水,分析热带气旋对中国东部All-P、All-EXHP、All-EXDP的气候态和变化趋势以及极端小时降水随温度变化的影响。主要结论如下：(1) TC-P、TC-EXDP、TC-EXHP占其对应总降水之比均从东南和华南沿海向西北内陆递减,区域平均而言,TC-P占All-P之比与TC-EXHP占All-EXHP之比均约为11%,而TC-EXDP占AllEXDP之比为15.8%;(2)热带气旋和非热带气旋降水变化趋势的空间分布差别较大,热带气旋对长江流域东部总降水增多的贡献高达49%,并一定程度上改变了降水趋势的空间分布;(3) TC-EXHP强度与温度的关系在约21℃发生改变,且截然不同于nonTC-EXHP,华南、东南沿海TC-EXHP强度随温度的变化率明显低于nonTCEXH...     

昆明城市庭院气温垂直分布特征及不同下垫面对其影响的研究

以低纬度高原城市昆明市为对象,利用城市庭院内1月（冬季）和7月（夏季）不同高度气温实测资料和不同下垫面（球场、草地和屋顶）气温的实测资料,分析了城市庭院气温垂直分布特征及不同下垫面对其的影响。得出：城市庭院气温垂直分布在不同时间（季节、昼夜）具有不同特征;在后半夜和下午,庭院气温垂直变化程度大于时间变化;而上午和前半夜时间变化程度大于垂直变化;在冬季屋顶面对屋顶高度附近的庭院气温具有较强的加热作用,使得庭院气温在屋顶高度附近形成逆温,导致垂直分布曲线发生改变;混凝土结构的下垫面,对庭院近地层大气具有加热作用,而草地则具有冷却作用,其效应在冬季明显。     

淮河流域冬春季土壤温湿度异常对夏季降水的影响及其应用的研究

夏季降水异常与前期环流、下垫面异常有密切的关系 ,文中重点研究了淮河流域前期下垫土壤温、湿度异常对夏季降水的影响。提出了一种动力与统计相结合寻找影响降水的因子的方法 ,通过将大气中的热量、水汽收支方程与一个简化的两层土壤温度、湿度方程相结合 ,并依据月尺度大气环流的演变特征 ,推导出月降水距平与 5 0 0hPa月平均高度距平场、土壤深浅两层温、湿度的关系 ;并利用台站观测资料 ,使用统计反演方法确定方程中各项的系数和量级 ,从而找出影响降水的主要土壤温、湿度因子 ;利用统计方法建立这些因子与淮河流域夏季降水异常之间的简单线性预报方程 ,并对 1982～ 2 0 0 0年淮河流域夏季降水趋势进行回报 ,结果表明 :对淮河流域夏季降水趋势的预测有很好的效果 ,且更加明确了土壤温、湿度因子与降水异常之间的动力学联系。     

印度洋-太平洋各季海温年际变异模的相关性及其与我国夏季降水的关系

用1958～1998年NCEP再分析资料、Reynolds海温及中国160站月降水资料分析了印度洋．太平洋不同季节海温年际变异的主要空间分布特征以及它们之间的相互联系,探讨了夏季亚澳季风区海温异常型与我国夏季降水的关系。结果表明：冬季印度洋一太平洋海温年际变化的第一模态与随后春季的第一模态、夏秋季亚澳季风区的海温异常型（第二模态）有非常显著的相关关系,即如果冬季海温异常为E1 Nino（La Nina）型,则其后的春季也为E1 Nino（La Nina）型,而随后的夏、秋季在亚澳季风区的热带海温有暖（冷）异常。夏季亚澳季风区海温异常与我国长江中游至江南的夏季降水有显著的正相关,即夏季亚澳季风区热带海温暖（冷）异常对应长江中游及江南的夏季降水偏多（少）。与东亚冬季风异常有关的冬季北太平洋海温异常型,可以通过与夏季亚澳季风区海温的异常有显著相关性进而影响到东亚夏季风。