基于直射线近似的一步法基准面校正方法研究

地形基准面校正算子（Topographic Datuming Operator,以下简称TDO）是一种基于直射线近似得到的基准面延拓算子.TDO可以视为是两步法波动方程基准面校正与常规静校正之间的一种过渡算法,该方法的最大特点在于它可以基于共炮点道集将炮点和检波点同时延拓到给定的水平基准面,因此相对于常规的两步法叠前波动方程基准面校正,TDO方法可以认为是一种更为高效的一步法基准面延拓方法.本文基于理论与实际数据论证了上述观点.     

快速Fourier变换波动方程基准面校正方法研究

当地表起伏剧烈、近地表速度横向变化较大时,基于地表一致性假设的常规静校正方法存在着较大误差.波动方程基准面静校正方法能很好地解决起伏地表和复杂近地表结构问题,但计算量巨大,特别是三维波动方程基准面校正,适应横向任意速度变化、计算精度较高的有限差分或其混合的方法波动方程基准面校正涉及海量的计算和存储操作.为了提高波动方程基准面校正的计算效率,本文研究一类只用快速Fourier变换(FFT)实施波动方程基准面校正的方法,采用相移(PS)、分裂步(SSF)和一阶退化(DP1)三种具有相同算法结构、但不同计算效率、适应不同地表复杂程度的Fourier变换延拓算子.PS和SSF算子只适应于速度横向变化较弱的起伏地表;DP1通过在两个分裂步之间作波数域线性插值来实现波场延拓,将常规的SSF算法推广适应强速度横向变化介质和大角度传播波场.本文着重比较了基于这三种延拓算子的逐层延拓累加波动方程基准面校正方法对地表起伏和近地表速度横向变化的适应能力和计算效率,给出了一个相对定量的评估,以便针对不同的地表复杂程度合理选择合适的FFT波动方程基准面校正方法,既满足了精度又提高了计算效率.     

基于波场延拓的变换坐标转换波静校正

常规的转换波静校正的基本思想都是从地震波的运动学特征出发,基于地表一致性假设.在地表条件复杂和地表高程相差较大的地区,它不仅无法解决严重的静校正问题,反而会带来新的畸变.本文基于频率波数域波动方程偏移原理,采用波场延拓方法实现转换波静校正,其关键点在于时间空间域和频率波数域的相对应.文中通过坐标变换将起伏地表转化为新坐标系下的水平地表,把炮点和检波点映射到同一水平面上,然后在新坐标系下推导频率域波动方程延拓公式,接着对下行波P和上行转换波SV分别利用近地表速度向上延拓到基准面,恢复起伏地表到基准面之间的真实波场,最后转换到原始坐标系取出基准面数据完成转换波静校正.通过对模拟和实际数据处理,证明该方法是正确和有效的.     

川东北复杂山地三维静校正应用及实例分析

川东北复杂山地由于地表高程变化大、风化层厚度不均匀、低降速带速度横向变化大、高速层底界不稳定等因素,得到的地震资料具有严重的静校正问题,因此,如何解决山地静校正问题是后续地震资料处理的关键之一,本文首先分析高程静校正、折射静校正、层析静校正的基本原理和适用条件,结合实际复杂山地三维地震资料的特点,进行试验对比,提出了进行山地静校正的基本思路,即：首先进行高程静校正,这样可以利用高程静校正更容易拾取初至时间,然后利用折射静校正结合微测井等资料建立近地表速度-深度模型,以此速度-深度模型作为层析静校正的初始模型进行迭代处理,最后得到最终的近地表速度-深度模型和静校正值.根据以上处理流程,我们建立了适合于川东北山地三维复杂地表地震资料的静校处理正方法,并在实际生产过程中取得了良好的效果.     

维波场延拓复杂表层模型校正方法及应用

如何正确地消除复杂地表对地震波场的影响，提高地下构造成像的质量一直是中国西部复杂地区地震勘探中存在的难题.本文在三维复杂表层速度模型层析反演\[1\]的基础上，研究了关于复杂地表的静校正问题，提出用三维波动方程在炮集上对地震波场进行正、反向延拓，消除复杂地表对波场的影响，实现三维复杂表层模型校正.理论和实际应用证明，该方法已超越常规静校正的含义，属时变校正方法.用本方法处理复杂地表问题，不但能消除表层对不同深度反射波产生的不同时差影响，提高叠加剖面质量，而且能使校正后的地震波场保持波动特征不发生畸变，可为建立正确的深层速度模型和波动方程叠前深度偏移奠定良好的基础.     

位场数据曲化平的迭代法

位场数据曲化平是位场数据处理解释中的重要运算,但是它的计算量和计算的复杂性影响了它在许多处理和解释方法技术中的应用.本文提出一种位场数据曲化平的迭代方法,即通过把位场数据曲化平视为平面位场数据向上延拓的反问题,得到曲化平的线性积分方程,再把曲面上位场数据视为曲面平均高程面上的位场数据,利用向下延拓的波数域广义逆算法把平均高程面上的位场数据向下延拓到设定平面上,再根据曲面和其平均高程面的相对起伏对设定平面上的向下延拓数据进行起伏校正,最后再把所得平面上的位场数据向上延拓得到曲面上的位场数据,并进行迭代.把这种方法用于三维理论模型数据和实际磁场数据的曲化平处理均获得了理想的结果.     

波动方程基准面延拓研究进展

复杂的地表采集条件是地震偏移成像必须面对的问题．地形高程起伏变化较大,以及近地表低速层速度的横向变化,是导致反射地震数据非双曲时差特征的主要原因,严重影响了后续速度估计和偏移成像的精度．对于复杂地表条件,基于地表一致性的时移法静校正很难满足高精度资料处理的要求．波动方程基准面延拓方法不受地表一致性限制,很好地保持了波传播的动力学特征,而且在改善成像质量方面效果显著,应用广泛．本文探讨了消除地表因素影响的基准面延拓方法,对一些意义比较突出的方法进行了详细介绍．     

起伏地表静校正浮动基准面选取方法研究

本文分析了静校正中不同浮动基准面的特点及确定方法。通过理论模型试验对平滑地表、平均静校正量与最小静校正误差等浮动基准面的静校正效果进行比较,验证了在最小静校正误差基准面上得到的叠加速度仅取决于低速带底界下伏地层的速度,而与地形起伏、低速带结构无关,得到的叠加剖面具有较好的同相叠加效果。另外为了更加符合实际资料处理情况,本文中采用波动方程模拟数据进行理论模型试验,并由此给出了一种新的基于波形的目标函数计算方法。同时修改了最小静校正误差计算公式,使其适用于起伏底界非均匀速度模型的实际资料静校正处理。最后部分对实际资料的处理进一步证明了该方法的优越性。     

Walk-away VSP和3D-VSP自适应静校正方法研究

目前Walk-away VSP和3D-VSP处理中尚缺乏有效的静校正手段,主要是借用面地震静校正量.本文根据Walk-away VSP和3D-VSP观测系统和数据特点提出了自适应静校正的思路.主要包括自适应高程静校正和自适应剩余静校正,自适应高程静校正的要点是通过VSP初至时间和激发点高程差,求出替换速度,然后根据高程...     

垂直井眼中三维阵列感应测井资料自适应井眼校正

三维感应测井受井眼环境影响很大,如何消除这些不利影响是有效获取各向异性地层电导率真值并提高资料处理和解释质量的一项重要工作.本文以一维柱状各向异性地层模型为基础,通过最小平方反演技术从实际测量资料中快速反演井径、偏心距、泥浆电导率、地层水平电导率和各向异性系数等模型参数,设法减小井眼环境对测量结果的影响.首先,利用仪器偏心情况下不同旋转角电导率张量的关系方程,建立旋转角提取与校正方法,获取无旋转角三维感应测井数据.在此基础上,根据事先计算好的井眼校正库并结合多维非线性有限元逼近技术,建立快速计算三维感应测井响应以及Jacobi导数矩阵的插值公式,并利用自适应正则化迭代反演技术不断修改模型参数,实现理论合成资料与输入资料的最佳拟合.最后,通过反演出的模型参数计算三维感应测井资料所有分量的校正量,实现三维感应资料的井眼校正.理论模型和实际资料的处理结果均证实,在低阻井眼泥浆情况下,一维柱状模型中的反演方法仍然可以提取出较可靠的地层水平和垂直电导率,且井眼环境校正对于受井眼环境影响相对较小的测井曲线具有非常好的校正效果.     

Two-step interface and velocity inversion—— Study o e of the Tangshan seismic region

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3D Hybrid Ray-FD and DWN-FD Seismic Modeling for Simple Models Containing Complex Local Structures

Hybrid approaches find broad applications wherever all-in-one modelling of source, path, and site effects is too expensive. Our new 3D hybrid approach allows to compute the seismic wavefield in elastic isotropic models containing a complex local structure embedded in a large, but considerably simpler, regional structure. The hybrid modelling is realized in two successive steps.In the 1^st step, the ray or discrete wave number (DWN) method is used to compute the seismic wavefield due to the source and simple regional structure. The complex local structure is not present. Thus, the excitation contains the source and regional path effects. The time history of this wavefield (excitation), recorded at the points of so called excitation box, is stored on a disk. The excitation box envelopes a small portion of a computational domain.The 2^nd step of the hybrid method, now containing the complex local structure, is computed by finite differences (FD) inside the excitation box and its close vicinity. The excitation from the 1^st step is now used to inject the 1^st step wavefield into the 2^nd step computation. After that, the hybrid combination of the 1^st and 2^nd steps contains the source, regional path, and local structure effects at reasonably lower computational costs than in case of all-in-one modelling.The 3D ray-FD method is tested on models in which the locally complex structure is the well-known Volvi lake basin, embedded in various 1D structures. The wavefield is excited by the point source situated outside the basin. Although the structure outside the excitation box may be less dimensional (2D, 1D, homogeneous), the whole problem is actually 3D due to the 3D features of the structure inside the excitation box, 3D shape of the excitation box, and arbitrary source — excitation-box configuration. Simple (1D) structures outside the excitation box allow for comparison with the alternative hybrid DWN-FD results. However the ray method is suitable for computation of 3D regional structures outside the excitation box. The results from both approaches show a very good agreement for realistic crustal and local structural models.     

三维土-结构动力相互作用体系分析的两步时域显式波动有限元过程

为减少直接分析三维大尺度复杂土-结构动力相互作用问题的计算量,提高计算效率,本文直接从波动方程出发,提出了较常规子结构法更简单的两步简化计算过程,即第一步简化上部复杂结构体系为集中质量杆系模型,并求基础处等效输入,第二步通过等效输入求上部结构各位置的动力反应.其中第一步计算主要采用集中质量显式有限单元法结合局部透射人工...     

陆态网络GNSS基准站阶跃偏移量的精确估计

通过对发生阶跃的GNSS基准站坐标序列谱指数的求解,表明了其具有有色噪声的特性,并对三分量分别建立了最优噪声模型,以此对GNSS基准站坐标的阶跃偏移量进行了精确估计,探明了地震和仪器更换对测站产生的精细影响。同时利用求解的阶跃偏移量对坐标序列进行修正,对获取连续性变化的测站坐标序列和获取精确的测站三维运动参数具有重要意义。     

大地电磁法三维快速松弛反演

实现大地电磁法快速三维反演的关键在于找到快速计算灵敏度矩阵的方案. 本文在对大地电磁三维张量阻抗表达式进行深入分析的基础上，获得了三维快速松弛反演算法的灵敏度函数表达式，解决了三维快速松弛反演的核心问题；为了减小反演解的多解性，针对三维问题定义了最小构造函数，实现了求最小构造的三维快速松弛反演算法. 对二维棱柱体、三维棱柱体理论模型的大地电磁合成数据进行了反演试算，反演结果与理论模型相吻合. 对日本Kayabe地区实测资料进行了XY模式反演，反演得到的地电模型较好地反映了地热资源的分布. 反演试算结果表明大地电磁三维快速松弛反演具有计算速度快、结果稳定可靠等特点；使三维快速松弛反演在普通微机上得以实现.     

地震计阻尼和自振频率的频域测定

利用地震观测系统中的阶跃标定响应记录 ,在频域基于阶跃信号的幅频特性确定地震计的阻尼常数和自振周期。介绍了该方法的原理 ,采用非线性最小二乘拟合方法和具体的实际应用     

Efficient ensemble forecasting of marine ecology with clustered 1D models and statistical lateral exchange: application to the Red Sea

Forecasting the state of large marine ecosystems is important for many economic and public health applications. However, advanced three-dimensional (3D) ecosystem models, such as the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM), are computationally expensive, especially when implemented within an ensemble data assimilation system requiring several parallel integrations. As an alternative to 3D ecological forecasting systems, we propose to implement a set of regional one-dimensional (1D) water-column ecological models that run at a fraction of the computational cost. The 1D model domains are determined using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based clustering method and satellite chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) data. Regionally averaged Chl-a data is assimilated into the 1D models using the singular evolutive interpolated Kalman (SEIK) filter. To laterally exchange information between subregions and improve the forecasting skills, we introduce a new correction step to the assimilation scheme, in which we assimilate a statistical forecast of future Chl-a observations based on information from neighbouring regions. We apply this approach to the Red Sea and show that the assimilative 1D ecological models can forecast surface Chl-a concentration with high accuracy. The statistical assimilation step further improves the forecasting skill by as much as 50%. This general approach of clustering large marine areas and running several interacting 1D ecological models is very flexible. It allows many combinations of clustering, filtering and regression technics to be used and can be applied to build efficient forecasting systems in other large marine ecosystems.     

Exploring image data assimilation in the prospect of high-resolution satellite oceanic observations

Satellite sensors increasingly provide high-resolution (HR) observations of the ocean. They supply observations of sea surface height (SSH) and of tracers of the dynamics such as sea surface salinity (SSS) and sea surface temperature (SST). In particular, the Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission will provide measurements of the surface ocean topography at very high-resolution (HR) delivering unprecedented information on the meso-scale and submeso-scale dynamics. This study investigates the feasibility to use these measurements to reconstruct meso-scale features simulated by numerical models, in particular on the vertical dimension. A methodology to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) multivariate meso-scale scenes is developed by using a HR numerical model of the Solomon Sea region. An inverse problem is defined in the framework of a twin experiment where synthetic observations are used. A true state is chosen among the 3D multivariate states which is considered as a reference state. In order to correct a first guess of this true state, a two-step analysis is carried out. A probability distribution of the first guess is defined and updated at each step of the analysis: (i) the first step applies the analysis scheme of a reduced-order Kalman filter to update the first guess probability distribution using SSH observation; (ii) the second step minimizes a cost function using observations of HR image structure and a new probability distribution is estimated. The analysis is extended to the vertical dimension using 3D multivariate empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and the probabilistic approach allows the update of the probability distribution through the two-step analysis. Experiments show that the proposed technique succeeds in correcting a multivariate state using meso-scale and submeso-scale information contained in HR SSH and image structure observations. It also demonstrates how the surface information can be used to reconstruct the ocean state below the surface.     

Half-tapering strategy for conditional simulation with large datasets

Gaussian conditional realizations are routinely used for risk assessment and planning in a variety of Earth sciences applications. Assuming a Gaussian random field, conditional realizations can be obtained by first creating unconditional realizations that are then post-conditioned by kriging. Many efficient algorithms are available for the first step, so the bottleneck resides in the second step. Instead of doing the conditional simulations with the desired covariance (F approach) or with a tapered covariance (T approach), we propose to use the taper covariance only in the conditioning step (half-taper or HT approach). This enables to speed up the computations and to reduce memory requirements for the conditioning step but also to keep the right short scale variations in the realizations. A criterion based on mean square error of the simulation is derived to help anticipate the similarity of HT to F. Moreover, an index is used to predict the sparsity of the kriging matrix for the conditioning step. Some guides for the choice of the taper function are discussed. The distributions of a series of 1D, 2D and 3D scalar response functions are compared for F, T and HT approaches. The distributions obtained indicate a much better similarity to F with HT than with T.     

Treatment of conflicting dips in the 3D common-reflection-surface stack

The 3D common-reflection-surface stack is a tool to simulate zero-offset sections from the prestack data. In conventional implementations conflicting dip situations, i.e., the contribution of more than one stacking operator per output location, are not taken into account. This leads to stacked sections with fragmentary events and to incomplete sets of stacking parameters. Subsequent applications based on the results of the common-reflection-surface stack and its attributes will show deteriorated quality.
In this paper, I present a modified workflow for the handling of the conflicting dip problem in context of the 3D common-reflection-surface stack. The strategy utilizes the path-summation technique to obtain an improved input for the conflicting dip search in the zero-offset domain. The actual detection is done by means of an adapted peak detection algorithm. For each detected event consistent sets of attributes are obtained by a newly introduced search step.
Two 3D real data applications show the applicability of the proposed technique. The strategy proves to resolve most of the conflicting dip situations even for poor signal-to-noise ratio. With only moderate additional computational cost the presented method provides superior results compared to the conventional 3D common-reflection-surface stack.