惠民凹陷沙四段烃源岩地球化学特征

利用GC—MS分析惠民凹陷沙四段烃源岩样品,整体研究烃源岩地球化学特征。研究表明,临南洼陷和阳信洼陷沙四上亚段暗色泥岩有机碳含量高,总体上属于中等一好烃源岩。临南洼陷沙四上亚段烃源岩以Ⅱ型混合型有机质为主,次为Ⅲ型有机质;阳信洼陷烃源岩以Ⅰ型腐泥型为主,次为Ⅱ型混合型有机质。惠民凹陷烃源岩中检测到的三萜烷类主要包括C27-C35藿烷和莫烷型三萜类系列、少量的伽马蜡烷和微弱含量的重排甾烷。惠民凹陷泥岩中孕甾烷系列丰度相对低,烃源岩甾烷成熟度值C29ααS／S＋R大于0．4,达到成熟阶段。滋镇洼陷和临南洼陷暗色泥岩沉积环境为淡水还原环境。阳信洼陷沙四段暗色泥岩沉积环境含盐度高,伽马蜡烷指数可达0．8。临南洼陷和阳信洼陷沙四段暗色泥岩具有低等水生生物和陆源高等植物双重输入贡献。惠民凹陷沙四段总体暗色泥岩含有高菲芳烃系列化合物,阳信洼陷三芴系列中硫芴占优势。     

渤海海域辽西凸起锦州A构造原油地球化学特征及油源分析

通过对辽西凸起锦州A构造沙河街组二段原油的地球化学分析,研究了原油的物性、成熟度和生物标志化合物特征。通过对比辽西凹陷和辽中凹陷已发现典型油气田的原油地球化学特征,结合区域地质背景分析了锦州A构造的油源。研究结果表明,锦州A构造西盘为低蜡、低硫凝析原油,而东盘为高蜡、低硫轻质原油。原油饱和烃色谱完整,显示未遭受明显生物降解。油源母质为混合型,沙河街组二段原油陆源有机质输入较少。原油形成于弱还原—还原条件下的微咸水或咸水沉积环境。根据锦州A构造原油的生物标志物特征,利用聚类分析方法划分为2类原油:Ⅰ类原油表现为高伽马蜡烷指数、低—中等四甲基甾烷指数、低藿烷/甾烷、高C_(27)/C_(29)甾烷和高C_(28)/C_(29)甾烷比值,主要来源于辽西凹陷沙一段烃源岩;Ⅱ类原油表现为低—中等伽马蜡烷指数、中等—高四甲基甾烷指数、高藿烷/甾烷、中等C_(27)/C_(29)甾烷和低C_(28)/C_(29)甾烷比值,主要来源于辽中凹陷沙三段烃源岩。     

海面溢油不同油品特征比值的一致性研究

以实际溢油案例中出现的4种油品为对象,利用GC/MS分析手段研究了不同油品之间的正构烷烃、多环芳烃和甾烷萜烷的分布特征和特征比值的一致性。结果表明:(1)不同油品指纹的正构烷烃特征比值CPI,萜烷类特征比值C31αβ(S/(S+R))、C32αβ(S/(S+R))、C33αβ(S/(S+R))、C34αβ(S/(S+R))和甾烷类特征比值C29甾ααα(S/(S+R))差异性不明显,可能会出现一致性;(2)不同油品指纹的多环芳烃特征比值存在明显差异,基本不存在一致性问题;(3)在油指纹鉴别过程中,要考虑到特征比值参数的稳定性,同时考虑不同油品指纹特征比值可能出现的一致性问题。     

一种检测溢油的快速分类辅助鉴别方法

用气相色谱法和气相色谱-质谱法分析了原油样品的正构烷烃和甾萜烷生物标志物。针对在仪器分析过程中由各种因素带来的采集点漂移的现象,利用相关系数校正方法对保留时间进行了校正。实验结果表明,保留时间校正后大大提高了采集点的重合性。采用欧氏距离方法对校正后的色谱数据进行聚类分析,基于色谱数据的聚类分析对于降解油和非降解油的分类效果良好;而基于校正后甾、萜烷生物标志物数据的聚类分析结果能很好的将溢油样品与溢油源样品聚为一类,而与其他不相干油田的样品区分开来,聚类分析结果更能真实反映样品的真实信息。相关系数校正与快速聚类分析方法相结合为溢油来源的判断提供了一种快速分类辅助鉴别方法。     

西太平洋富钴结壳中钙质超微化石和分子化石研究

本文对西太平洋麦哲伦海山CM3D06富钴结壳进行了钙质超微化石生物地层学研究,发现结壳中有代表白垩纪(晚期)、古新世(晚期)、始新世(早、中、晚期)、中新世(中期)、上新世(晚期)和更新世等各时代的标准钙质超微化石,表明结壳的形成始于白垩纪(晚期);在富钴结壳中检出正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、甾烷类等众多分子化石,分子化石组合特征指数、主峰碳、ΣC-23/C+24、CPI、Pr/Ph、Pr/nC17、Ph/nC18和nC31/nC17显示有机质生物母源主要为海洋浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖非光合作用的菌类,而甾烷类的C29、C28和C27含量分布的变化则说明生物种群具有快速演变的特征。此外,还探讨了CM3D06结壳中Pr/Ph和有机碳同位素组成变化与结壳生长过程中的海洋环境演化的关联程度。     

辽河兴隆台构造带原油类型及分布特征

对原油地球化学特征进行对比分析,将辽河西部凹陷兴隆台构造带原油划分成4种类型。各类原油的正构烷烃碳数分布曲线、甾萜类成熟度参数、Pr/Ph等指标有较大差异,并在该区呈规律分布。总体表现为第三系原油由南至北成熟度参数和Pr/Ph值呈降低的趋势,正构烷烃碳数从单峰变化为双峰分布;太古宇潜山内幕及潜山表层原油性质相似,其成熟度明显高于第三系原油。原油分布主要受控于南北洼陷生油层成烃演化差异及与断裂发育时期的相互配置关系。     

沾化凹陷复式生烃系统及其对油气成藏的控制作用

陆相断陷盆地油气勘探实践证明,丰富的油气资源与富含有机质的生烃洼陷具有十分密切的关系。陆相断陷湖盆多沉降中心、多物源和充填演化的多旋回性,形成了多套生油层系和多种油气储集相带组合,并在空间上形成了多个含油气系统。油源对比表明沾化油区存在5种不同地球化学特征的原油,常形成“一源多藏”和“多源一藏”的单源或混源组合特点,它们分别来自沙四上段烃源岩、沙三段烃源岩、沙一段烃源岩,以及来自沙四上段与沙三段混源和来自沙三段与沙一段混合。由不同地球化学特征的烃源岩层组成的复式生烃系统所形成的油气藏在空间分布上具有一定的规律性。复式生烃系统的特点控制了复合含油气系统的形成和分布。     

长江、黄河河口沉积物中生物标志化合物组成的初步研究

该文对长江口、黄河口以及废黄河口现代沉积物中生物标志化合物组成进行分析。结果表明 :长江与黄河沉积物中的生物标志化合物组成有较大的差别 ,长江沉积物中具明显奇偶优势的高碳数正构烷烃以及 C2 9甾烷的相对含量较高 ,Pr/Ph值较大 ,受陆生高等植物的影响明显 ;黄河低碳数正构烷烃和 C2 7甾烷的相对含量较高 ,Pr/Ph值较小 ,受陆生高等植物的影响较弱。甾烷、萜烷的成熟度指数显示长江高于黄河、现代黄河高于废黄河。这些差异主要受流域环境背景和流域内人文过程两大不同因素的影响     

西湖凹陷X构造凝析油与蜡质油的形成机制

X构造的原油按照物性的差异主要分为两类:第一类为凝析油,具有密度低、含蜡量低的特点;第二类为蜡质油,具有密度中等、含蜡量高的特点。为了明确原油物性差异的原因,对原油的地球化学特征进行了深入分析,发现这两类原油的饱和烃色谱存在明显的差异,但甾烷特征、萜烷特征以及碳同位素特征又比较相似,表现出同源的特点,推测次生作用是原油物性差异的主要原因。对这两类原油的轻烃色谱以及指纹参数进行了精细对比,发现:①凝析油和蜡质油的全烃色谱存在镜像关系;②凝析油的庚烷/甲基环己烷(石蜡度)偏高,甲苯/正庚烷(芳香度)偏低,蜡质油则相反;③凝析油和蜡质油的正构烷烃nC_(m+1)/nC_m存在协变关系,且凝析油的数值更大。认为X构造原油遭受了气侵,凝析油是蒸发分馏的产物,而蜡质油则是蒸发分馏的残留油。     

长江口柱状沉积物中甾醇的组成特征及其地球化学意义

通过对长江口两个柱状沉积物中有机质的GC-MS分析,检出C₂₇-C₂₉甾烷醇、C₂₇Δ5,C₂₈Δ7和C₂₉Δ22甾烯醇以及C₃₀Δ22烯醇(4α,23,24-三甲基-5α-胆甾-22-烯醇)7种主要甾醇生物标志化合物.8站位沉积物中以陆源输入为主的C29甾醇的相对丰度最高,在17站位深层沉积物中也以C₂₉甾醇为主,而其表层沉积物中则是以海洋浮游动物输入为主的C₂₇甾醇的相对丰度最高.在所有的样品中甾醇都经历了较强的加氢还原作用,相同碳数的甾烷醇的相对丰度远远高于其相对应的甾烯醇的相对丰度.随着沉积深度的增加,甾烯醇的加氢还原作用越强,且由于两个站位不同的沉积环境,8站位甾烯醇的加氢还原作用更强.     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.     

The stages of the development of the basin of the Bransfield Strait

The study of the sedimentary body of the Bransfield Strait has made it possible to identify several sedimentary complexes, to construct the first electronic charts for the acoustic basement, and to establish four stages of the evolution of its floor, which updates the previous knowledge about the formation of the strait. At the first stage, there was an increase in tension stresses that were accompanied by the local splits of the continental crust at the periphery of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the second stage, a graben-like structure filled with the Lower stratigraphic complex was formed northward of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the third stage, the continuing processes of extension led to intensive explosive activity of the growing volcanic structures and filling of the graben with sediments of the Middle seismostratigraphic complex. The fourth stage, which has continued until recently, is characterized by quasi-linear localization of the major centers of volcanic activity in the band closer to the South-Shetland Islands and the formation of the Upper seismostratigraphic sedimentary complex. The evolution of the floor of the Bransfield Strait reflects the process of penetration of the American-Antarctic ridge to the continental lithosphere of the Antarctic Peninsula for the last million years.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Influence of the dynamics of currents on the hydrophysical structure of the waters and the vertical exchange in the active layer of the Black Sea

An analysis of the data of measurements of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations of hydrophysical fields in the upper 200-m layer of the Black Sea carried out using CTD profilers and a Baklan free falling microstructure and turbulence profiler revealed the existence of a positive correlation between the intensity of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations and the dynamics of the currents. On the other hand, the level of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations reflects the rate of the vertical turbulent exchange. It was shown that, in the case of the absence of the Black Sea Rim Current (BSRC) jet or clearly manifested mesoscale eddy structures, the vertical turbulent exchange in the pycnocline is weak, while, in the opposite case, it is stronger. The results obtained support the supposition that the interbasin dynamics play an important role in the maintenance of the rate of small-scale mixing in the pycnocline and halocline and provide the vertical transport of dissolved oxygen from the cold intermediate layer into the deeper layers of the sea.