采用层次分析法的面状居民地自动选取

考虑到居民地的行政等级、位置特征、面积大小等因素对居民地选取的影响,提出了基于层析分析法的面状居民地自动选取方法。首先对影响居民地重要性的因素标准化;然后采用层次分析法对这些因素构建单个居民地层次结构模型,使这些因素加以关联;在此基础上,计算各因素的权值,并综合评价地图上单个居民地要素的重要性程度;最终利用开方根模型完成居民地的选取。该方法将定性分析和定量分析相结合,综合考虑不同因素对居民地重要性影响程度的差别,使权值分配更科学。试验证明,该方法选取的结果符合选取原则,较好地解决了居民地选取问题。     

利用空白区域骨架线网眼匹配多源面状居民地

多源大比例尺城市地图中,同名居民地数据间往往存在较大几何位置偏差,从而增加了居民地匹配的难度和不确定性。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种利用空白区域骨架线网眼进行居民地匹配的新方法。首先,提取空白区域骨架线,并建立空白区域骨架线网眼和居民地之间的一一映射关系,将居民地匹配转换为骨架线网眼匹配;然后,根据骨架线网眼之间的相接拓扑关系构建对偶图,计算对偶图中每个节点的各项中心性指标,并利用极化变换和层次分析法建立骨架线网眼匹配模型,获取骨架线网眼匹配结果;最后,将骨架线网眼匹配结果按照映射关系进行传递,从而得到居民地匹配结果。将居民地匹配转换为空白区域骨架线网眼匹配,并对骨架线网眼进行对偶图构建和极化变换,为匹配增加拓扑约束和相对位置约束,从而弥补几何位置的较大偏差对匹配造成的影响。对比试验及分析表明本方法能够有效解决大比例尺城市地图中几何位置偏差较大的面状居民地的匹配问题。     

基于案例推理的居民地选取方法

针对当前中小比例尺地图中居民地选取面临的专家制图经验难以形式化表达的问题,提出一种基于案例推理的居民地选取方法。首先,把制图专家对居民地交互选取结果作为案例对象,挖掘居民地案例的属性特征指标,对属性赋值和归一化处理;然后,采用逐步消元法对居民地最佳属性组合进行选择,并构建源案例库;最后,采用案例推理方法,结合KNN算法,训练案例库确定KNN算法的最佳K值,将新案例与源案例库检索匹配,得出最佳决策结果,进而指导待决策居民地的自动选取。经试验验证,该方法能够较好地还原专家的选取意向,具有较好的抗噪声能力,在面状居民地自动选取中取得了较好的效果。     

农村居民点用地整理适宜性的递阶模糊评价模型

针对目前农村居民点用地整理适宜性评价的多指标性问题，借鉴土地适宜性评价的模糊综合评判方法，提出了一种新的递阶模糊评价方法，并以武汉市黄陂区的部分乡镇为例进行了初步的应用研究，取得了较好的效果。     

基于偏微分方程的小比例尺晕渲图地貌综合方法研究

基于高精度DEM数据的晕渲图中,破碎的地形细节破坏了晕渲法的立体塑造能力,但是采用传统的均值滤波法进行地貌综合时,在消除地形细节的同时,模糊了地貌特征。为了克服消除地形细节和保持地貌特征这一矛盾,利用偏微分方程各向异性的特点,采用基于经典总变分模型的偏微分方程法对地貌进行综合。实验结果证明偏微分方程法在综合地貌时能较好地保持地貌结构特征。     

利用多源空间数据的城中村空间层次化识别方法

城中村的精细空间分布是城市规划与城市更新的重要参考。由于城中村具有语义高级和遥感影像特征辨识度不足的特点,使用传统的场景识别方法难以从高密度城市中获得精度良好的城中村精细空间分布。针对城中村的精细识别问题,提出了一种新颖的融合遥感影像和社会感知的层次化识别方法。该方法在特征上融合了遥感图像和社会感知数据的优点,其层次化结构同时考虑了大范围的上下文信息和小范围的局部信息,为在精细尺度全面理解城中村提供了一个新思路。基于该方法对深圳市的城中村进行了空间识别,获得了2.5 m空间分辨率的精细城中村分布。精度验证表明,该结果的总体精度和Kappa系数分别达到98.68%和0.807,说明该方法具有优秀的表现。此外,还通过对照实验分别证明了层次化识别框架、融合遥感影像和社会感知数据的增益效果。结果表明,层次化框架和多源空间数据都能有效提高城中村识别方法的精度。     

Applications of downward-continuation in gravimetric geoid modeling: case studies in Western Canada

The objective of this study is to evaluate two approaches, which use different representations of the Earth’s gravity field for downward continuation (DC), for determining Helmert gravity anomalies on the geoid. The accuracy of these anomalies is validated by 1) analyzing conformity of the two approaches; and 2) converting them to geoid heights and comparing the resulting values to GPS-leveling data. The first approach (A) consists of evaluating Helmert anomalies at the topography and downward-continuing them to the geoid. The second approach (B) downward-continues refined Bouguer anomalies to the geoid and transforms them to Helmert anomalies by adding the condensed topographical effect. Approach A is sensitive to the DC because of the roughness of the Helmert gravity field. The DC effect on the geoid can reach up to 2 m in Western Canada when the Stokes kernel is used to convert gravity anomalies to geoid heights. Furthermore, Poisson’s equation for DC provides better numerical results than Moritz’s equation when the resulting geoid models are validated against the GPS-leveling. On the contrary, approach B is significantly less sensitive to the DC because of the smoothness of the refined Bouguer gravity field. In this case, the DC (Poisson’s and Moritz’s) contributes only at the decimeter level to the geoid model in Western Canada. The maximum difference between the geoid models from approaches A and B is about 5 cm in the region of interest. The differences may result from errors in the DC such as numerical instability. The standard deviations of the h−H−N for both approaches are about 8 cm at the 664 GPS-leveling validation stations in Western Canada.     

Spatial Technologies in Deriving the Morphotectonic Characteristics of Tectonically Active Western Tripura Region,Northeast India

Employing integrated remote sensing and GIS technology the western most part of Tripura region (Northeast India) and adjoining Bangladesh region has been investigated in the light of its geomorphological characteristics. Nature of fold ridges, several streams and the respective drainage basins are well depicted in satellite images and digital elevation model providing meaningful information. Quantitative parameters such as stream sinuosity, drainage basin asymmetry, basin elongation ratio have been computed. Main rivers of the study area, namely the Gomti and Khowai follows extremely meandering path and crosses through the transversely faulted anticlinal ridges. Fluvial anomalies viz. shift in stream channel and the abandoned meandering loops have been inferred and mapped. The Haora river in the study area exhibits northward shift in some part. Development of drainage system towards north and south from the drainage divide along the latitude 23°45^′N indicated up arching of the region which is also corroborated by the extracted topographic profiles. It has been observed that several tributary streams have gone dry and agricultural fields are developed along the dried up stream. These derived parameters remained useful to understand the nature of topographical modification attributed to the possible tectonic activity.     

Geospatial predictive modelling of the Neolithic archaeological sites of Magnesia in Greece

Abstract

Sources of heterogeneous geospatial data such as the elevation, the slope, the aspect, the water network and the current settlements related to the known Neolithic archaeological sites of Magnesia, are used in an attempt to confirm the existence and allow for the prediction of other archaeological sites using predictive modelling theory. Predictive modelling allows the update of the problem solving strategy as soon as new data layers are available. The Dempster–Shafer Theory also commonly referred to as evidential reasoning (ER) is used to compose probability maps of areas of archaeological interest from physiographical and historical data. The advantage of this theory is that the ignorance is quantified and used to compose the probability maps named as belief, plausibility and belief interval for the archaeological sites. The final digital probability maps show that the Neolithic archaeological sites can be detected in the prefecture of Magnesia. This research study forms a methodological tool for the prediction of new archaeological sites in other areas of archaeological interest according to the physiographical and historical characteristics of the archaeological period being examined. It also contributes to the digital earth modelling and archaeological site protection, one of the most critical and challenging global initiatives.     

采用主成分分析法的面状居民地自动选取

居民地选取是一个多种因素相互约束、相互关联的过程,而这些影响居民地重要性因素的关系往往难以定量地描述出来,提出了基于主成分分析法的居民地自动选取方法。首先,采用主成分分析法对这些相互约束、相互影响的因子转换成一组无关变量;其次,对这转换后的无关变量提取主要成分;第三,计算出主成分的权重用以评价居民地的重要性程度;最后,利用开方根模型完成居民地要素的定额选取。该方法将相互关联、相互约束的影响居民地重要性的因子转换成新的无关变量,提炼出其主要成分并计算权值用以综合评价居民地的重要性。实验对比分析表明,该方法综合考虑了居民地要素的行政等级、位置特征和面积大小等因素对居民地重要性的影响,选取结果,较好地保持了居民地选取前后的整体形态,符合选取原则。     

Aerial survey for archaeology

Aerial photography for archaeology has been developing its approaches and techniques over the past 100 years so that it now integrates the results of reconnaissance with extensive interpretative and analytical surveys. This paper introduces the philosophy and approach of the English Heritage (EH) Aerial Survey team, covering aerial reconnaissance and the National Mapping Programme (NMP), as well as the potential developments and opportunities in Europe. In the 1980s there was a debate over the nature of the evidence derived from aerial photographs, especially how to describe archaeological features. As part of NMP a classification and recording system has been devised which meets most of the users' needs, be they national organisations, county archaeologists, commercial contractors or university-based researchers. The maps and records produced by NMP are used to further our understanding of the past human settlement in England, not only at the individual site level, but also in regional or landscape contexts. This paper provides an overview of the current progress of NMP and acts as an entrée for explaining the current research and recording of archaeological landscapes throughout Europe. Recent developments in Britain and Europe have provided the opportunity for a greater priority to be given to aerial survey and accelerating programmes of mapping. In Europe the ending of the cold war has allowed greater access to aerial photographs and the possibility of beginning new reconnaissance, as well as introducing new forms of remote sensing. All these developments have led to a transformation of our understanding of prehistoric, Roman and medieval archaeology.     

Analysing topographical changes in open cast coal-mining region of Patratu,Jharkhand using CARTOSAT-I Stereopair satellite images

This study provides an assessment of changes in the terrain topography due to opencast coal mining in the Patratu region of Jharkhand state during the period of 1962–2007. It demonstrated the potential of digital elevation model (DEM) differencing technique using Cartosat-I satellite (2007) derived DEM with reference to DEM derived from contours obtained from Survey of India topographical map (1962). The topographical changes through DEM differencing revealed positive relief changes (up to 49 m) due to coal-mining overburden dumps. The dumping of overburden near the banks of perennial Damodar River also caused positive topographic changes (up to 20 m) indicating adverse effects on its hydrological regime. Negative relief changes are represents by deep depressions (up to 66 m) created within coal mines due to the extraction of coal. These depression areas within the abundant mines generally become the zones of water accumulation causing wastage of surface and ground water resources.     

多重指标体系下的京津冀城市群地质环境质量综合评价

地质环境质量是影响区域规划建设的重要因素,目前单一评价指标体系无法对多地貌类型区域的地质环境质量进行合理有效的评价。为了研究适用于多地貌类型的区域地质环境质量评价方法,本文建立了基于山区和平原区两种地貌类型的地质环境质量评价体系,利用层次分析法和综合指数法获取了评价指标权重,建立了地质环境质量评价模型,通过空间分析技术开展了京津冀城市群地质环境质量综合评价研究。评价结果表明,京津冀地区的地质环境质量空间分布差异较大,平原区地质环境质量分布受地面沉降、地下水超采及地下水污染的影响突出,山区地质环境质量分布受活动断裂、地形条件及地质灾害的影响明显。可见,多重指标评价体系下的地质环境质量评价能够降低不同地貌类型地质环境质量主要评价指标间的相互影响,评价结果能够更加合理准确地体现区域地质环境质量分布特征。     

Archaeological Exploration in Srirangapatna and Its Environ Through Remote Sensing Analysis

This study involves exploration of archaeological structures in Srirangapatana and virtual reconstruction of Srirangapatana fort using geo-spatial techniques. Antiquity of this river island town goes back to ninth century AD which continued till British rule and hence has abundance of archaeological structures on it. Some of these structures are known and well-maintained while others are unprotected, unexcavated, hidden under thick vegetation or forgotten. To identify archaeological features such as buried/dilapidated/vegetation infested structures/features on ground, we used high resolution multispectral remote sensing data (0.5 and 5.6 m), Cartosat 1 stereo pairs (2.5 m), anaglyphs, historical documents, and analysed them on GIS platform. This study enabled us to: trace the concentric moats and fort-wall by using false colour composite image together with anaglyphs generated from Cartosat 1 stereo pair; explore hitherto unexplored and unexcavated archaeological features; identify unknown and abandoned temples/structures smothered with wild vegetation; locate exact location of currently non-existent site mentioned in historical records; identify the location of buried canal. This study also demonstrates how methodic use of various interpretation keys, image processing and analysis (such as NDVI, DEM, anaglyphs) can help in extracting archaeological features and direct archaeologists for further exploration.     

基于拓扑约束的方向关系定性描述模型

针对原有方向关系矩阵模型对于参考目标MBR区域的方向描述缺陷问题,本文将拓扑约束引入方向关系定性描述,构建基于拓扑参考的方向关系定性描述模型,实现了MBR区域方向关系的有效表达。新模型首先将参考目标的MBR区域划分为不同的拓扑区域,提出方向关系拓扑参考定义;基于拓扑参考,分别对不同拓扑区域定义相应的方向关系矩阵;最后,根据参考目标与源目标间的不同拓扑关系,提出不同情况下方向关系分层定性描述策略。实验结果表明,新模型充分反映了拓扑关系对方向关系描述的约束关系,能有效提高方向关系表达的准确性和精确性。     

低低卫-卫跟踪模式中星载KBR系统和GPS接收机指标设计论证

推导了星载KBR系统的星间距离、星间距离变化率以及星载GPS接收机的卫星轨道位置误差分别影响累计大地水准面精度的误差模型,确定了星载KBR系统和星载GPS接收机的精度指标,建立了星间测速和轨道位置误差联合影响累计大地水准面的误差模型。结果表明,星载KBR系统的星间距离精度指标约为0.64×10-6m,星间距离变化率的精度指标约为0.8×10-6m/s,星载GPS接收机的卫星轨道位置精度指标约为2.1cm。在上述精度指标下,联合误差模型恢复120阶地球重力场对应的累计大地水准面精度约为26cm。     

Examining the Phenological Cycle of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Using Satellite and in situ Spectroradiometer Measurements for the Detection of Buried Archaeological Remains

The detection of buried archaeological remains using satellite remote sensing is still an open question in archaeological research. This research investigates how the phenological stages of crops can be used support the detection of buried archaeological remains. Ground remote sensing data using the GER-1500 spectroradiometer were obtained from two sites. One site was the Neolithic settlements in central Greece and the other was in Alampra village in Cyprus. For the latter, an archaeological environment was simulated and ground spectroradiometric measurements were systematically acquired over the different phases of the phenological cycle of barley crops. The acquired in situ reflectance measurements have been converted to "in-band" reflectance values of the Landsat TM/ETM+ using the satellite relative spectral responses filters (RSR). Based on the proposed methodology, 97 Landsat MSS, TM, and ETM+ satellite images were acquired (covering a period from 1983 to 2011), for the Thessalian (Greek) site. It has been found that phenological-cycle observations can provide valuable information for identifying buried archaeological remains. Such observations may be used in cases where the spatial resolution of satellite imagery is not high and therefore cannot help support the detection of archaeological remains using standard interpretation techniques.     

Application of Remote Sensing in Studying Holocene Sediments and Tectonic Episodes at Kelshi,Ratnagiri District,Maharashtra, India

Kelshi is a coastal village, located on the southern bank of the Bharja river in Dapoli taluka of Ratnagiri district. All along the coast occurs a habitation site which is overlaid by a sand deposit having a thickness of +20 m. The archaeological artifacts collected around the site are found to be significant in understanding the antiquity of the site. It also substantiates that, human occupation survived here for seven centuries. Remote sensing data interpretation carried out has revealed the existence of three lineaments in this area. In the field, the lineaments have been confirmed as faulted surfaces and the magnitude of the movements along are measurable. A geophysical survey was conducted by using ABEM WADI equipment for confirmation of outcome of the aerial-photo interpretation. It confirms that the area had undergone three tectonic activities after 1524 A.D. The inferences based on the investigations convinced us to study the historical seismicity of this region. A comprehensive and exhaustive investigation in such areas is necessary to know the evolution of the west coast of India and the tectonic activity during the late Holocene.     

Recording architecture at the archaeological site of Uxmal, Mexico: A historical and contemporary view

Architecture at the Maya archaeological site of Uxmal in Yucatan, Mexico has been documented since the 17th century by historians, archaeologists, illustrators, photographers, and most recently photogrammetrists. This paper reviews the work of the major contributors to recording of architecture at Uxmal with a particular focus on the 19th century stereophotography of Alice and Augustus Le Plongeon who worked to record all the standing architecture at Uxmal, and the close range stereophotogrammetric projects that recorded the Adivino Pyramid during the late 20th century.     

兼容多源数据的森林湿地信息提取和比较分析

针对以光谱特征差异为依据,提取森林湿地信息精度低的问题,该文采用兼容多源数据的分类回归树(CART)提取方法,并以大沾河国家森林湿地进行实证研究。基于Landsat8遥感数据、Radarsat-2极化雷达数据和地形辅助数据,采用SPM软件分别构建3种特征变量组合的CART决策树模型,并获取分类规则,最后根据规则对研究区的森林湿地信息进行提取。结果表明:3种特征变量组合中,兼容光谱、纹理、雷达与地形辅助数据的CART决策树的森林湿地信息提取精度最高,用户精度和制图精度分别达到了88.46%和82.14%。研究结果体现了雷达数据与地形辅助数据有助于提取森林湿地信息。