Google Earth Engine云平台对遥感发展的改变

近年来,随着遥感技术的快速发展,积累了海量的对地观测遥感数据.传统桌面端遥感处理平台(例如ERDAS和ENVI等)无法满足当前遥感大数据的应用需求.作为领先的遥感云计算平台,GEE (Google Earth Engine)的出现改变了传统遥感数据处理和分析模式,为海量数据快速处理与信息挖掘带来了新的契机.截止目前,科...     

Horizontal accuracy assessment of very high resolution Google Earth images in the city of Rome,Italy

Google Earth (GE) has recently become the focus of increasing interest and popularity among available online virtual globes used in scientific research projects, due to the free and easily accessed satellite imagery provided with global coverage. Nevertheless, the uses of this service raises several research questions on the quality and uncertainty of spatial data (e.g. positional accuracy, precision, consistency), with implications for potential uses like data collection and validation. This paper aims to analyze the horizontal accuracy of very high resolution (VHR) GE images in the city of Rome (Italy) for the years 2007, 2011, and 2013. The evaluation was conducted by using both Global Positioning System ground truth data and cadastral photogrammetric vertex as independent check points. The validation process includes the comparison of histograms, graph plots, tests of normality, azimuthal direction errors, and the calculation of standard statistical parameters. The results show that GE VHR imageries of Rome have an overall positional accuracy close to 1 m, sufficient for deriving ground truth samples, measurements, and large-scale planimetric maps.     

Google Earth在《城市遥感技术》教学中的应用

Google Earth软件具有免费、开放、简单易用等特点,对丰富教学资源和改善教学方法具有重要意义。基于GoogleEarth平台,在《城市遥感技术》教学中,对于遥感成像和影像特征、遥感解译标志及方法、城市遥感影像的信息提取、城市遥感专项调查等章节的理论教学,应重点运用遥感影像的搜索、标注和显示等功能;对于遥感影像地图制作、地类信息提取、演变信息提取等实验教学,应重点运用采集、存储、查询、分析、显示和输出等集成功能。实践表明,Google Earth值得在地学教育模式革新中推广。     

基于Google Earth影像的黄河上游干流地区滑坡特征分析

黄河上游干流地区由于特殊的地形地貌和地质构造使得滑坡灾害频发,对其开展滑坡灾害监测、分析研究,具有十分重要的意义。本文利用2015年间Google Earth遥感数据,提取并分析了该地区的滑坡灾害分布信息,取得了如下成果及认识:1)研究区的空间展布形态主要有7种,滑体性质类型有6种,岩质滑坡数量最多。2)从空间分布特征看,共发现研究区有各类滑坡162处,滑坡主要集中分布在群科-尖扎盆地;从滑坡类型看,研究区滑坡主要为大型滑坡和巨型滑坡。3)滑坡体长、宽主要集中在0~1 500 m和500~1 500 m之间,且长、宽呈两极化方向延伸,滑坡体面积分布不均,滑坡数量随着方量的增大呈现减少的趋势,发生的滑坡主要是滑坡体厚度在25~50 m的深层滑坡。4)滑坡数量在0°~90°之间有峰值出现,然后向两端逐渐减少。     

基于Google Earth的3S技术在桂林市土地更新中的应用

中国开展的第一次全国土地调查,至今已十余载,伴随着中国经济的高速发展,国土资源的利用现状已经发生了巨变,原来的凋查数据已经不能满足当今礼会的需求.介绍利用免费的Google Earth遥感影像在地面高分辨率区域进行国家土地利用现状调查,同时利用GPS定位技术进行重要区域的定位,进而利用MapGIS软件对影像及实地数据进行融合加工,最终获得成果的方法.     

从Google Earth上获取精确定位DOM的探求

随着社会生产力的飞速发展,各行各业对正射影像(DOM)的需求越来越大,但传统的正射影像制作成本较高,工期也相对较长。而Google Earth上的影像几乎覆盖了全球所有大中城市及周边地区,且局部地区的有效分辨率可达0.5 m以上,但其定位偏差较大。本文着重研究了如何从Google Earth上获取精确定位的DOM。     

Google Earth在航空摄影测量中的应用

分析了GoogleEarth当前的关键技术,并以酒泉风电场1：2000地形图航空摄影测量工作为倒,介绍了GoogleEarth在野外测量工作中的应用情况,并简要说明了在GoogleEarth中进行二次开发实现文件导入与导出功能,最后提出了在实际工作中应用的经验和建议.     

Google Earth 影像在地理国情普查中的补充使用

介绍了利用Google Earth数据作为地理国情普查数据的补充资料的3种方法,总结Goole Earth数据以及Global Mapper软件在地理国情普查工作的应用的一些经验和体会。     

Agricultural cropland extent and areas of South Asia derived using Landsat satellite 30-m time-series big-data using random forest machine learning algorithms on the Google Earth Engine cloud

ABSTRACT

The South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bhutan) has a staggering 900 million people (~43% of the population) who face food insecurity or severe food insecurity as per United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). The existing coarse-resolution (≥250-m) cropland maps lack precision in geo-location of individual farms and have low map accuracies. This also results in uncertainties in cropland areas calculated from such products. Thereby, the overarching goal of this study was to develop a high spatial resolution (30-m or better) baseline cropland extent product of South Asia for the year 2015 using Landsat satellite time-series big-data and machine learning algorithms (MLAs) on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. To eliminate the impact of clouds, 10 time-composited Landsat bands (blue, green, red, NIR, SWIR1, SWIR2, Thermal, EVI, NDVI, NDWI) were derived for each of the three time-periods over 12 months (monsoon: Days of the Year (DOY) 151–300; winter: DOY 301–365 plus 1–60; and summer: DOY 61–150), taking the every 8-day data from Landsat-8 and 7 for the years 2013–2015, for a total of 30-bands plus global digital elevation model (GDEM) derived slope band. This 31-band mega-file big data-cube was composed for each of the five agro-ecological zones (AEZ’s) of South Asia and formed a baseline data for image classification and analysis. Knowledge-base for the Random Forest (RF) MLAs were developed using spatially well spread-out reference training data (N = 2179) in five AEZs. The classification was performed on GEE for each of the five AEZs using well-established knowledge-base and RF MLAs on the cloud. Map accuracies were measured using independent validation data (N = 1185). The survey showed that the South Asia cropland product had a producer’s accuracy of 89.9% (errors of omissions of 10.1%), user’s accuracy of 95.3% (errors of commission of 4.7%) and an overall accuracy of 88.7%. The National and sub-national (districts) areas computed from this cropland extent product explained 80-96% variability when compared with the National statistics of the South Asian Countries. The full-resolution imagery can be viewed at full-resolution, by zooming-in to any location in South Asia or the world, at www.croplands.org and the cropland products of South Asia downloaded from The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC) of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS): https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/gfsad30saafgircev001/.     

基于Sentinel-1的长江干流水域面积动态变化遥感监测

本文利用Sentinel-1数据获得了2016-2020年月度长江干流上海-宜宾段水域面积,并分析其年际、年内变化规律。分析结果表明,①月度变化规律为1-5月水面面积变化相对平稳,6-8月水域面积逐步增加,在7月达到峰值;9月稍有回落,10月再次达到峰值后逐步减少至稳定。②季节性变化规律为冬季水域面积最小,夏季水域面积最大,夏季和冬季呈现明显的季节差异。③年际变化规律为2016年后水域面积呈增长趋势,其中2017-2019年水域面积相对稳定且缓慢增长,2020年面积急剧增长。分段而言,水域面积随时间的变化幅度为下游>中游>上游,中上游变化相对平稳,下游较显著。④易发生洪涝的断面主要分布在中下游段,需引起重视并做好监测预警。     

Mapping and classification of hydrological parameters from digital terrain data in the Musandam Peninsula,UAE and Oman

Groundwater exploration and modelling requires hydrological parameters and a large volume of hydrologic database. This study integrates remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) to map and classify hydrological parameters indicates areas of groundwater recharge and discharge. Bivariate quadratic surfaces with moving window size of 5 × 5 were fitted to the digital elevation model and drainage basins, drainage network, topographic wetness index (TWI) and hydroforms were derived. The eight-direction algorithm (D8) that determines in which neighbouring pixel any water in a central pixel will flow naturally was used to delineate drainage basin and drainage network in the study area. The TWI was used to quantify the effect of local topography on hydrological processes and for modelling soil moisture. The results indicate the presence of intensive of stream network (1336 km²), wettest zones and accumulation zones (63.99 km²) within Wadi Bih, the UAE and Wadi Khasb, Oman, suggesting regional recharge.     

粤港澳大湾区红树林长时间序列遥感监测

随着遥感数据量的爆发式增长,对变化过程分析的精细化要求与本地算力不足之间的矛盾日益突出。GEE（Google Earth Engine）地理云平台的出现,解决了用户算力紧张的行业痛点。本文以粤港澳大湾区为研究区,在GEE的支持下,构建1987年—2020年年度湿地分类数据集,分析大湾区红树林的时间阶段性特征和空间扩张过程,结合连续长历时分析对变化时间点的准确识别,揭示了保护区设立与滩涂造林等工程在红树林保护与修复中的积极成效。主要结论有：（1）截止到2020年,大湾区共有红树林2174 ha,81%的红树林集中在深圳湾、淇澳岛和镇海湾;（2）大湾区的红树林经历了由平稳发展（1987年—2003年）到快速增长（2003年—2020年）的变化过程,其主要增量来源于镇海湾（40%）和淇澳岛（28%）;（3）淇澳岛和镇海湾的红树林仍处于快速增长期,但淇澳岛增速最快,从2002年至今面积翻了30倍,深圳湾则在早期的快速增长（1987年—2009年）后进入平稳期（2009年—2020年）;（4）由于保护区设立时间较早,深圳湾成为大湾区唯一一个形成稳定核心区的红树林分布区,镇海湾虽然拥有最大的红树林面积,但林道狭窄,景观破碎,生态系统反而更加脆弱;（5）设立自然保护区和滩涂造林都对红树林面积增长起到了积极作用。本研究为大湾区海岸带湿地生态系统保护与修复提供科学的证据支持,对沿海生态屏障建设具有一定的指导作用。     

Atmospheric pollution assessment near potential source of natural aerosols in the South Gobi Desert region,China

ABSTRACT

Rapid economic growth, a high degree of urbanization and the proximity of a large number of desert and semidesert landscapes can have a significant impact on the atmosphere of adjacent territories, leading to high levels of atmospheric pollution. Therefore, identifying possible sources of atmospheric pollution is one of the main tasks. In this study, we carried out an analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of five main atmospheric pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, and CO) near potential source of natural aerosols, affecting seven cities (Wuhai, Alashan, Wuzhong, Zhongwei, Wuwei, Jinchang, Zhangye), located in immediate proximity to the South Gobi deserts. The results, obtained for the period from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2018, demonstrate total concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ are 38.2 ± 19.5 and 101 ± 80.7 μg/m³ exceeding the same established by the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CNAAQS), being 35 and 70 μg/m³, respectively. Based on the data from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the whole period, Clean Сontinental (71.49%) and Mixed (22.29%) types of aerosols prevail in the region. In the spring and winter seasons maximum concentrations of pollutants and high values of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in the region atmosphere are observed. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ ratio shows the presence of coarse aerosols in the total content with value 0.43. The highest concentrations of pollutants were in the period of dust storms activity, when PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ content exceeded 200 and 1000 µg/m³, and AOD value exceeded 1. UV Aerosol Index (UVAI), Aerosol Absorbing Optical Depth (AAOD), and Single Scattering Albedo (SSA), obtained from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), demonstrate the high content of dust aerosols in the period of sandstorms. Analysis of backward trajectories shows that dust air masses moved from North to Northwest China, affecting large deserts such as Taklamakan, Gurbantunggut, Badain Jaran, Tengger, and Ulan Buh deserts.     

Evaluation of a three-band model for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in tidal reaches of the Pearl River Estuary, China

Accurate assessment of phytoplankton chlorophyll-a (Chla) concentration in turbid waters by means of remote sensing was challenging due to the optical complexity of turbid waters. Recently, a conceptual model containing reflectance in three spectral bands in the red and near-infrared range of the spectrum was suggested for retrieving Chla concentrations in turbid productive waters. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the performance of this three-band model to estimate Chla concentration in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China. Reflectance spectra of surface water and water samples were collected concurrently. The samples contained variable Chla (4.80-92.60 mg/m³) and total suspended solids (0.4-55.2 mg/L dry wt). Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption at 400 nm was 0.40-1.41 m⁻¹; turbidity ranged from 4 to 25 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). The three-band model was spectrally calibrated by iterative and least-square linear regression methods to select the optimal spectral bands for the most accurate Chla estimation. Strong linear relationships (R²=0.81, RMSE=1.4 mg/m³, N=32) were established between measured Chla and the levels obtained from the calibrated three-band model [R⁻¹(684)-R⁻¹(690)]×R(718), where R(λ) was the reflectance at wavelength λ. The calibrated three-band model was independently validated (R²=0.9521, RMSE=6.44 mg/m³, N=16) and applied to retrieve Chla concentrations from the calibrated EO-1 Hyperion reflectance data in the PRE on December 21, 2006. The EO-1 Hyperion-derived Chla concentrations were further validated using synchronous in situ data collected on the same day (R²=0.64, RMSE=2 mg/m³, N=9). The spatial tendency of Chla distribution mapping by Hyperion showed gradually increased concentrations of Chla farther from the river mouths (although decreasing from east to west), which were disturbed by the combination of river outlets and tidal current in Lingding Bay of the PRE. This observation conformed to previous observations and studies, and could reasonably be explained by geographical changes. Also, results indicated that the slope of the three-band regression line decreased as the Chla concentration increased, resulting in the first sensitive band of the three-band model to move towards short wavelengths. These findings validated the rationale behind the conceptual model and demonstrated the robustness of this algorithm for Chla retrieval from in situ data and the Hyperion satellite sensor in turbid estuarine waters of the PRE, China.     

Application of hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance data to photochemical rate calculations in the Duplin River,a tidal river on the coast of Georgia,USA

Estuaries are photochemically dynamic environments with high carbon loads and relatively small areas. The small area poses problems for large-scale satellite-based remote sensing calculations, where the resolution is too coarse to distinguish land from water. Airborne remote sensing instruments have the potential to reveal the dynamics of these areas with fine-scale resolution. In June 2006, hyperspectral remote sensing imagery, using an AISA Eagle instrument, was collected over the tidal Duplin River, Georgia, USA. A dark-water updated version of the SeaUV algorithm was applied to the AISA remote sensing image to determine diffuse attenuation constants in the ultraviolet and calculate surface photochemical production rates of two inorganic products – carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). For an average day in June at the study site, the modeled photoproduction rates for CO₂ and CO averaged ~7 × 10^?1 nmol C/day/cm³ and ~3.5 × 10^?2 nmol C/day/cm³, respectively.     

Use of geo-spatial information and technologies for analyzing morphological changes in the Greater Visakhapatnam coastal region,east coast of India

The objective of this study was to investigate the land use/land cover, landforms, shoreline and coastal regulation zone (CRZ) changes of Greater Visakhapatnam coastal region using Indian Remote Sensing-IRS P6 (Resourcesat-I) satellite data and collateral information. Prominent changes have been observed during the past 30 years through land use/land cover analyzes which clearly indicate that thecoastal regulatory zones have altered in respect of both natural and anthropogenic activities. Various geomorphic units were identified and confirmed with appropriate field work. Significant changes have been recognized in the shoreline map, which denote that the area of erosional shoreline is larger than the accretional and stable prone shoreline. The availability of high resolution data has helped to prepare large-scale maps for implementation of CRZ measures. The results were promising and suggest that the modern geo-spatial information and technological tools are extremely helpful for conducting coastal morphological studies.