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1.
《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2003,335(6-7):577-595
This article focuses on the contribution of natural ecosystems (forests, grasslands) and agrosystems to carbon sequestration either in biomass or in soil. Carbon stocks are important (650 Gt in biomass, 1500 to 2000 Gt in soils as compared with 750 for atmospheric CO2), and also fluxes that led to CO2 emissions in the past (due to deforestation or cultivation) and which now turn to carbon sequestration (2 GtC/year). This article shows great spatial variations in stocks and fluxes and great measurement difficulties, especially for stock variations. Anthropic actions such as reforestation (mainly in the North), changes in land use or in crop management, can increase carbon sequestration in biomass or soil, with a residence time of several decades, which is not insignificant with respect to the Kyoto protocol and which also has other environmental benefits. To cite this article: M. Robert, B. Saugier, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).  相似文献   

2.
Résumé Dans ce travail on fait l'étude minéralogique des matériaux sédimentaires de deux formations du Tertiaire continental de la Péninsule Ibérique: la masse miocène du Tertiaire de Castille et l'ensemble miocène — oligocène du Tertiaire d'Estrémadoure.Des résultats obtenus par l'étude des minéraux lourds, on deduit: 1. la provenance des matériaux et leurs caractéristiques; 2. on etablit, pour le Tertiaire de Castille, des cycles locaux dans le procès général sédimentaire; 3. on définit deux formations: autochtone et allochtone, dans l'ensemble sédimentaire de l'Estrémadoure; 4. on reconnait des possibles variations paléoclimatiques.  相似文献   

3.
The isotopic composition of calcite from the stalagmitic floor E of the Lazaret Cave is interpreted as proxy of atmospheric circulation and vegetal cover changes during IOS 5. The δ18O variations could indicate change in precipitation sources, which could originate from the Mediterranean Sea during warm periods and from the Atlantic Ocean during colder periods. The δ13C variations could be related to vegetal cover and soil type. Tree cover appears to be dominant according to pollen spectra, and organic molecules trapped into calcite (sterols, terpenoids, humic acids). To cite this article: L. Rousseau et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).  相似文献   

4.
Palaeozoic formations of the Tassilis Oua-n-Ahaggar (southeastern Hoggar) include magmatic rocks in the Tin Serririne syncline. Slight contact metamorphism of the overlying bed and studies of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of these rocks show that the latter correspond to sills and NW–SE or north–south dykes. 40K/40Ar dating of separated feldspars and whole rock for one sample and of whole rock for two other samples give a mean age of 347.6±16.2Ma (at the 2-σ level), thus corresponding to a Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) age. Taking into account both the age of this magmatism and the stratigraphic and structural data for this region suggests that dolerites were emplaced within distensive zones that are related to the reactivation of Panafrican faults. To cite this article: H. Djellit et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).  相似文献   

5.
Résumé L'altération naturelle d'un pétrole de base mixte des couches de Péchelbronn et d'un pétrole de base paraffinique de Staffelfelden produit un asphalte de base naphténique. Dans le fossé rhénan il existe un groupe d'huiles brutes mixtes dans les formations post-jurassiques et un groupe de pétroles paraffiniques dans les formations antejurassiques.  相似文献   

6.
7.
Résumén

La coexistence de flores à cachet autunien et de flores à cachet Stéphanien dans une même formation et dans plusieurs bassins limniques du Paléozoïque supérieur du Massif central est attribuée.à des variations de paléoenvironnement : les flores “autuniennes” sont des flores méso- à xérophiles poussant sur les reliefs bordiers des bassins ou dans les zones hautes de ces derniers, alors que les flores “stéphaniennes” sont des flores hygrophiles des plaines d’inondation des zones basses. Le changement climatique qui marque le passage du Carbonifère au Per-mien, et qui se traduit par une certaine aridification, amène une évolution radicale de la composition des flores, les ensembles floristiques méso- et xérophiles devenant prédominants. Ceci démontre l’importance des conditions paléoécologiques sur la répartition et la succession des flores permocarbonifères. Il découle de tout ceci que la stratigraphie du Paléozoïque supérieur du Massif central, basée sur les successions de flores, n’est pas en mesure de fournir un cadre chronologique précis aux événements structuraux de l’époque.  相似文献   

8.
《Geodinamica Acta》2001,14(6):373-385
The Early Cryogenian groups of Sidi Flah, Kelaat Mgouna and Boumalne (Saghro, Anti-Atlas, Morocco) are constituted by turbiditic deposits and interbedded lavas, accumulated in tectonic basins. At Sidi Flah, volcanics are transitional showing initial rift tholeiites (IRT) fingerprint and alkali basalts of oceanic island basalt (OIB) compositions. At Kelaat Mgouna, volcanics consist of low-Nb continental tholeiites. At Boumalne, basalts are of IRT composition. The volcanic and sedimentary formations belong to a nascent rift caused by thermal doming along a SW-NE axis, the Saghro rift. The continental break-up occurred in the early Neoproterozoic and during the Rodinia supercontinent dislocation, within a continent called “Ibero-saharian Craton” which was in front of the West-African Craton located near the South Pole. The Saghro rift is contemporaneous to the opening of an oceanic domain represented by Central Anti-Atlas ophiolites and related to the extension of the Brazialiano Ocean.  相似文献   

9.
《Geodinamica Acta》1998,11(4):183-203
Various synsedimentary structures (dish-structure, convolute bedding, loadcast, bedding dislocation and dissipation, sand intrusion) are interpreted as being due to seismic liquefaction and subsequent fluidization of marine and fluviatile sands. Their diversity is compared to the various deformation processes of seismites and related to the local influence of granulometry, diagenesis and slope. The two seismites horizons are referred to the end of the Middle Pliocene and the Late Pliocene and associated with tectonics to the south of the Rif orogenic belt.  相似文献   

10.
Long-term creep tests have been performed under very small uniaxial loadings (σ=0.02 to 0.1 MPa). Testing devices were set in an underground gallery, where temperature fluctuations are in the order of one hundredth of a Celsius degree. The mechanical loading was provided by dead weights. The displacements were measured through special sensors whose resolution is Δ?=10?8. Strain rates as small as ?˙=10?12s?1 were measured. The tests prove that constitutive laws deduced from tests performed on rock salt samples under standard mechanical loadings cannot be extrapolated to very small loadings. To cite this article: P. Bérest et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).  相似文献   

11.
Résumé

— A l’aide des données disponibles sur la stratigraphie et la localisation des formations carbonatées de plates-formes du Crétacé inférieur périatlantique et caraïbe, il est possible de préciser l’état actuel des connaissances sur la distribution des dispositifs sédimentaires correspondants, à l’Aptien inférieur. Les schémas paléobiogéographiques proposés pour les organismes inféodés à ces plates-formes, confrontés à leur distribution, se heurtent à des difficultés d’ordre paléogéographique et paléocéanographique mais s’accordent généralement assez bien avec les hypothèses paléotectoniques. Les problèmes paléogéographiques se posent dans l’interprétation de la dispersion biologique par les marges. Les problèmes paléocéanographiques qui concernent essentiellement les schémas de paléocirculation hydrologique et leurs implications climatiques, se posent dans l’interprétation de la dispersion biologique transatlantique. Des éléments de solution à ces différents problèmes pourraient être apportés par de nouvelles recherches.  相似文献   

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13.
Two deep scientific boreholes, named Poigny 701 and Sainte-Colombe 702, located in the Paris Basin near Provins (Seine-et-Marne, France), recovered a complete Upper Cretaceous chalk succession. A correlation between the boreholes lithostratigraphy, reflexion seismic profiles and diagenetic patterns shows that major velocity variations measured in the seismic reflection profiles correspond to dolomitized chalk intervals. Dolomitisations occurred during early and burial diagenesis. The understanding of these complex diagenetic events has an important economic consequence on the static correction of the chalk formation in the Paris Basin. Optimisation of petroleum prospecting below chalk cover is thus possible. The chalk series of the 701 and 702 boreholes range from the Cenomanian to the upper Campanian. In this succession, micrite has a primarily biogenic origin; it consists of pelagic organisms, indicative of warm seawater with values around 25°C. Several hiatuses occur in the 701 borehole. These hiatuses indicate the existence of particular hydrodynamic conditions. Deep-water channels were locally recognised in the Paris Basin as in Normandy and Picardy. In the 702 borehole, massive dolomitisation affected the upper meters of sediment below the sea floor. This early phase of massive dolomitisation was induced by slow circulation of a magnesium-rich seawater mass, along the seawater/sediment interface. Thus, this area was a zone of intense marine circulation between the North-West infralittoral and the South-West bathyal domains, across the London-Paris Basin. Magnesium-rich seawater had as origin the recrystallisation of the biogenic peri-plateform carbonates. During both dolomitisation and dissolution of the calcite matrix of the massive dolomite, the calcite had cemented chalk around the massive dolomite body. After deposition, the chalk series was progressively compacted and lithified by burial calcite cement. During the late Campanian-Maastrichtian, the burial compaction of the chalk and thermal gradient reached their maximum, as compressive stresses from the Pyrenean orogenesis affected the Paris Basin. At this time, compaction of the massive dolomite induced the expulsion of magnesian-rich fluids into the underlying already compacted chalk series. In 702 borehole, a diffuse dolomitisation then affected strongly underlying the chalk series. In 701 borehole, this diffuse dolomitisation affected slightly the lower half of the chalk series. Laterally, dolomitisation decreases gradually and affected a only smaller thickness of the chalk series, disappearing laterally. During the progressive emergence of the Paris Basin, from the Paleogene to the Quaternary, the chalk series were partially invaded by continental fresh water. Thus partial dedolomitisation affected the massive dolomite, whereas total dedolomitisation affected only the upper first meters of it.Manuscrit reçu le 20 juin 2003 Révision acceptée le 9 septembre 2004  相似文献   

14.
15.
Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié la stabilité des suspensions colloïdales d'or, leur transport, leur floculation, ainsi que la synthèse des pépites à partir des gels d'or, dans des conditions géologiques de surface. — Les mesures des paramètres tels que le pH, le Eh, et la concentration des ions or, démontrent que la possibilité de transport de l'or dans la nature sous forme ionique a été surestimée. Sous forme ionique ou même métallique l'or peut donner des suspensions colloïdales stables. Il peut être fluculé facilement et par compaction donner naissance à des pépites d'or similaires aux pépites naturelles. — Par diffusion des solutions auriques dans du gel de silice nous avons obtenu la formation directe des films d'or et reproduit des structures très fréquentes dans de nombreux gisements d'or.
The stability of colloidal suspensions of gold, their transport and flocculation have been investigated; in addition, the experimental formation of gold nuggets under natural conditions was studied. — The measurements of pH, Eh and the concentration of ionic gold, proved that the possibility of transportation of ionic gold in nature was overestimated. Ionic or even metallic gold may give stable colloidal suspensions. It may be easily flocculated and give by compaction gold nuts similar to natural gold nuts. — By diffusion of gold solutions in silica gel we obtained direct gold films and also some textures frequently present in gold deposits.
  相似文献   

16.
Résumé

Des structures synsédimentaires de type dish-structure, plis disharmoniques, figures de charge, dislocation et des destructions du litage et intrusions sableuses, observées dans le Saïss, sont interprétées comme des structures induites par une liquéfaction sismique de sables marins et fluviátiles, parfois associée à des injections sableuses. La place de ces structures parmi les divers types de séismites est discutée par rapport à l’influence des caractéristiques de granulométrie, de diagenèse et de pente qui conditionnent les différents modes de déformation. Les deux niveaux déformés marocains sont replacés dans le déroulement de la tectonique pliocène au sud du Rif. © Elsevier, Paris  相似文献   

17.
Résumé Sur la bordure occidentale de l'Aïr, les dépôts du Viséen inférieur présentent des tillites surmontées par des argilites à blocaux et des rythmites, puis par des sables fluvio-glaciaires. On y observe des structures sédimentaires typiques: eskers, kames, stries et cannelures et blocs lachés. Ces dépôts, relativement localisés dans le temps et dans l'espace (sur 500 km en latitude), sont associés à un bombement de faible amplitude du vieux socle. Compte tenu des paléolatitudes de cette époque, la région se situerait vers 50°S et on peut penser que ce dôme a été recouvert par une calotte unique ou par de petites calottes glaciaires induites par un refroidissement régional, comme actuellement aux îles Kerguelen à 47°S, ou même global.D'autres dépôts à caractères glaciaires et scellés par des formations datées du Dévonien, suggèrent qu'une autre glaciation plus ancienne a pu exister dans la région.
The Lower Visean deposits from western margin of the Aïr Mounts in Niger contain tillites, overlain by boulder argillites and rythmites covered by glaciofluvial sands. Typical sedimentary structures, such as eskers, kames, striation and fluting, dropped boulders were observed. These deposits, narrowly located in time and space (over 500 km in latitude) can be related to the presence of a low altitude dome of the basement. Considering the paleolatitudes at that time, the area would have been situated at about 50°S. This dome may have been covered with small ice caps, associated with a regional cooling, such as presently Kerguelen Islands at 47°S, or be due to a global cooling.Other deposits with glacial characteristics, observed under dated Devonian formations, suggest that an earlier glaciation could have exist in the region.

Zusammenfassung Am Westrand des Aïr besteht das untere Visean aus Tilliten. Diese werden von Tonsteinen mit erratischen Blöcken und Rhythmiten überlagert. Höher folgen fluvioglaziale Sande. Typische Merkmale der glazigenen Schichtenfolge sind Oser, Kames, Gletscherschrammen und -furchen, einzelne Gesteinsblöcke etc. Das Vorkommen dieser Sedimente bleibt auf einem rund 500 km breiten Streifen im Bereich einer schwachen Aufwölbung des Grundgebirges beschränkt. Unter Berücksichtigung der zu dieser Zeit anzunehmenden Paläobreite würde dieses Gebiet bei etwa 50°S liegen, so daß die domartige Struktur von kleinen Eiskappen bedeckt gewesen sein könnte. Ihre Bildung zeigt damit eine regionale oder sogar eine globale Abkühlung an (wie jetzt für die Kerguelen-Inseln bei 47°S).Andere gleichfalls eiszeitliche Ablagerungen, die von sicher datierten Schichten des Devon überlagert werden, machen eine weitere — ältere — Vereisung in dieser Region wahrscheinlich.

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18.
《Geodinamica Acta》2001,14(6):361-372
The Mamora  area (Morocco) is located in the northern part of the Meseta and the southern part of Rharb. The recent formations (Mesozoic to Quaternary) lie unconformably on a Paleozoic basement. This study based on hydrogeological, sedimentological, drilling data and seismic reflection profiles interpretation, proposes new interpretations of geodynamical evolution of this area particularly in terms of tectonic patterns. The most ancient formations recognized in this region are Paleozoic schists and quartzites in the Tiflete sector. They represent the basement of the basin on which Triassic conglomerates and red mudstones associated with basalts lie unconformably. Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments are limestones and marls. The Mio-pliocene formations are open marine blue marls. Plio-quaternary sediments are limestones and sands containing gravel and pebbles. Miocene to Pliocene blue marls facies corresponds to deep marine marls (bathyal as indicated by planctonic foraminifers) with an attributed age from upper Miocene 〚9〛 to middle Pliocene 〚7〛. A facies distribution map of the top of the blue marls has been realized where four main facies - conglomerate, shelly sandstone, limestone and marls - indicate a major regression in the Mamora basin. The datation of the formations was mostly realized by Wernli 〚22〛, 〚23〛, 〚24〛, 〚25〛, and Cirac 〚10〛. In the Mamora area, Hercynian faults show two main structural directions, N020°E-N040°E (Agadir-Rabat), N120°E (Rabat-Tiflète) 〚5〛, and a new major Hercynian fault (K2S). The seismic profiles have been studied between Sidi Slimane and Sidi Yahia area, to illustrate the structure of the Mamora, and to replace it, in the geodynamical evolution. The seismic reflection lines and drilling data show that the eastern Mamora was subdivided into two sectors : i) the southern sector is affected by Hercynian faults which create horsts and grabens in the Paleozoic. Mio-Pliocene formations infill these depressions and are covered by Quaternary sediments ; ii) the northern sector is constituted by various formations : 1. Paleozoic formation as basement covered by autochthonous Mesozoic to Miocene, 2. Prerifain nappes (marls and evaporites), 3. Mio-Plio-Pleistocene formations as subautochthonous to autochthonous. These two sectors are separated by a major fault (K2S). On the other hand, in the occidental Mamora, the facies distribution and the Plio-Pleistocene thickening seem to be induced by faults with a NE-SW and NW-SE trends which affect the Paleozoic basement. Then, between the Meseta domain and the septentrional Rharb basin, two major Hercynian initially dextral shear zones, Rabat-Tiflete and K2S, have been recognised. During the Atlantic Ocean opening, they are probably senestral shear zones. At the same time the subsidence in Rharb basin is active, major action of these faults is normal. Therefore, Mamora represents a real hinge between stable Meseta and unstable septentrional Rharb basin.  相似文献   

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Analysis of landscapes and soil covers from the outer to the inner part of a 75km×60km watershed in the South-Cameroon rainforest zone, characterized by important remnants of inherited ferricretes and stable hydrostatic base levels, indicates that the development of present landforms has not involved significant erosion by slope retreat because of the relative preservation of downslope residual ferricrete and that soil covers have vertically decayed under in situ geochemical process. To cite this article: D. Bitom et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).  相似文献   

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