Integrating Web-based GIS and image processing tools for environmental monitoring and natural resource management

The combined powers of Web-based geographic information systems (GIS) and on-line remote sensing tools can significantly reduce the high cost and labor associated with environmental monitoring and natural resource management. This paper introduces an integrated Web-based GIS architecture by combining three levels of geographic information services (GIServices): data archive, information display, and spatial analysis. A prototype Web site, WGAT (Web-based GIS and Analytic Tools), has been developed to provide easy access of geospatial information and to facilitate Web-based image analysis and change detection capabilities for natural resource managers and regional park rangers. The Web-based integration framework emphasizes user-oriented services, distributed network environments, metadata standards, communication protocols, client/server computation, and ubiquitous access.This paper forms a portion of the Integrated Mobile GIS and Wireless Image Web Services for Environmental Monitoring and Management project supported by NASAs Affiliated Research Center (ARC) at San Diego State University. Funding by the NASA ARC program and matching funds from the San Diego State University Foundation are acknowledged and greatly appreciated. The author wishes to thank John Kaiser, the ARC program coordinator, and Dr. Douglas Stow, the ARC program Principle Investigator, for their coordination efforts on this project. Java programming was provided by Liang Guo, a geography graduate student at San Diego State University.     

The role of GIS in Digital Earth education

Abstract

A growing number of educators worldwide have become convinced that geotechnologies – including geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), and remote sensing – are key technologies to prepare students to be tomorrow's decision makers. Grappling with local, regional, and global issues of the 21^st century requires people who think spatially and who can use geotechnologies. Some educators teach geotechnologies as a discipline, emphasising skills. Other educators use geotechnologies as a tool to teach content, such as geography, history, environmental studies, Earth Science, biology, mathematics, economics and other disciplines. Issues such as traffic, population growth, urban sprawl, energy, water, crime, human health, biodiversity and sustainable agriculture are growing in complexity, exist at every scale and increasingly affect people's everyday lives. Each of these issues has a spatial component. Drivers for geotechnology education include educational content standards, constructivism, the school-to-career movement, active learning, citizenship education, authentic practice and assessment, interdisciplinary education, community connections and a sustained, increasing demand for GIS professionals. Digital Earth is an ideal framework for contextualising domains of inquiry. The Digital Earth community can have a significant impact on the growth of geotechnologies in education, and conversely, the growth of geotechnologies in education and society can foster the forward movement of Earth systems concepts.     

环境遥感的学科地位

地理科学对地理环境系统的研究是以地理信息获取的研究为基础的,后者制约着地理科学研究方法的进步,并影响了整个地理科学的发展水平。现代遥感技术辅之以系统科学等一系列先进的科学理论和技术,在地理环境系统研究中的成功应用,形成遥感技术的一个重要应用分支学科——环境遥感,其作为地理科学研究技术工具学科的地位逐渐确立。 环境遥感研究的实质表现为三个方面:(1)地理环境系统中电磁相互作用关系的充分利用;(2)遥感信息机制研究支持下的地理环境信息处理系统的结构优化;(3)地理环境系统综合分析过程标准化的实现。 环境遥感的学科地位体现为双重特征,即重要的遥感应用分支和现代地理科学研究新的技术方法。由于横跨信息科学和地理科学两大领域,环境遥感充分体现出其综合性、交叉性的学科特点。环境遥感和常规的地理研究方法,分别着重于对地理环境系统中能量信息系统或物质信息系统的考察,两者在某些方面,至少在今天看来是不能互相取代的。但是,环境遥感依靠其技术系统的不断完善、综合分析功能的加强以及对一系列非能量信息的参照和相关分析(如信息复合技术)而在地理环境系统研究的很多领域显示出独特的优越性。 同时,由于科学认识和科学技术水平的整体制约,以及学科本身的固有特性,环境遥感研究仍     

遥感与地理信息系统数据的信息量及不确定性

讨论了遥感、GIS数据的不确定性与信息论中的不确定性间的联系，导出了GIS图形数据与遥感影像数据的信息量估算式，提出了位置疑义度和属性疑义度等概念。在统一的数学基础上，估算几何位置误差和属性正确率不足引起的不确定性，从而建立起遥感影像与GIS图形数据的信息量及不确定性的统一量度。     

A SEMINAR ON GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

A paper describing the proceedings of a seminar on geographic information systems sponsored jointly by Tartu University and the USSR Academy of Sciences reveals major thrusts of Soviet research in this emerging field. Topics presented in the seminar include basic types of geographic information systems, the roles played by microcomputers and data base management systems in GIS, use of data from topographic maps in GIS, terrain modeling, remote sensing and GIS, GIS development based on Soviet-produced hardware and software, and the application of information systems in the solution of specific resource management problems. Translated from: Izvestiya AN SSSR, seriya geograficheskaya, 1986, No. 1, pp. 136–138.     

基于遥感影像理解模型的土地利用时空变化监测——以龙口市为例

本文从遥感影像理解模型出发,探讨了遥感信息的知识发现及特征提取问题,特别针对士地利用研究领域,提出了纳入GIS信息的遥感影像综合理解模型,将GIS数据(主要包括高程和坡度)与遥感影像结合起来,从中发现知识,并将知识用于遥感影像的专题信息提取,建立了地学规律知识库,从而提高了遥感影像的分类精度。本文基于遥感影像理解模型,发现土地利用变化区域,提取变化信息,动态地监测了龙口市土地利用的时空变化情况。     

龙羊峡库区环境动态监测信息系统的建立与应用

以黄河上游最大的水利工程－－龙羊峡水库为实验区,围绕库区存在的主要环境问题的研究,应用遥感与ＧＩＳ一体化的方法,研究设计了系统结构、功能及数据库的组成,并建立了可运行的龙羊峡库区环境动态监测信息系统,在系统支持下有效的实现了库区环境动态监测与应用,由于该系统较强的可操作性和适应性,其成果在高寒干旱与半干旱地区环境研究中具有推广和应用价值。     

Professionalism and Manpower Issues in Geographical Information Systems in West Africa

The provision of geographical information systems (GIS), particularly as an integrator of digital cartographic principles, in West Africa is evaluated by examining the professionalism and manpower issues, trends of cartographic and GIS education and training, usage of modern technology and dissemination of spatial information as well as in terms of the level of regional co-operation. The analysis shows that there is potential for the rapid growth and recognition of the disciplinary and societal relevance of GIS in West Africa. This is indicated by the cartography, remote sensing, and GIS programmes being established in Nigerian and Ghanaian tertiary institutions, as well as the changes from analogue to digital mapping procedures in the public and petroleum oil organisations.     

地理信息系统与遥感的一体化

本文主要概述了地理信息系统(GIS)的含义、性质、类型和特点,并分析了其在国内外的发展和应用前景。目前,它已发展形成为一门全方位的新兴服务行业。此外,本文还就地理信息系统的标准化、规范化的研究,及GIS与全球研究和与遥感应用的结合,尤其是遥感与地理信息系统的一体化发展的方向等,作了重点介绍。     

基于遥感和GIS的区域生态环境分类研究

本文以石羊河流域为例,研究了基于卫星遥感数据与数字高程模型的区域生态环境分类方法。其研究 机理是:利用遥感技术获取相关生态环境专题信息,运用GIS空间分析技术自动生成流域范围的生态环境边界, 形成了一种科学的区域生态环境分类方法。     

县域环保数字平台设计与实现

目前,环保在国家发展战略中占据重要地位,环保信息化建设迫在眉睫。基于物联网、地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)、全球卫星定位系统(GPS)、知识系统(ES)、决策支持(DSS)等技术,整合市环保局、区政府及区环保局信息资源,建立集环境质量监测、应急指挥、污染源空间信息管理、环保局日常业务综合办公系统等功能于一体的数字环保平台,全面提升环境保护局的环境管理水平。     

GIS与模糊综合评判方法在垃圾填埋场选址中的应用

随着环境保护的呼吁声越来越高,人们对环境污染物之一的垃圾的处理越来越关注,选址工作在垃圾填埋场的整个建设过程中的地位非常重要.本次选用ETM++遥感影像提取基础地理信息,结合垃圾填埋场建址的标准,利用GIS空间分析功能分析出适合场址的几个候选区.利用层次分析法选取相关评价指标,建立模糊综合评判模型对几个候选区进行评价;...     

遥感和GIS技术应用于伊拉克南部Basrah省土地利用/覆盖变化及城市扩张研究(英文)

In recent years, land use/cover dynamic change has become a key subject that needs to be dealt with in the study of global environmental change. In this paper, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are integrated to monitor, map, and quantify the land use/cover change in the southern part of Iraq (Basrah Province was taken as a case) by using a 1:250 000 mapping scale. Remote sensing and GIS software were used to classify Landsat TM in 1990 and Landsat ETM+ in 2003 imagery into five land use and land cover (LULC) classes: vegetation, sand, urban area, unused land, and water bodies. Supervised classification and normalized difference build-up index (NDBI) were used respectively to retrieve its urban boundary. An accuracy assessment was performed on the 2003 LULC map to determine the reliability of the map. Finally, GIS software was used to quantify and illustrate the various LULC conversions that took place over the 13-year span of time. Results showed that the urban area had increased by the rate of 1.2% per year, with area expansion from 3 299.1 km² in 1990 to 3 794.9 km² in 2003. Large vegetation area in the north and southeast were converted into urban construction land. The land use/cover changes of Basrah Province were mainly caused by rapid development of the urban economy and population immigration from the countryside. In addition, the former government policy of “returning farmland to transportation and huge expansion in military camps” was the major driving force for vegetation land change. The paper concludes that remote sensing and GIS can be used to create LULC maps. It also notes that the maps generated can be used to delineate the changes that take place over time. Supported by the Al-Basrah University, Iraq, the Geo-information Science and Technology Program (No. IRT 0438)China).     

Monitoring the source of trans-national dust storms in north east Asia

Abstract

The vast expanse of the Gobi desert across the Mongolian plateau experiences frequent dust storms. In this isolated region remote sensing techniques can provide an effective measurement of dust storms. Brightness temperature channels 4, 5 of AVHRR/NOAA satellite data, emissive bands of MODIS/TERRA satellite data and meteorological station measurement data were used and tested for dust and sandstorm mapping in the desert area of Mongolia and northern China. The differences between thermal bands in combination with geographic information system (GIS) layers were used for mapping in this study. The results show that dust and sand storm maps can be achieved from emissive bands for monitoring of dust and sandstorms. Most active dust storm sources can occur in truly remote areas where there is little or no human activity, although many sources are associated with areas where human impacts are well documented. Thus, on a regional scale dust mobilisation appears to be dominated by natural sources.     

GIS- and RS-based spatial decision support: structure of a spatial environmental information system (SEIS)

Abstract

The development of spatial decision support for environmental resource management, e.g. forest and agroecosystem management, biodiversity conservation, or hydrological planning, started in the 1980s and was the focus of many research groups in the 1990s. The combined availability of spatial data and communication, computing, positioning, geographic information system (GIS)- and remote sensing (RS)-technologies has been responsible for the implementation of complex SDSS since the late 1990s. The regional GIS-based modelling of environmental resources, and therefore ecosystems in general, requires setting-up an extensive geo and model database. Spatial data on topography, soil, climate, land use, hydrology, flora, fauna and anthropogenic activities have to be available. Therefore, GIS- and RS-technologies are of central importance for spatial data handling and analysis. In this context, the structure of spatial environmental information systems (SEIS) is introduced. In SEIS, the input data for environmental resource management are organised in at least seven sub-information systems: base geodata information system (BGDIS), climate information system (CIS), soil information system (SIS), land use information system (LUIS), hydrological information system (HIS), spatial/temporal biodiversity information system (STBIS), forest/agricultural management information system (FAMIS). The major tasks of a SEIS are to (i) provide environmental resource information on a regional level, (ii) analyse the impact of anthropogenic activities and (iii) simulate scenarios of different impacts.     

地理信息历史数据在环境变化监测中的应用

在遥感与地理信息技术基础上,分析现有的地理信息历史资料及其在资源环境监测中的应用,并以某湿地为研究区,根据不同时期的地理信息历史资料,重建湿地空间分布的时间演化,探究其演变原因,以期为研究区内的环境保护提供可参考的依据。同时,充分开发利用现有的地理信息资源,为资源环境监测提供有效服务。     

Study on gis data directly integrated into image processing

The basic properties to be dealt with ,when considering initially the research needs related to the integration of remote sensing (RS) information into a geographic information system (GIS),are many-sided.The primary combination of remote sensing and GIS is mainly realized by the transforms of data structure .Because of its own limitations,there is an urgent need to investigate the integration of RS and GIS in higher levels.In this paper,we discuss the different types of combinations of RS with GIS,and propose that GIS data should be directly brought into image processing from the beginning.A tentative idea of how to use the method of granularity to study the common processing unit of RS and GIS is described.The example for the determination of granularity of spatial data processing related to run-length-code line is also given.     

Study on gis data directly integrated into image processing

The basic properties to be dealt with, when considering initially the research needs related to the integration of remote sensing (RS) information into a geographic information system (GIS), are many-sided. The primary combination of remote sensing and GIS is mainly realized by the transforms of data structure. Because of its own limitations, there is an urgent need to investigate the integration of RS and GIS in higher levels. In this paper, we discuss the different types of combinations of RS with GIS, and propose that GIS data should be directly brought into image processing from the beginning. A tentative idea of how to use the method of granularity to study the common processing unit of RS and GIS is described. The example for the determination of granularity of spatial data processing related to run-length-code line is also given.     

地理信息系统的发展现状和趋势

当前,在世界范围内,一个以GIS技术为核心,集遥感、GPS等技术为一体的新产业——地理空间信息产业——正在形成,并积极推动着传统测绘、地理和制图等产业向现代数字、知识经济产业发展。文章首先介绍当前地理信息系统研究中的几个热点研究领域;然后对GIS软件业界的现状进行详细分析,指出了我国测绘软件业存在的七个方面的问题,提出了“集约型、跨越式”发展我国GIS自主产权技术的具体政策和措施;最后介绍了GIS应用系统的发展及特点。