On the degree correlation of urban road networks

Recent advances in network science and the development of volunteered geographic information (VGI) have created new research opportunities in the topological analysis of road networks. The degree correlation of road networks is rarely studied. This study applied four measures, including the average degree of nearest neighbor, correlation profile, Newman's assortativity coefficient, and Litvak–Hofstad's assortativity coefficient, to measure the degree correlations of road networks represented as dual graphs of strokes, axial lines, and named roads. After investigating 100 road networks worldwide obtained from OpenStreetMap, it has been found that road networks are mostly disassortative or uncorrelated in stroke and named road representations, but assortative when represented as axial lines. Inconsistency in different measures persists regardless of method of representation; therefore, qualitative dichotomy or trichotomy is insufficient to describe the actual connection pattern in road networks. A taxonomy of road network assortativity is proposed. Two of the proposed disassortative types are associated with the absence of a grid pattern and are less robust than the typical disassortative type.     

利用路段连接图识别道路网中的格网模式

提出一种基于路段连接图的格网模式识别方法.该方法以路段连接对作为研究的基本单元,以节点路段为点,路段的连接为边用路段连接图表达道路网.将在道路网中识别格网转化为在路段连接图中搜索格网回路.提出了描述路段连接对几何与连接关系的5个参量,用于筛选图中符合格网特点的节点和边.设计了图搜索的约束条件,使用广度优先遍历搜索连接关...     

电力配网地理信息系统的设计与开发

随着城市规模的迅速扩大,对输配送电网的服务和管理提出了更高的要求,传统的管理模式已不能适应电力行业的需要。输配送电网GIS主要针对输变电主干网及子干网输配电网设备设施空间分布数据、电网运行状态等信息进行集中管理。系统的建设目标是对电网的网络关系进行分析,开发出基于地理信息技术的电网管理系统,形成以地理位置为查询主线索的多层次多方式的信息管理系统。本文结合长沙电业局的输配送管网建设现状,结合实际工作需求,全面提高电缆管理所的综合服务和管理水平,对电力配网地理信息系统的功能和框架结构等进行全面描述和开发。     

数学形态学与拓扑约束支持的单条河流骨架线提取

为解决当前遥感手段提取河流骨架线自动化程度不高、精度有限、易发生断裂等问题,提出一种基于数学形态学与拓扑约束理论的完整单条河流骨架线自动化提取方法。该法综合利用归一化水体指数(NDWI)和数学形态学方法提取遥感影像中的河流及河流初始骨架线;从河流初始骨架线二值图中获取断点,并自动计算膨胀系数,利用局部膨胀细化法进行连接;结合拓扑约束,利用初始骨架线对连接线进行去伪操作。结果表明,该方法能有效解决细小、易发生断裂的单条河流的完整骨架线自动提取的难题。     

一种新的三维地下管线衔接模型算法研究

在城市地下管网中,管线通过管件实现相交、衔接和连通等操作,然而地下管线连接方式种类繁多,管件在面对地下管线复杂多样的连接方式时存在无法完全表达的问题。文中主要研究在三维地下管网建模过程中,管件在不能完全表达管线连接方式时的衔接模型,按衔接管径不同将管线衔接建模分为等径管线衔接建模和异径管线衔接建模两类;提出采用圆管—圆球—圆管的组合进行等径管线衔接建模方法;重点研究异径管线衔接建模,提出一种利用ArcEngine组件对象构建多片圆柱体,圆柱体模拟圆环体,若干首尾相接的渐变径圆环体拟合弯管的算法。研究方法能够高效逼真地构建出等径弯管模型和异径弯管模型,解决了地下管线三维模型衔接处的光滑建模问题。     

网络空间向量剖分法识别城市路网网格模式

将道路网络空间视为嵌在2D空间中的独立子空间,利用形态单一的线性单元剖分图结构的边,实现网络空间的栅格化;提取网格模式的典型特征,包括几何和拓扑特征,以栅格单元邻域为目标计算特征值,构建特征向量描述栅格单元,实现对象空间到特征空间的映射,构建空间向量场;基于支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）实现网格模式分类;结合格式塔原则完善实验结果。将此方法应用于深圳市路网数据,实验结果表明能有效地识别网格模式。     

运用图论进行道路网网格模式提取

提出了一种基于图论的网格模式提取方法。该方法根据道路之间的关系生成关系图,运用交、联、提取连通分量和极大完全子图等图论算子完成模式的提取。实验结果表明,该方法能有效地进行网格模式的提取。     

一种城市公交线网分布的可视化分析方法

可视化分析技术在分析交通数据、发现交通问题及辅助决策扮演着越来越重要的角色,成为一项重要的智能交通技术。为了更加直观地展示城市公交线网空间分布的疏密情况,本文基于北京市公交线路矢量数据,采用直接可视化和聚集可视化两种方法对公交线网的空间分布进行了分析。通过对原数据处理计算得到了基于北京市主干道的公交线路分布数据并进行了直接可视化;同时利用HTML5的Canvas绘制热力图的方法对原数据进行了聚集可视化,根据可视化结果对北京市公交线路空间分布情况进行了分析。该方法对城市公交线网规划和优化有实用价值和意义。     

Toward an integrated framework for geosensor grid

Abstract

Grid computing is deemed as a good solution to the digital earth infrastructure. Various geographically dispersed geospatial resources can be connected and merged into a ‘supercomputer’ by using the grid-computing technology. On the other side, geosensor networks offer a new perspective for collecting physical data dynamically and modeling a real-time virtual world. Integrating geosensor networks and grid computing in geosensor grid can be compared to equipping the geospatial information grid with ‘eyes’ and ‘ears.’ Thus, real-time information in the physical world can be processed, correlated, and modeled to enable complex and advanced geospatial analyses on geosensor grid with capability of high-performance computation. There are several issues and challenges that need to be overcome before geosensor grid comes true. In this paper, we propose an integrated framework, comprising the geosensor network layer, the grid layer and the application layer, to address these design issues. Key technologies of the geosensor grid framework are discussed. And, a geosensor grid testbed is set up to illustrate the proposed framework and improve our geosensor grid design.     

Modeling spatiotemporal topological relationships between moving object trajectories along road networks based on region connection calculus

Considering the attempts to model spatiotemporal topological relationships between moving object trajectories, the conceptual and computational framework for moving objects along a road network has not received much attention. This paper aims to draw an improved model based on Region Connection Calculus (RCC) theory to represent the spatiotemporal topological relationships between moving object trajectories along road networks. This paper first uses a dimension reduction method based on a linear-reference transformation to model the moving object trajectories segments, and then defines new time–connection and space–connection relations between two trajectory segments. On this basis, the paper proposes an extension to the RCC-based spatiotemporal binary relationship set so that the combined semantics of the spatiotemporal predicates can be described completely. A case study was carried out using Floating Car Data in Guangzhou city. The computational results show that in a real application, the occurrence frequencies of the RCC-based binary relationships are distributed nonuniformly and the semantics of some binary relationships with the highest occurrence are coarse. Therefore, the partition of the spatiotemporal connection relations and the finer aspects of the spatiotemporal relationship model may require further research work.     

GPS vector configuration design for monitoring deformation networks

 The performance of geodetic monitoring networks is heavily influenced by the configuration of the measured GPS vectors. As an effective design of the GPS measurements will decrease GPS campaign costs and increase the accuracy and reliability of the entire network, the identification of the preferred GPS vectors for measurement has been highlighted as a core problem in the process of deformation monitoring. An algorithm based on a sensitivity analysis of the network, as dependent upon a postulated velocity field, is suggested for the selection of the optimal GPS vectors. Relevant mathematical and statistical concepts are presented as the basis for an improved method of vector configuration design. A sensitivity analysis of the geodetic geodynamic network in the north of Israel is presented, where the method is examined against two deformation models, the Simple Transform Fault and the Locked Fault. The proposed method is suggested as a means for the improvement of the design of monitoring networks, a common practice worldwide. Received: 30 July 2001 / Accepted: 3 June 2002 Acknowledgments. It is my pleasant duty to thank the Survey of Israel and Dr. E. Ostrovsky for providing the variance–covariance matrix of the G1 network in northern Israel. I would like to thank the reviewers of this paper for their constructive and helpful remarks.     

一种由等高线构建DEM的新方法

基于HASM,提出了一种由等高线建立DEM的新方法HASM-OC。HASM—OC方法保证地形曲面的整体光滑性,保证DEM最大程度上忠实于原始等高线数据。实际等高线案例结果表明,HASM—OC方法与基于薄板样条原理的Hutchinson方法的DEM模拟结果及其回放的等高线差相比,前者比后者保留更多的地形特征信息,前者的回放等高线比后者回放等高线更忠实于原始数据。     

安宁市综合管网地理信息系统数据库设计

将地理信息系统(GIS)应用于综合管网是政务信息化的重要内容之一。针对安宁市综合管网GIS,本文阐述了用GeoDatabase建立数据库的设计过程、方法等内容。GeoDatabase支持几何网络对象,对各种地理要素的编辑操作能自动维护其拓扑关系,避免了传统数据模型下重复建拓扑的重复操作。     

网格地图与网格计算

源远流长 ,古朴简易的网格地图方法 ,仍可作为空间分析、空间数据挖掘 (SDM)的工具之一。以遥感像元数据为基础 ,结合四分树、三角网等数据处理技术的网格地图获得了新的活力和现代功能。当面临全球互联网走向网格计算新技术的机遇时 ,如果能够将各自优势互补 ,网格地图就将推陈出新 ,生机无限。在数字化城市的应用方面 ,它也有可能与城市规划和建设中的网格化趋向相融合 ,成为“数字城市”数据库建设与城市管理信息系统中的崭新一页     

一种基于WiFi Direct技术的位置信息共享方法

当移动设备处于离线状态时,设备之间难以实现基于位置的信息共享。本文尝试利用Android设备搭载的WiFi Direct技术建立无线自组织网络的方法,实现了在该网络下位置信息的共享,并对该网络的性能进行了测试,同时考虑了设备中存在有设备与服务器连接时的信息共享情况。试验表明,该方法可在一定程度上解决因网络中断,设备之间不能进行位置等信息的共享或从服务器获取信息的问题。     

Second-order design of combined linear-angular geodetic networks

The paper deals with the solution of the weight problem for linear-angular networks on the base of criterion matrices. The observation plan of combined linear-angular networks consists of distances as well as of directions in any form. In particular the role of criterion matrices of completely isotropic structure for this type of two-dimensional network is discussed. Starting from an extreme network design, the results of a least-squares approximation are described analytically. In this case, the observation plan contains all geometrical point connections. Finally, the considerations are completed by giving as an example the second-order design of a control network for a dam of a water reservoir.     

WebGIS中数据库连接池的设计与实现

数据库连接在WebGIS开发中的应用颇为频繁，而由于多用户并发操作以及网络软硬件条件等方面的影响，连接的速度往往不尽如人意。文中利用JDBC技术，在WebGIS中设计并实现了基于Oracle数据库和Java Applet／Servlet网络模式的数据库连接池，从而大大提高了数据库连接的效率，同时还可以通过连接池自身的管理机制来监视数据库连接的数量和使用情况。     

基于C4.5算法的道路网网格模式识别

道路网模式的识别对于地图综合、数据匹配和空间分析具有重要意义。网格模式是道路网中的典型模式之一。本文提出一种基于C4.5算法的网格模式识别方法。该方法以道路网中的网眼多边形为基本单元,根据上下文关系将其标识为属于网格模式和不属于网格模式两类。首先采用形状参量和关系参量描述网眼多边形,然后,基于决策树C4.5算法分别对5维参量和3维参量构造分类器,运用10折交叉验证获得具有说服力的结果,其Kappa值分别为0.63和0.66,正确率分别为81.7％和82.9％,置信度90％的置信区间分别为[0.785, 0.846]和[0.797, 0.857]。在新数据上进行了识别效果的验证,结果表明该分类器可用于网格模式的识别。研究试图将传统模式识别和数据挖掘的理论方法应用于空间问题的解答中。     

道路网与兴趣点相结合的城市中心提取方法

为空间数据添加接近人们思维以及适宜认知的高阶信息是改善其可用性的重要途径。城市中心是这一类信息的典型案例,它在人们的社会活动中具有重要作用。本文提出一种单纯运用道路网和兴趣点提取城市中心的方法。该方法首先运用G*i提取了路网的密集区域,确定了包含城市中心的大致区域;然后根据该区域中特定类型兴趣点的网络核密度确定了城市中心的精确范围。对英国利物浦、加拿大多伦多和巴西库里蒂巴进行了试验,查准率为0.74~0.8,查全率为0.53~0.67,结果表明该方法能较为有效地提取城市中心。对方法的两个关键影响因素:G*i的距离测度以及网络核密度的带宽进行了敏感性分析,固定距离法为合适的距离测度方法,而600~900m为适宜带宽。     

顾及结构和几何特征的道路自动选取方法

提出了一种顾及结构和几何特征的道路网自动选取方法。综合考虑道路的度中心性、集聚系数和路划的几何长度等道路选取影响因素,提出一种道路重要性评价方法。实验结果表明,本文方法能够很好地保持选取道路网的整体与局部结构、拓扑结构以及路网连通性。基于该方法,由大比例尺地图选取出的小比例尺地图与相应标准比例尺地图保持较高的一致性,表明该方法是稳定可靠的。