黄土高原区域尺度土壤水分空间变异性

土壤水分是黄土高原植物生长发育和生态环境重建的主要限制因子。为揭示黄土高原区域尺度深层土壤水分的空间变异性,在黄土高原共布点234个,采集深剖面土壤水分样品12198个。采用经典统计和地统计学相结合的方法系统分析了土壤水分的分布规律、变异特征及影响因素。结果表明:①黄土高原地区土壤水分在水平方向上表现出由东南向西北递减,在垂直方向上(0~500cm)表现出先减小后增加的分布特征;②土地利用对区域尺度土壤水分的数量及垂直分布规律具有显著影响;③土壤水分在不同土层深度(0~500cm)的变异系数、空间异质比等参数的垂直分布均呈先减小后增加趋势,这些参数在表达土壤水分变异的效果上具有一致性。相关结果对黄土高原区域尺度水土过程调控、生态水文过程研究具有一定参考价值。     

The collapse mechanism in partly saturated soil

A study has been made of the metastable structure of partly saturated soilt that collapse when wetted under load. This has been done using the scanning electron microscope on air-dried specimens of collapsing soil representative of various types. These include aeolian sand from South Africa, loess from Europe, clay from America and a range of compacted soils. The nature of the intergranular contacts has been studied at magnifications up to 20,000. It is shown that a common basic collapse mechanism applies to the different types of soil ranging from sand to clay.     

Modeling soil collapse by artificial neural networks

The feasibility of using neural networks to model the complex relationship between soil parameters, loading conditions, and the collapse potential is investigated in this paper. A back propagation neural network process was used in this study. The neural network was trained using experimental data. The experimental program involved the assessment of the collapse potential using the one-dimensional oedometer apparatus. To cover the broadest possible scope of data, a total of eight types of soils were selected covering a wide range of gradation. Various conditions of water content, unit weights and applied pressures were imposed on the soils. For each placement condition, three samples were prepared and tested with the measured collapse potential values averaged to obtain a representative data point. This resulted in 414 collapse tests with 138 average test values, which were divided into two groups. Group I, consisting of 82 data points, was used to train the neural networks for a specific paradigm. Training was carried out until the mean sum squared error (MSSE) was minimized. The model consisting of eight hidden nodes and six variables was the most successful. These variables were: soil coefficient of uniformity, initial water content, compaction unit weight, applied pressure at wetting, percent sand and percent clay. Once the neural networks have been deemed fully trained its accuracy in predicting collapse potential was tested using group II of the experimental data. The model was further validated using information available in the literature. The data used in both the testing and validation phases were not included in the training phase. The results proved that neural networks are very efficient in assessing the complex behavior of collapsible soils using minimal processing of data. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于人工神经网络的砂土液化势评价

本文利用静力触探（ＣＰＴ）场地液化数据,建立了液化势判定的反向传播神经网络模型,研究表明,同传统方法相比,人工神经网络方法在判别砂土液化势方面是可行的。     

贵州潜在倾倒式崩塌的识别指标

针对贵州省倾倒式崩塌的特点,选取对灾害发生具有控制性或影响较大的且易于在野外采集的因子(坡度、岩体结构、凹腔状态、主控结构面倾角、卸荷松弛、后缘裂缝贯通程度和基座软硬程度)作为识别指标。基于岩石工程系统RES方法,通过人工神经网络BP模型构建指标相互作用关系矩阵,研究指标间相互作用对潜在崩塌稳定性的影响,确定评价指标的权重,并就评价指标对整体稳定性的重要程度进行排序,旨在为潜在崩塌的野外简易识别奠定基础。研究发现,岩体结构、后缘裂缝贯通程度对潜在倾倒式崩塌的影响很强。     

莱州市平里店- 驿道地区区域地下水资源及开采潜力评价

水是经济发展和社会进步的生命线,研究地下水资源赋存规律,计算地下水资源量及开采潜力评价,对区域地下水可持续开发利用及水环境保护具有重要意义。本文以莱州市平里店—驿道地区所在的1∶5万平里店图幅区域作为研究区,通过资料收集、水文地质测绘、地球物理勘探、水文地质钻探、水文地质试验、水文地球化学调查、地下水动态监测等工作手段,查明了研究区内各水文地质单元的水文地质特征。在此基础上,将研究区划分为5个地下水资源计算分区(包含11个计算组、2个计算亚组),通过资料统计法和开采量调查统计法统计了各计算分区一个水文年内地下水资源开发利用现状,计算并选用合适的水文地质参数,运用水均衡法计算出区内降水入渗补给量、河流渗漏补给量、灌溉回渗补给量、侧向径流量及地下水允许开采量,并对各计算分区地下水资源开采潜力作出分析评价。研究区地下水允许开采量为3915. 675×104 m 3/a,王河水文地质区松散岩类孔隙水涌水量>500m3/d亚组地下水资源开采潜力较大,其余各计算分区、组及亚组地下水资源开采潜力一般。     

Effects of coupled hydro-mechanical model considering dual-phase fluid flow on potential for shallow landslides at a regional scale

Natural Hazards - A total of 36 rainfall-induced shallow landslides occurred on July 26 and 27, 2011, on Halmidang Mountain, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. To precisely analyze these shallow...     

广东省某隧道区岩溶塌陷危险性评价

岩溶塌陷的产生会严重影响隧道的安全施工及运营,而隧道的开挖又加剧了岩溶塌陷发生的可能性,并使其发生机制变的更加复杂。本文选择隧道埋深、隧道涌水量及距离隧道的远近3个因素来衡量隧道开挖对岩溶塌陷的影响。并以长基岭隧道为例,运用模糊数学理论结合层次分析法,选择了包括隧道埋深、涌水量等在内的14个因素,建立研究区岩溶塌陷模糊综合评判模型,并通过程序与GIS集成实现了研究区岩溶塌陷危险性分区。评价结果对岩溶地区隧道的施工及运营提供依据。     

Capillary collapse of loose pyroclastic unsaturated sands characterized at grain scale

The reduction in volume for unsaturated soils wetted at constant total stress is indicated as capillary collapse. Several studies conducted on standard laboratory specimens (macro-scale) outlined the role of initial void ratio, confining pressure and matric suction on collapse onset. Conversely, few observations were made at grain scale, although an important influence of soil structure has been supposed since years. This paper investigated the collapse of coarse and fine sands derived from a pyroclastic soil of Southern Italy. The X-ray computed tomography was used to identify the mechanisms acting at grain scale and to measure the local variations of soil structure. The experimental procedure consisted in preparing remoulded unsaturated specimens and reducing the matric suction until the collapse occurred under self-weight. At different stages of the process, the sample was imaged by X-ray tomography. The experimental results provided original insight into: (1) transformation of soil structure during the wetting tests; (2) variation of porosity, water content and degree of saturation for the whole specimen; and (3) local variations of those variables in several representative sub-volumes. It is worth noting that collapse of coarse sand specimen occurred before saturation. This was also emphasized by the presence of macro-voids at collapse.     

岩溶土洞发育区地基塌陷的治理

岩溶土洞是一种特殊的岩溶现象,具有埋藏浅、发育快、分布密、易引发地面塌陷的特点,对工程建设危害极大。本文以郴州师范学校教职工生活区地基塌陷治理工程为例,对岩溶土洞的分布规律、形成机理及地基塌陷原因进行了分析,并简要介绍了岩溶土洞的治理措施。     

考虑卸荷作用的黄土湿陷性评价方法研究

卸荷作用会导致湿陷性黄土部分湿陷量未发生,但目前黄土湿陷性评价方法中未考虑卸荷因素的影响。推导并建立了卸荷条件下黄土湿陷系数的表达式,并通过卸荷湿陷试验确定了表达式中的参数取值。首先定义湿陷完成比、卸荷应力比分别用来表征卸荷作用发生前黄土湿陷变形的完成程度及卸荷作用发生时卸荷量的大小。运用湿陷完成比及卸荷应力比推导出卸荷湿陷系数的计算公式。该公式揭示出卸荷湿陷系数是对湿陷系数一定程度的折减,而该折减与湿陷完成比及卸荷应力比有关。随后进行黄土在不同湿陷完成比和卸荷应力比下的卸荷湿陷试验,得到上述条件下黄土卸荷湿陷量的取值。对试验结果进行分析得到卸荷湿陷系数的具体表达式。该公式可用于计算在不同初始压力下,任意湿陷完成比及卸荷应力比下的卸荷湿陷系数。通过对比卸荷湿陷系数的试验值与计算值验证了所推公式的合理性及准确性。得到了考虑卸荷作用的黄土湿陷性影响系数的确定方法,进一步总结了卸荷作用对黄土湿陷性的影响规律。     

辽宁锦州城区土壤环境质量及潜在生态危害评价

为研究锦州城区土壤环境质量及潜在生态危害,以城区表层土壤为研究对象,按照2018年发布的土壤环境质量农用地及建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准,分别对城区表层土壤重金属环境质量进行评估,采用潜在生态危害指数法对其潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明,相对于深层土壤背景值,表层土壤Hg、Cd的元素富集系数较高,分别为2.36、2.27,变异系数Hg、Cd较高,分别为1.28、1.49,城区绿地土壤Hg、Zn、Cu元素含量平均值均高于城郊旱田1.5倍以上;综合评价,锦州城区以一等无风险土壤为主,二等风险可控土壤多分布于城郊,汤河子工业区周边为三等污染风险较高土壤;潜在生态危害评价结果表明,Hg元素易于释放且对生物潜在毒性较大,达到较高生态危害程度,其他元素为低生态危害程度,综合潜在生态危害指数（RI）达到中等生态危害程度。     

Fractal analysis of major faults in India on a regional scale

The seismicity of a region is implicit of the causal faulting mechanisms and geodynamic diversity of the subsurface regime nucleating earthquakes of different magnitudes, several of which may be as devastating as ones historically reported in global perspective of tectonic complexity as in the case of India. Fractal analysis using box-counting method for the major fault networks across the country estimates fractal dimension, D_f, values to be varying between 0.88 and 1.36. The fault segments in parts of northwest Himalayas, northeast India and Indo-Gangetic plains, are observed to be associated with higher D_f values implicating high seismicity rates. On the other hand, low D_f values in the peninsular India indicate isolated pattern of the underlying faults. The fractal dimension is observed to be indicative of predominant faulting types — higher values conforming to thrust faulting mechanism while lower to strike slip tectonism.     

Evaluation of bagasse ash treated lateritic soil as a potential barrier material in waste containment application

Laboratory tests were conducted on a reddish-brown lateritic soil treated with up to 12 % bagasse ash to assess its suitability in waste containment barriers applications. Soil samples were prepared using four compaction energies (i.e. reduced Proctor, standard Proctor, West African Standard or ‘intermediate’ and modified Proctor) at ?2, 0, 2 and 4 % moulding water content of the optimum moisture content (OMC). Index properties, hydraulic conductivity (k), volumetric shrinkage and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed. Overall acceptable zones under which the material is suitable as a barrier material were obtained. Results recorded showed improved index properties; hydraulic conductivity and UCS with bagasse ash treatment up to 8 % at the OMC. Volumetric shrinkage strain increased with higher bagasse ash treatment. Based on the overall acceptable zone obtained, an 8 % optimal bagasse ash treatment of the natural lateritic soil makes it suitable for use in waste containment barrier application.     

有效参数的幂平均算法对农田尺度阿特拉津淋溶动态数值模拟的影响

以模拟农田尺度降雨入渗—重分布条件下阿特拉津(atrazine)在非饱和土壤中的淋溶动态为数值算例,通过在北京东郊的一块27m×27m的农田采集100个土壤样品,测定其主要理化性质,间接计算获得各土壤样品的van Genuchten型水力学参数、溶质运移的弥散度及atrazine在土壤中吸附的分配系数,进而基于柱模型假设,运用HY DRUS 1D软件得到不同时刻采样区内土壤水负压和atrazine浓度的平均分布。在此基础上,重点探讨了应用幂平均算法计算不同的等价有效参数对农田尺度下土壤水负压和atrazine浓度平均分布的数值模拟精度的影响。就所设计的降雨入渗—重分布条件下atrazine淋溶的算例而言,土壤水力学参数、溶质运移参数和吸附特性参数取几何平均或调和平均作为有效参数值,空间平面上呈正态分布的土壤水负压的初值采用算术平均值作为流场模拟的初始条件,可以获得满意的数值模拟结果。     

Determining the spatial scale of variation in soil radon concentration

Increasing concern about possible links between emissions of radon and certain types of malignant disease has led to local and regional surveys to measure radon concentrations in the soil and in dwellings. The spatial scale at which radon varies is largely unknown, and so efficient sampling schemes and methods of mapping cannot be selected. To determine the spatial scale of radon variation in the English Midlands we measured radon in the soil using solid-state nuclear track detection in three areas of different geological complexity. In two of them we used an unbalanced multistage sampling scheme with seven stages of nesting: the Hereford survey covered distances from 10 m to 7.5 km, and the Buxton survey distances from 1 m to 3.75 km. The results from the nested surveys suggested that geology exerts a strong control on the variation. Finally radon was measured every 20 m along a 2-km long transect which crossed several lithologies close to Nottingham. The soil radon values changed in an erratic way along the transect. The sample variogram of radon has a substantial nugget variance, suggesting that much of the variation occurred for distances less than the sampling interval. The structure at the longer scale seems to be controlled by the underlying geology. These results have implications for designing further surveys and for selecting a method of mapping. Stratification based on lithology might be the only feasible solution to sampling, estimating and mapping radon concentrations over large areas. Where the locally erratic component of variation is large, estimation by kriging, for example, would confer little additional benefit compared with that by classification.     

桂林市岩溶土洞塌陷的形成机制及治理措施

桂林市每年因各种原因诱发的地表塌陷均有数次-数十次之多,对人民的生命财产构成较大威胁.文章通过对桂林市岩溶发育区土洞塌陷的形成机制进行深入分析,提出一些针对岩溶土洞塌陷的治理措施.     

Calibrating a rainfall erosivity assessment model at regional scale in Mediterranean area

A simplified regression model is here calibrated on the basis of rainfall data records of Sicily (southern Italy), in order to show the model reliability in assessing the R-factor of the Universal Soil Loss Equation and its revised version (RUSLE) and to provide an estimate of long-term rainfall erosivity at medium-regional scale. The proposed model is a rearrangement of a former simplified model, formulated for the Italian environment, grouping three easily available rainfall variables on various time scales, which has been shown to be more successful than others in reproducing the rainfall erosive power over different locations of Italy. A geostatistical interpolation procedure is then applied for generating the regional long-term erosivity map with associated standard error. Areas with severe erosive rainfalls (from 2,000 up to more than 6,000 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹) are pointed out which will correspond to areas suffering from severe soil erosion. Solving the problem of calculating the R-factor value in the RUSLE equation by means of such a simplified model here formulated will allow to predict the related soil loss. Moreover, given the availability of long time-series of concerned rainfall data, it will be possible to analyse the variability of rainfall erosivity within the last 50 years, and to investigate the application of RUSLE or similar soil erosion models with forecasting purposes of soil erosion risk.