基于SPEI的1960—2018年赣江流域干旱特征

基于赣江流域39个气象站点逐月降水和气温数据,计算不同时间尺度标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI),采用Mann-Kendall突变检验、主成分分析(PCA)等方法,分析了赣江流域1960—2018年干旱时空变化特征.研究表明:不同时间尺度SPEI均有微弱升高的趋势,干旱形势有所缓解,SPEI能够较好地表征赣江流域旱涝情况.赣江流域中部的轻旱和特旱发生频率要高于其他地区,中旱主要高发地区主要分布在南部和西部区域,重旱主要集中在东部和北部.赣江流域干旱的空间分布具有较好的一致性,旱涝变化整体保持一致,南部与北部旱涝状态存在相反的纵向差异,且中部与南部、北部旱状况涝存在空间差异.     

1953-2010年浙西南山区降水与旱涝变化特征

根据1953-2010年浙西南山区逐月降水资料,在对不同时间尺度降水进行气候分析的基础上,利用降水距平百分率研究年、季和月尺度上旱涝分布特征,并通过Morlet连续小波变化探讨旱涝演变趋势。结果表明：近58 a来,浙西南山区降水量和雨日均呈下降趋势,且雨日减少幅度较明显,约每10 a减少3.39 d。其中降水量以8月增多最显著,5月下降最明显;雨日则以5月和12月的减少最为突出。用Morlet小波分析得出旱涝存在不同尺度的周期分量,并且各周期强度有所不同,其中以4-8 a周期和16-20 a周期最为强烈,2010年后浙西南山区旱涝将向偏涝方向发展。年际尺度上,浙西南山区旱涝主要表现为轻旱和轻涝;季和月尺度上,以8-12月旱涝发生最为频繁,其中干旱概率多于洪涝,但洪涝强度大于干旱。     

基于Z指数的江西省旱涝指标与时空分布特征

利用1961—2020年江西省逐日降水资料,基于Z指数分析确定了适用于江西省的旱涝指标。运用M-K检验、小波分析和EOF等方法分析了江西省旱涝时空分布特征。结果表明,1961—2020年江西省降水量年际变化大,20世纪90年代出现突变,但未出现显著的持续增加或减少。江西省干旱、雨涝事件存在准20 a主周期,从90年代开始偏涝年份明显增多,且雨涝呈增强的趋势。江西省旱涝主要存在4种空间分布型,分别为全区型、北涝（旱）南旱（涝）型、西涝（旱）东旱（涝）型、中心涝（旱）南北旱（涝）型,累计贡献率为83.61％。Z指数作为表征江西省旱涝指标的方法具有一定的适用性。     

长江流域及三峡库区近542年旱涝演变特征

选取长江流域沿线及三峡库区12个代表站,根据中国500年旱涝图集等级和各站建站以来5—9月降水量资料,按照旱涝等级标准,分别得到长江全流域、上游流域、中游流域、下游流域及其三峡库区1470—2011年旱涝等级序列。结果表明:长江各流域及其三峡库区均呈现较为明显的旱涝交替阶段,20世纪偏旱频率强烈增加,19世纪和20世纪偏涝频率明显增加。长江流域和三峡库区偏旱以上等级具有准160年周期震荡,全流域偏涝以上存在准140年的周期震荡,但20世纪后有所减弱,三峡库区偏涝以上等级存在准百年的周期震荡。三峡建坝蓄水前后库区降水EOF时空分布呈一致减少趋势,与此同时长江上游降水呈下降趋势,反映了长江上游流域及三峡库区气候趋旱;M-K突变检验显示水库蓄水前后流域上游和库区降水均未发生显著变化。在全球气候变化的背景下,三峡库区旱涝演变并不是孤立事件,而是与长江上游乃至整个长江流域旱涝背景密不可分。     

基于Z指数的河北省旱涝多尺度变化特征

利用1961—2009年京、津、冀73个气象站降水资料,计算降水Z指数,采用趋势分析、小波分析等方法,对河北省旱涝特征进行了分析。结果表明：近49 a来,河北省年降水Z指数呈下降趋势,并存在多时间尺度变化特征,具有7、9 a和15 a尺度的周期。夏季降水Z指数呈下降趋势,存在15 a显著的变化周期;冬、春季和秋季的降水Z指数均呈上升趋势,10—11 a的周期震荡明显。     

黄河流域夏季旱涝变化及气候物理因素的影响

利用1951-2008年NCAR/NCEP再分析资料及中国气象局整编的160站降水资料,探讨了黄河流域夏季降水气候分布范围,在此基础上研究了黄河流域夏季降水旱涝的年代际变化特点。结果表明：20世纪90年代以前,黄河流域夏季旱涝变化为9-11 a和2-3 a周期,20世纪90年代后周期变化不明显。对导致黄河流域夏季旱涝的气候物理因素分析表明,东亚高度场负距平异常直接造成中国黄河流域的夏季偏旱,而亚洲高度距平场东高西低的配置造成黄河流域偏涝;夏季南亚季风、东亚季风在黄河流域的辐合是流域降水偏多的关键。在同期OLR距平场,涝年黄河流域处在大的负距平中,对流强盛有利于水汽的辐合。影响大气的主要下垫面要素海温场,赤道东太平洋海温指数与夏季黄河流域降水同期呈负相关关系。流域旱年赤道东太平洋海温多为正位相,对应流域涝年赤道东太平洋海温多为负位相。本研究提出了一个寻找旱涝成因方法并为预测旱涝提供了科学参考。     

1644—1911年广东省旱涝多时间尺度变化特征及影响因子分析

建立清代1644—1911年广东的旱涝指数序列,采用滑动t检验、完备总体经验模态函数分析了清代广东旱涝的突变特征和多时间尺度周期性特征。结果表明,清代广东旱涝指数整体较平稳,呈现先明显增加后减少、后略微增加的趋势。旱涝指数序列具有多个跃变点,且有年际尺度4.2 a和7.8 a,年代际尺度11.6 a、15.2 a、36.5 a和70.1 a,世纪尺度130.3 a左右的周期。发现广东旱涝有多个周期与太阳黑子相对数序列及东亚季风指数序列周期接近,故用交叉小波分析发现广东旱涝指数序列与太阳黑子相对数序列在0~6 a、7~8 a和11~16 a等多个时间尺度具有强凝聚性共振周期,与东亚夏季风指数序列在4~8 a和25~45 a等多个时间尺度具有强凝聚性共振周期。      

玉林市近60年旱涝的变化特征

利用广西玉林市1953～2011年近60年的年降水资料,采用Z指数方法、Morlet小波分析方法和最大熵谱方法,分析了旱涝发生的时间演变特征。结果表明:(1)近60年,玉林年降水量波动较大,旱涝交替,涝年比旱年多,涝年出现率为35.9%,旱年出现率为22.0%;(2)旱涝阶段性明显:共经历了5次雨涝、4次干旱;(3)存在明显的多时间尺度变化特征:具有准14年年代际周期振荡和准5年年际尺度的周期变化。预测出玉林市未来1～2年仍将处于偏涝期中,之后5～6年偏涝趋势减弱,逐渐向偏旱期转变。     

基于SPI指数的粤东北地区旱涝变化特征分析

基于近55年粤东北12个国家气象站逐月降水量资料,通过计算标准化降水指数(SPI),并利用小波分析、相关性分析等方法,探讨了粤东北旱涝的时间变化、周期变化和空间分异特征.结果表明:粤东北旱涝事件出现频率高,不同时间尺度旱涝事件出现的平均频率为58.92％.季节尺度上,夏秋季出现洪涝事件频率较春冬季高,春冬季出现干旱事件...     

景德镇市近50a降水的小波变化特征分析(摘要)

利用了Morlet连续小波变换分析了景德镇市1953～2002年共50a年降水的多时间尺度变化特征,并利用Yamamoto检验法对突变点进行了真假性检验.结果显示,景德镇市年降水变化包含了多个不同时间尺度的周期变化和演变特征.年降水包含了17a、5a、7a、9a和4a的周期振荡;涝年或旱年主要取决于年际尺度(7a及7a以下)的周期变化;目前及今后2～3a景德镇市的年降水呈偏少的趋势;小波变换系数的零点不一定就是突变点,景德镇市年降水小波变化17a时间尺度的突变点发生在1958年和1992年.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.