Hydrochemical characteristics and salinity of groundwater in the Ejina Basin, Northwestern China

A hydrochemical investigation was conducted in the Ejina Basin to identify the hydrochemical characteristics and the salinity of groundwater. The results indicate that groundwater in the area is brackish and are significantly zonation in salinity and water types from the recharge area to the discharge area. The ionic ration plot and saturation index (SI) calculation suggest that the silicate rock weathering and evaporation deposition are the dominant processes that determine the major ionic composition in the study area. Most of the stable isotope δ¹⁸O and δD compositions in the groundwater is a meteoric water feature, indicating that the groundwater mainly sources from meteoric water and most groundwater undergoes a long history of evaporation. Based on radioactive isotope tritium (³H) analysis, the groundwater ages were approximately estimated in different aquifers. The groundwater age ranges from less than 5 years, between 5 years and 50 years, and more than 50 years. Within 1 km of the river water influence zone, the groundwater recharges from recent Heihe river water and the groundwater age is about less than 5 years in shallow aquifer. From 1 km to 10 km of the river water influence zone, the groundwater sources from the mixture waters and the groundwater age is between 5 years and 50 years in shallow aquifer. The groundwater age is more than 50 years in deep confined aquifer.     

Impacts of environmental flow controls on the water table and groundwater chemistry in the Ejina Delta,northwestern China

The impacts of environmental flow controls on the water table and chemistry of groundwater in the Ejina Delta, an arid inland river basin in northwest China, were investigated with field observations in 2001 and 2009. The results indicate that the shallow groundwater level rose by 0–2 m in the upper reaches of the east tributary of the Heihe River and in the areas of Saihantaolai—Dalaikubu during the period of environmental flow controls. The chemical constituents of the groundwater show a distinct spatial heterogeneity with the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the groundwater increasing from the periphery towards the depocenter of the Ejina Basin. In addition, the rate of groundwater cycling in the south of the Ejina Delta increased, and the mineralization of groundwater declined, while the overall mineralization and salinity increased in the northern regions, especially in the depocenter of the Ejina Basin. Since shallow groundwater is important to the ecology of arid regions, and because understanding the changes in the shallow groundwater environment (groundwater level and hydrochemistry) in response to environmental flow controls is essential for the sustainable improvement of the ecological environment, the results of this paper can be used as a reference for watershed water resources planning and management to help maintain the health and proper function of rivers in arid regions.     

The research of groundwater flow model in Ejina Basin,Northwestern China

Water resources is a primary controlling factor for economical development and ecological environmental protection in the inland river basins of arid western China. Groundwater, as the important component of total water resources, plays a dominant role in the development of western China. In recent years, with the utilization ratio of surface water raised, the groundwater recharge rate has been reduced by surface water, and groundwater was exploited on a large-scale. This has led to the decline of groundwater levels and the degradation of eco-environments in the lower reaches of Heihe watershed, especially. Therefore, the study on the groundwater-level change in recent years, as well as simulating and predicting groundwater levels changes in the future is very significant to improve the ecological environment of the Heihe River Basin, coordinate the water contradiction, and allocate the water resources. The purpose of this study is to analyze the groundwater-level variations of the Ejina region basin on a large-scale, to develop and evaluate a conceptual groundwater model in Ejina Basin; according to the experimental observation data, to establish the groundwater flow model combining MODFLOW and GIS Software; simulated the regional hydrologic regime in recent 10 years and compared with various delivery scenarios from midstream; determined which one would be the best plan for maintaining and recovering the groundwater levels and increasing the area of Ejina Oasis. Finally, this paper discusses the possible vegetation changes of Ejina Basin in the future.     

中国西北地区额济纳绿洲植被盖度与黑河流量的滞后效应研究

干旱区植被生长与地下水的关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。西北干旱地区,由于降水稀少,绿洲是当地人类生存和发展的主要依托。近年来,随着黑河流域中游地区用水量的逐年加大,下游来水量减少,使得下游额济纳绿洲的面积不断减小,湖泊干涸,沙漠化严重,生态环境恶化。由于绿洲植被的生长与水有极为密切的关系,因此,研究河流流量与绿洲植被生长之间的定量关系,对改善黑河流域生态环境、协调用水矛盾和合理配置水资源具有重要意义。将遥感数据与黑河径流量数据相结合,在区域尺度上定量研究额济纳绿洲植被生长与河流径流量的关系。结果表明,绿洲植被对黑河径流以及地下水有很强的依赖关系,而且黑河径流对额济纳绿洲的影响存在一年的滞后期,而地下水则通过这种滞后作用将两者联系起来。     

黑河下游额济纳绿洲荒漠植被与地下水位埋深的 定量关系

干旱区植被生长与地下水的依存关系是生态水文地质学研究的热点之一。由于降水稀少,中国西北地区植被的生长发育与地下水的关系极为密切,从大尺度上研究地下水变化的生态效应问题对生态环境的保护和恢复具有重要的意义。借助遥感方法,结合地下水观测数据,在区域尺度上定量地研究了我国黑河下游额济纳绿洲荒漠植被发育与地下水埋深的关系。结果表明:适宜植被生长的地下水埋深范围约为2~5 m,当地下水埋深超过5.5 m时,由于植被根系缺水,不能维持冠层正常生长,几乎没有植被发育。     

阿拉善诺日公地区地下水系统水化学特征分析

阿拉善左旗诺日公是我国典型干旱区,地下水是该区主要的供水水源。水化学研究对地下水流动过程具有指示意义。以阿拉善诺日公地区地下水为研究对象进行水文地球化学特征分析,研究表明:从北部基岩隆起区到豪斯布尔都盆地中心,地下水水化学特征呈现一定的规律性,水化学类型由低矿化度的Na-HCO_3·Cl、Na-Cl·HCO_3型,逐渐过渡到盆地中心排泄区高矿化度的Na-SO_4·Cl、Na-Cl·SO_4型水,水质状况变差,由淡水逐步过渡到微咸水。区域地下水整体从西北向东南排泄,TDS的升高较好地指示了地下水的径流方向。蒸发作用是本区地下水化学构成的主控因素,同时溶滤作用、离子交换作用及人类活动对地下水化学成分也有影响。本研究为该地区水资源评价及优化配置提供了科学依据。     

祖厉河流域水体盐分空间分布特征及演化过程

运用水化学方法,通过对祖厉河这一黄河上游重要支流的多次实地考察和采样,结合区域水文地质条件,对祖厉河流域水体盐分的空间变化特征进行分析,并揭示流域水体的演化过程。结果表明,流域水体TDS普遍较高,总体以咸水为主。水中阳离子以Na~+为主,阴离子则以Cl-、SO_4~(2-)为主。水化学类型方面,源区地下水以Mg-Ca-Na-HCO_3型水为主,河水则以Na-Mg-Cl-SO_4型水为主。流域内水体盐分主要来源于阳离子交替吸附作用、上游地下水淋滤地层盐分后以泉的形式向河流排泄以及河流径流过程中侵蚀两岸高盐分土壤或含盐地层。径流过程中,当地干旱的气候环境使水体进一步蒸发浓缩,这是流域内水体TDS进一步增高的外在水化学演化过程。总之,由于多种来源的盐分,特别是源区高TDS地下水排泄、流域内强烈的土壤侵蚀以及干旱的气候条件等多重作用过程,是祖厉河TDS显著增高失去水资源功能的主要机制。     

从黑河流域地下水年龄论其资源属性

地下水资源的可持续性是当前干旱区流域水资源管理的首要问题之一 ,我国西北内陆干旱区地下水的可持续开发必须首先要了解地下水系统的更新能力 ,地下水的放射性同位素测年可以提供系统循环时间和更新能力的重要信息。本文利用地下水中放射性氚 (3H )和碳 (1 4C)测年方法 ,计算黑河流域地下水的年龄 ,进而讨论地下水的更新性。结果表明 :潜水年龄多数小于 5 0 a,具有可再生的资源的属性 ,其中山前戈壁带和张掖盆地细土平原潜水地下水年龄小于 4 0 a,为 196 3年以来补给。酒泉东盆地排泄区承压含水层中地下水的年龄为 2 338～5 5 6 9a,额济纳附近的深层承压含水层中 ,地下水的年龄为 5 4 86～ 86 30 a,地下水资源更新性较差。但是张掖盆地河流附近深层承压地下水年龄小于 5 0 a,具有一定的更新性。上述认识不仅对黑河流域水资源管理和生态环境建设具有重要意义 ,而且对西北类似的内流盆地的地下水系统的研究有着借鉴意义     

Environmental isotopic and hydrochemical study of groundwater in the Ejina Basin,northwest China

The study investigates the groundwater evolution and its residence time in the Ejina Basin, northwest China according to isotope and hydrochemical analyses results. The groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by the dissolution of halite, Glauber’s salt, gypsum, dolomite and calcite, also influenced by other processes such as evaporation, ion exchange, and deposition. Based on tritium content in atmospheric precipitation and by adopting a model with exponential time distribution function, the mean residence time of the unconfined aquifer groundwater with fairly high tritium activities (21–49 TU) is evaluated. The results show that these groundwaters have low residence time (5–120 years) and are renewable. In contrast, the deep confined groundwaters are tritium-free and radiocarbon values range from 18.3 to 26.7 pmc. According to the most commonly used ¹⁴C correction models, the radiocarbon groundwater ages were calculated which yield ages of approximately 4,087–9,364 years BP. Isotopic signatures indicate formation of deep confined groundwaters in a colder and wetter climate during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. It is suggested that long-term, rational water usage guide should be set up for the Heihe River Basin as a whole to permit a considerable discharge to the Ejina Basin.     

黑河中游盆地南部山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算

山区地下水对平原区的侧向径流补给量是一个长期争议且悬而未决的难题,这个量在西北内陆干旱盆地,被估算得或很小或很大。在总结前人研究的基础上,采用地质水文地质调查、物探、钻探、抽水试验、地下水动态观测、水化学测试、盆地地下水水位统测和综合研究等技术方法,查明了黑河中游盆地南部山盆交接带的地质构造接触关系、地层岩性接触关系及梨园河口白垩系风化壳含水层结构和水文地质参数。通过山区不同流域等级的地表水与地下水转化关系分析,将山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给带划分为大中型河流河谷补给段和小微型河流或冲沟群流域构成的浅山带补给段。河谷补给段勘探资料较为丰富,多用达西断面流方法计算;针对浅山带补给段极为缺乏勘探资料的实际,以梨园河口断面径流量为参照,构建了浅山带岩性、汇水区面积、降水量等3 个变量的山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算方法。估算出黑河中游盆地南部山区浅山带地下水对平原的侧向径流补给量为0.40×108 m3/a,河谷段基岩侧向补给量为0.07×108 m3/a;推算出河谷段第四系地下水补给量为0.30×108 m3/a;3 项补给量之和为0.77×108 m3/a,占盆地地下水资源量的3.0%。该研究为西北内陆干旱盆地山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算提供了一个可供借鉴的实例。     

陇东盆地西部岩溶地下水形成机制研究

陇东盆地西部处于鄂尔多斯盆地西缘逆冲推覆构造带，新元古-下古生界碳酸盐岩裸露或浅埋，构成-南北向展布的岩溶水富集带。通过运用构造控水分析、水化学同位素等方法，对岩溶裂隙水系统进行了深入的分析与讨论。指出本区岩溶水的空间分布明显受南北向逆冲推覆构造控制，储水空间以岩溶裂隙为主，构造条件是岩溶发育和岩溶水富集的主要制约因素。岩溶水化学特征具有明显的南北差异，在补给条件优越的中南部平凉-华亭地区，水化学主要由含水层岩性及其赋存条件决定。岩溶地下水以大气降水来源为主，对于埋藏型岩溶水表现为多源水混合而成。根据岩溶水的空间分布与水动力场特征及其补径排条件，全区可划分为平凉、华亭和环西3个相对独立的岩溶水系统．并以此可作为水资源评价的基础。这些认识对于深入了解西北干旱-半干旱地区岩溶水赋存及富集规律、形成与演化机理和在该区开发利用岩溶地下水资源具有重要的科学意义。     

基于水化学和氢氧同位素的兴隆县地下水演化过程研究

地下水的补给来源及其水-岩作用过程研究对于识别地下水水化学成分的形成机制、合理开发利用和地下水污染防治具有重要意义。为了了解兴隆县地区地下水水质及其水源涵养条件,为区域地下水污染防治和饮用水源安全提供支持,论文基于兴隆县地下水的水化学和氢氧稳定同位素（δD和δ18O）特征,综合利用Gibbs图解、主要离子比值和统计分析方法,深入讨论了兴隆县地下水的水化学特征、补给来源和水文地球化学演化过程。研究结果表明,兴隆县地下水呈弱碱性,主要为HCO₃—Ca·Mg型水,总溶解固体（TDS）变化范围为52.2~556.8 mg/L,平均值为238.0 mg/L;地下水主要来源于大气降水补给,蒸发作用对地下水水化学组分的影响较小;区域地下水的水化学组分主要受碳酸盐岩组成矿物白云石和方解石的溶解-沉淀过程的控制,受上覆铝硅酸盐矿物水解影响不大;区域东部和南部地下水Sr2+含量较高,推测碳酸盐岩下伏侵入岩及古老变质岩分布对Sr2+富集有一定影响;地表水和地下水水力联系密切,部分区域地下水受人类活动影响,造成地下水NO₃-含量超过饮用水卫生标准限值。     

海原盆地地下水咸化特征和控制因素

地下水是海原盆地唯一的供水水源,近年来部分地区地下水溶解性总固体(TDS)增高,引起了有关部门和水文地质工作者的高度关注。通过分析69组地下水样品的水化学和氢氧稳定同位素数据,对地下水补给来源和咸化的水文地球化学过程进行了研究。结果表明:地下水TDS值198.2~6 436.4 mg/L,沿着地下水流向,咸化程度增加,水化学类型从基岩区的HCO3—Ca·Mg型演化至滞留—排泄区的SO4·Cl—Na·Mg型。地下水补给来源主要为大气降雨和基岩裂隙水侧向径流,补给源—对地下水咸化贡献较小。溶滤作用具空间差异,基岩区和补给区以碳酸盐、硅酸盐风化为主,径流区和滞留—排泄区则为蒸发岩风化,硫酸盐是地下水中阳离子的主要来源。补给水、溶滤和蒸发对第四系地下水TDS的贡献比率分别为4.8%~81.2%、11.9% ~85.9%、1.7%~29.5%,溶滤作用是控制海原盆地地下水咸化的首要因素。当地有关部门应加大对基岩泉水的综合利用,同时注意控制海原县和西安镇等地区地下水开采量,防止地下水进一步咸化。另外,在微咸水分布区可引进地下水去除硫酸盐技术,提高微咸水利用程度。     

Identification and evaluation of the hydrogeochemical processes of the lower part of Wadi Siham catchment area, Tihama plain, Yemen

One hundred forty-eight groundwater samples were collected from the lower part of Wadi Siham catchment area for hydrogeochemical investigations to understand the hydrogeochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry and their relation with groundwater quality. Groundwater in the study area is abstracted from different aquifers. The study area is characterized by arid climate and extremely high relative humidity. The results indicate that groundwater in the study area is fresh to brackish in nature. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: Na⁺¹?>?Ca⁺²?>?Mg⁺²?≥?K⁺¹ and Cl^?1?>?HCO ₃ ^?1 ?>?SO ₄ ^?2 ?>?NO ₃ ^?1 . Various graphical and ionic ration plots, statistical analyses, and saturation indices calculations have been carried out using chemical data to deduce a hydrochemical evaluation of the study area. The prevailing hydrogeochemical processes operating in the study area are dissolution, mixing, evaporation, ion exchange, and weathering of silicate minerals in the eastern part (recharge areas). The reverse ion exchange and seawater intrusion control the groundwater chemistry along the Red Sea coast areas and few parts of the study area. Deterioration in groundwater quality from anthropogenic activities has resulted from saltwater intrusion along the coastal areas due to groundwater overpumping and extensive use of fertilizers and infiltration of sewage water. Salinity and nitrate contamination are the two major problems in the area, which is alarming considering the use of this water for drinking.     

黑河流域中游盆地水文地球化学演化规律研究

黑河是我国第二大内流河,研究其水化学演化规律,对于区域水资源科学利用与管理、保障饮水安全和下游生态安全都具有重要作用。本文利用2014—2018年在黑河流域开展1∶50 000水文地质调查所获取的资料,研究了黑河干流和丰乐河两个典型剖面的水化学和同位素变化规律。结果表明,黑河中游盆地地下水主要来源于祁连山区大气降水补给,黑河干流区地下水氘氧同位素比丰乐河流域更为富集,反映了氘氧同位素的高程效应。在丰乐河流域排泄区发现了非现代气候条件下形成的古水,说明现在的盐湖盆地早期就是地下水滞留区。山前戈壁带含水层经长期淋滤作用,地下水溶解性总固体(total dissolved solids,TDS)较低,水化学类型以重碳酸型为主。溢出带以北下游地区TDS逐步增高,地下水类型以硫酸型、硫酸-氯型为主,具有两种地下水化学背景和演化模式:一种是石膏溶解-碳酸盐沉淀析出-氯化物溶解-缓慢的硅酸盐非完全溶解和阳离子交换反应模式;另一种在此基础上增加硫酸钠溶解演化模式。流域补给区和径流区地下水TDS升高的主要原因是溶滤作用。丰乐河排泄区地下水TDS升高的主要原因仍是溶滤作用,溶滤盐分的来源是表层的盐分,以石盐为主。黑河干流排泄区由于含水层较薄,水位埋深较浅,蒸发对地下水咸化的影响更大。     

Groundwater replenishment analysis by using natural isotopes in Ejina Basin, Northwestern China

The Ejina Basin underlying complex aquifers is located in the lower reaches of the Heihe River with an arid climate and 40 mm mean annual precipitation. As the balance of the natural ecosystem in the Ejina Basin is fragile and easily upset, it is very important to estimate and rationally use the limited groundwater resources to maintain the balance. Water samples were collected from the Heihe River and wells for chemical and isotopic measurements across the basin. The Piper diagram gives two main types of hydrochemical features. Against the background of the regional geology, combining isotope ¹⁸O, tritium, and chemical analysis with groundwater flows indicated by a shallow groundwater level contour map, different kinds of groundwater sources and ways to replenish groundwater were discovered. North of the study area are artesian wells that are replenished by the mountainous area at the boundary between China and Mongolia. Replenishment for most of the groundwater resources of the Gurinai oasis comes from the Heihe River seepage flow of the highly conductive paleochannel, not from the Badain Jaran Desert as indicated by TDS and tritium analysis. The different groundwater ages which are younger than 35 years were approximately estimated by radioactive isotope tritium (T). By such efforts, groundwater resources can be effectively evaluated with the engineering impact of the Heihe River Project.     

江苏南通地下水补给源、水化学特征及形成机理

在地下水的大规模开采条件下,江苏沿海一带,特别是南通许多地区的地下水一度出现咸化趋势,对区域水资源及环境产生了极大的影响,已成为制约生态环境建设和经济社会发展的重要因素.为查明地下水的补给来源、水化学特征和矿化度增高的机理,对南通地区深浅层地下水开展了野外调查取样.通过对各种水化学参数的讨论分析,系统地研究了该区地下水...     

塔里木盆地南缘浅层高碘地下水的分布及成因:以新疆民丰县平原区为例

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西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系构建与应用

西北干旱区降水稀少、蒸发强烈,水资源紧缺,自然湖泊湿地、天然植被绿洲和土壤盐渍化程度对地下水生态水位具有强烈依赖性,因此,西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系构建成为一个重要课题.本文基于对干旱区不同类型生态状况与地下水位埋深之间关系的机制研究,构建了以浅层地下水埋藏状况为核心要素的"西北干旱区地下水生态功能评价指标体系",它由地下水对自然湿地景观维持性、天然植被绿洲维持性、农田土地质量维持性及其隶属的6项要素指标构成;在石羊河流域中、下游平原区应用结果表明,该套指标体系可为西北干旱区地下水功能评价提供参考,同时还表征石羊河流域中、下游平原区地下水生态功能脆弱,生态功能较弱和弱的分布范围占示范应用区总面积的87.86％,地下水生态功能强、较强分布范围仅占5.07％.由此可见,进一步提高西北干旱区地下水生态功能保护能力刻不容缓.