John’s creek valley: a mountainous catchment for long-term interdisciplinary human-environment system research in Upper Styria (Austria)

The John’s creek valley (Johnsbachtal) is presented as a long-term, interdisciplinary cooperation platform in upper Styria (Austrian Alps) that brings together the interests and knowledge of persons with different backgrounds (scientists, teachers, students, as well as local actors and the population) with the central aim to generate mutual benefit for all involved parties. It covers an area of around 65 km² with elevations between 600 and 700 m in the valley to over 2,300 m in the summit regions. Annual mean temperature ranges from approximately 8 °C in the lower elevations of the valley to below 0 °C in the summit regions. Annual precipitation mounts to values of 1,500 mm and more than 1,800 mm in the lower elevations and summit regions, respectively. To allow for a long-term monitoring of the complex meteorological and hydrological conditions in the area, a hydroclimatological monitoring network has been installed that is described in detail in this paper. A special characteristic of the installed meteorological stations is that they cover a large range of altitudes and, therefore, allow to capture the gradients in meteorological variables induced by the complex Alpine topography. Furthermore, the hydroclimatological monitoring network in John’s creek valley is largely independent of regular third-party project funding, and therefore, not temporarily limited in its existence. A number of catchment research activities that cover a variety of disciplines (e.g., climatology, hydrology, (hydro)geology, geomorphology) and that largely benefit from the hydroclimatological data recorded in John’s creek valley are presented together with preliminary results. The latter include spatial distributions of meteorological and hydrological variables (e.g., precipitation, evapotranspiration and snowmelt) calculated for the test site using the hydrometeorological model AMUNDSEN. Furthermore, the results of hydrogeological investigations that have been carried out at the Etzbach spring are presented and discussed.     

1984—2019年念青唐古拉山中段冰川ELA变化估算及特征分析

平衡线高度（equilibrium line altitude,ELA）是冰川响应气候变化的直接反映,分析其变化特征对于了解现在和过去的气候具有重要意义。念青唐古拉山中段作为西南季风通道以及怒江与雅鲁藏布江的分水岭,ELA变化及特征研究可为不同流域冰川变化与气候相互关系提供参考。基于遥感影像及气候数据,结合模型计算的冰川ELA数据作为输入参数,建立多元线性回归方程,重建并分析了1984—2019年间念青唐古拉山中段冰川ELA变化。结果表明：研究时段内平均ELA为5 360 m a.s.l.,总体呈上升趋势,上升速率为1.57 m?a^-1。ELA年变化量显示出波动变化特征,波动范围为5 360~5 420 m a.s.l.,上升幅度为60 m。受印度季风、流域位置及冰川朝向等因素影响,各流域ELA变化具有差异性,霞曲流域、易贡藏布流域和麦曲流域多年平均ELA高程分别为5 335 m a.s.l.、4 987 m a.s.l.和5 317 m a.s.l.,平均上升幅度分别为265 m、314 m和335 m,上升速率分别7.57 m?a^-1、8.97 m?a^-1和9.57 m?a^-1。对冰川区多年ELA变化的气候响应分析显示,ELA变化主要受气温控制,随气温变化1 ℃,冰川ELA总体波动幅度为126.02 m。     

黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验：科学目标与试验方案

介绍了黑河流域遥感-地面观测同步试验的科学背景、科学问题、研究目标以及观测试验方案和观测系统布置.总体目标是,开展航空-卫星遥感与地面观测同步试验,为发展流域科学积累基础数据;发展能够融合多源遥感观测的流域尺度陆面数据同化系统,为实现卫星遥感对流域的动态监测提供方法和范例.以具备鲜明的高寒与干旱区伴生为主要特征的黑河流域为试验区,以水循环为主要研究对象,利用航空遥感、卫星遥感、地面雷达、水文气象观测、通量观测、生态监测等相关设备,开展航空、卫星和地面配合的大型观测试验,精细观测干旱区内陆河流域高山冰雪和冻土带、山区水源涵养林带、中游人工绿洲及天然荒漠绿洲带的水循环和生态过程的各个分量;并且以航空遥感为桥梁,通过高精度的真实性验证,发展尺度转换方法,改善从卫星遥感资料反演和间接估计水循环各分量及与之密切联系的生态和其他地表过程分量的模型和算法.由寒区水文试验、森林水文试验和干旱区水文试验,以及一个集成研究--模拟平台和数据平台建设组成.拟观测的变量划分为5大类,分别是水文与生态变量、驱动数据、植被参数、土壤参数和空气动力参数.同步试验在流域尺度、重点试验区、加密观测区和观测小区4个尺度上展开.布置了加密的地面同步观测、通量和气象水文观测、降雨、径流及其他水文要素观测网络;使用了5类机载遥感传感器,分别是微波辐射计、激光雷达、高光谱成像仪、热红外成像仪和多光谱CCD相机;获取了丰富的可见光/近红外、热红外、主被动微波、激光雷达等卫星数据.     

西北干旱半干旱区春小麦生长对气候变暖响应的区域差异

对分别位于西北特干旱、干旱、半干旱3种主要气候类型区的敦煌、武威（1981—2005年）、定西3个农业气象观测站(1986—2005）年的气候变化对春小麦各个物候期及其产量的影响进行分析，结果显示：不同台站的气候变化模式在时间和空间上都不同，武威和定西的气温增加而降水量减少，气候均呈现暖干化趋势，但前者的变化量大于后者。所不同的是敦煌站的气温和降水量都呈增加趋势。相关分析结果，一方面显示了在不同的气候类型区，影响春小麦生长的主导因子不同，影响敦煌、武威、定西3站春小麦生长期天数和产量的主导气象因子分别为≥0℃积温、日均温、降水量。另一方面也显示了同一气象因子对不同地区作物的影响程度、强度和方向都不同，日均温的增加对不同地区春小麦生长期的负效应表现为武威＞敦煌＞定西；≥0℃积温对春小麦生长期和产量的正效应表现为敦煌＞定西，对武威春小麦的生长期有正影响，而对产量有负影响；降水量对半干旱雨养农业区定西春小麦生长期和产量的正影响最大且极为显著（P＜0.01）；日照时数对不同地区春小麦整个生长期和产量的正影响敦煌＞定西＞武威。气候变化最终导致敦煌站春小麦的产量以8.8 g/（m2·a）的速率显著增加，武威、定西受气候暖干化的影响，春小麦产量分别下降0.3 g/（m2·a）、5.5 g/（m2·a）。造成这些差异的主要原因可能是各地的气候条件不同，其次是各地的栽培条件、田间管理（如灌溉、施肥、病虫害防治）等非气象因子的不同所致，各地作物的生长及产量形成都是气象因子和非气象因子共同作用的结果。 [HT5H]关〓键〓词：[HT5K]区域差异；响应；气候变暖；春小麦  [HT5H]中图分类号：P463.2;S162.5〓〓〓文献标识码：A[HT5SS][HK]     

SHARE Asia自动气象站网络：喜马拉雅山—喀喇昆仑山地区气候研究的一个必要组成部分

Ev K2 CNR SHARE Asia计划的目标就是建立一个沿喜马拉雅山—喀喇昆仑山脉的监测网络，为气象学和气候研究提供参数，特别是为季风变化、大气化学、冰川学、高海拔湖沼学和古湖沼学等研究，同时也为准确地确定地球表面坐标。SHARE Asia 计划的一个特殊的目的是发展一套完整的测量系统，以满足不断进步的环境与地球科学；促进当地的技术升级和建设的能力。 就像WMO CEOP 和UNEP ABC一样，SHARE Asia 气象—气候及大气化学观测站已经成为重要的国际科学计划的一部分。     

Volcanic earthquake swarms at Mt. Erebus, Antarctica

Mount Erebus is an active volcano in Antarctica located on Ross Island. A convecting lava lake occupies the summit crater of Mt. Erebus. Since December 1980 the seismic activity of Mt. Erebus has been continuously monitored using a radio-telemetered network of six seismic stations. The seismic activity observed by the Ross Island network during the 1982–1983 field season shows that: (1)Strombolian eruptions occur frequently at the Erebus summit lava lake at rates of 2–5 per day; (2)centrally located earthquakes map out a nearly vertical, narrow conduit system beneath the lava lake; (3)there are other source regions of seismicity on Ross Island, well removed from Mt. Erebus proper. An intense earthquake swarm recorded in October 1982 near Abbott Peak, 10 km northwest of the summit of Mt. Erebus, and volcanic tremor accompanying the swarm, may have been associated with new dike emplacement at depth.     

寒区典型下垫面冻土水热过程对比研究(Ⅰ)：模型对比

冻土水热传输和水热耦合过程是寒区水循环的核心环节和重要组成部分,土壤温度和湿度(含水量)的观测和模拟是冻土水热过程分析的基础. 以中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所黑河上游生态-水文试验研究站葫芦沟试验小流域为依托,选取季节冻土区的高寒草原、高寒草甸和多年冻土区的沼泽化草甸、高山寒漠等4种典型寒区下垫面,分别布设自动气象站,并调查相关土壤和植被参数,利用SHAW和CoupModel模型对试验点的土壤水热条件进行模拟计算.结果表明：4个试验点多层土壤含水量和地温SHAW模型计算值与实测值对比平均相关系数R²分别为0.65和0.90;CoupModel模型计算值与实测值对比平均R²为0.72和0.93. 总体上,地温的模型估算结果略好于含水量;相对于SHAW模型,CoupModel模型是更适合寒区各种下垫面的一维SVATs模型.     

大兴安岭北部满归泥炭孢粉重建的过去2100年古气候

大兴安岭地处季风气候的尾闾区,是一个研究全球变化的关键区域.但由于该地区古气候代用指标(树轮、孢粉、石笋等)获取比较困难,历史文献也缺乏,使得古气候研究受到了限制.本研究通过大兴安岭北部的漠河县满归镇附近一个厚88 cm的泥炭剖面的孢粉记录,根据831个表土样品的花粉数据和附近90个气象台站30年的地面观测数据,运用现代类比法( Modern Analogue Technique,简称MAT)重建了该地区过去2100年的年均温(Tann)、年降水量(Pann)、 1月均温(Tjan)和7月均温(Tjuly),结果表明Tann和Tjan的波动达到2. 4℃, Tjuly的波动为1. 7℃, Pann波动为28. 2 mm.该地区的气候变化分为3个阶段:阶段Ⅰ(150 BC^850 A.D.)温度和降水量相对较低,年均温比现代30年均值低约0. 5℃;阶段Ⅱ(850~1300 A.D.)以温度升高-降低的波动为特征,升温在1070~1170 A. D.期间最明显,年均温比现代 30 年平均值高 0. 2℃,这一时期相当于欧洲中世纪气候异常期( the Medieval Climate Anomaly,简称MCA);阶段Ⅲ(1300~2000 A.D.)早期(1300~1900 A.D.)以气温较低为特征,这一时期相当于小冰期(the Little Ice Age,简称LIA),年均温比现代30年平均值低0. 8℃,晚期(1900~2000 A.D.)呈现升温的趋势.     

NOAA IMS雪冰产品在青藏高原积雪监测中的适用性分析

在系统评估青藏高原积雪观测典型气象站历史定位坐标精度基础上,利用站点雪深资料对NOAA IMS 4 km和1 km分辨率雪冰产品在青藏高原的精度和适用性进行了验证和评估,定量分析了IMS 4 km到1 km空间分辨率提高和气象站历史定位与GPS定位坐标之间的差异对青藏高原IMS积雪监测精度的影响。结果表明：青藏高原个别气象站历史坐标与当前GPS接收机定位之间存在较大的差异,如安多气象站经度偏小0.6°,纬度偏大0.08°。IMS 4 km雪冰产品在青藏高原的总精度介于76.4%~83.2%,平均为80.1%,积雪分类精度介于35.8%~60.7%,平均为47.2%,平均误判率为17.1%,平均漏判率为45.5%,总体上呈现地面观测的积雪日数越多、平均雪深越大,其总体监测精度越低,而积雪分类精度越高的特点。IMS分辨率从4 km到1 km总体精度平均提高了2.9%,积雪分类精度平均提高了0.9%,主要是由于个别站点的精度提升较大引起的,对高原多数台站积雪监测精度的改进和提升很小。除个别台站外,目前气象站历史坐标和GPS定位坐标之间的差异,对IMS 4 km积雪监测精度验证结果没有影响。然而,今后随着卫星遥感技术的发展,更高时空分辨率的遥感积雪产品将用于积雪监测和研究,精确的地面观测站坐标信息是对这些遥感数据开展精度验证与实际应用的前提。     

气候变暖对甘肃干旱气象灾害的影响

应用甘肃80个地面气象站1960-2005年的降水量和气温序列资料,分析了降水量和气温的变化趋势以及降水量和气温的变化对干旱气象灾害的影响.结果表明:甘肃全省年平均气温总体呈明显升高趋势,年降水量总体呈明显减少趋势;甘肃气候变化总体呈暖干趋势.其中,河西呈微弱的暖湿趋势,河东呈显著的暖干旱趋势.3~10月全省年平均降水量与干旱受灾面积和粮食减产量呈显著负相关,全省平均气温与干旱受灾面积和粮食减产量均呈显著正相关.气候暖干化趋势对农业产生的负面影响,是导致干旱受灾面积扩大、粮食减产量增加的主要原因,同时也影响粮食安全.     

GaRiRO: Gradient and residual integrated rank ordering of stations in rainfall monitoring network

This paper presents a new method that integrates gradient and residual values for rank ordering of stations in a monitoring network (GaRiRO). The innovation is derived from the fact that the parameter (dependent variable) gauged through the monitoring network is modelled using independent variables that influence its measured quantity. And the dependent variable exhibit non-stationary spatial gradient with respect to the independent variables, particularly in complex terrain. GaRiRO technique was developed to prioritize the rain gauge stations for optimizing the existing network and selection of the best locations for relocation or installation of gauges. Although initially aimed to assist hydrologists with a ranking scheme for rain gauge stations, it can be applied to any environmental, meteorological or hydro-meteorological monitoring network. The new procedure is based on deriving gradient and residual value at each station by modeling the spatial relationship of dependent-independent variable using geographically weighted regression (GWR) technique. For the prospective stations with no record, the gradient value is estimated using GWR model and the residual value is derived from the residual map generated by applying kriging technique on the residual derived at all gauged locations. The method combines the decision factor with analytical strength of GIS for prioritizing the stations which results in limited number of trials for installation or relocation of gauges to yield optimized network configuration.     

地区线性矩法在太湖流域暴雨频率分析中的应用

介绍了基于水文气象途径的地区线性矩法的概念,通过基于次序统计量的线性矩进行参数估计与基于水文气象一致区的地区分析法相结合,以太湖流域1d时段的年极值降雨资料为例,进行暴雨频率分析。应用水文气象一致区的判别准则,将太湖流域划分为8个水文气象一致区;综合考虑三种拟合优度检测方法,选择1~8区的最优分布线型分别为:GEV、GLO、GEV、GEV、GNO、GNO、GEV、GNO;根据地区分析法原理,估算各雨量站的暴雨频率设计值。分析表明:太湖流域各重现期下的年极值降雨空间分布形态基本一致,西南山区是太湖流域的暴雨高风险区,应该在地区防洪规划中引起重视。结果表明:地区线性矩法具有很高的学术和实用价值,建议在全国范围内推广,作为防洪规划的顶层设计和基础工作,以满足工程防洪设计、地区防洪规划、山洪预警和城市防涝防洪规划等方面的需求。     

BP神经网络在古气候序列重建中的应用

当前小区域的古气候变化研究受模拟资料分辨率和可靠性的严重制约.为了将大区域的气候模拟资料应用到小区域的古气候研究中去,亟待建立有效的降尺度方法.为此以徽鄂地区为例,建立了一个3层BP神经网络拟合模型,利用相关气象要素作为拟合因子,拟合并重建了该地区近千年来1月、7月和年平均的温度和降水序列,通过与观测及模拟资料的对比分析发现,该模型拟合及重建的近千年气候序列有较高的精度和可靠性,能反映小区域气候的年际和年代际变化信号,提高了模拟资料对小区域气候变化的刻画能力.     

Meteorological effects on seasonal displacements of the ?knes rockslide, western Norway

In the alpine topography along one of the long fjords with steep and high mountain sides in western Norway the large ?knes rockslide area is defined by a distinct back scarp rising from 800 to 1,000 m a.s.l. In 2004, an extensive monitoring program started, including establishment of a meteorological station above the upper tension crack, 900 m a.s.l. This paper evaluates the significance of meteorological conditions affecting the displacements recorded by five extensometers and two laser sensors in the tension crack from November 2004 to August 2008. Meteorological factors of importance for the recorded activity in the tension crack are found to be melt water in spring and large temperature fluctuations around the freezing point in spring, autumn, and early winter. The records show less acceleration phases in the measured distance across the tension crack in the second half of the analyzed period even though annual displacements are increasing, indicating that other processes, like disintegration of irregularities along unfilled joints and disintegration of intact rock bridges in the sliding plane have become more important.     

Reconstitution de données climatiques pour l’Algérie du Nord : application des réseaux neuronaux

In the present context of climate change and preservation of biodiversity, the appreciation of the vulnerability of the natural ecosystems and their capacity of adaptation appears among the main preoccupations to the world level (GIEC, 2007). This assessment of the ecosystems requires the availability of climatic data, what is often made difficult by the weak density or even the absence of meteorological stations notably, to the level of the mountains zones. In order to study the climate–vegetation relationship in North Algeria, we use an automatic interpolation method, the neural network method, for the reconstitution of climatic data of the sampled sites, (1035 phytoecological samples), from the existing meteorological network (269 stations). This method is characterized by a great suppleness of non-linearity and by its capacity for reconstituting information from partial and not well-defined indications such as the case of data provided from meteorological networks. In order to reconstitution of climatic data, we use the explicate variables, longitude, latitude and altitude, the variables to explain being the rainfall and temperatures. To define the best approach, the network calibration has been activated on climatic parameters taken globally or solely, for the whole of study zone, and by geographical sector. The results of the interpolation are expressed through a climatic parameter cartography, released automatically by the MapInfo software. The reliability results obtained by this method can be appreciated by elaboration of errors maps comparing to reference data.     

青藏高原大气降水和气溶胶化学特征研究进展

近10 a来青藏高原大气降水和气溶胶化学研究取得了显著进展,特别是结合冰川考察和冰芯研究工作,在高海拔冰川区获得了一批降水化学资料.回顾了早期青藏高原大气降水和气溶胶化学研究的背景,从高海拔冰川区降水化学的区域分布、季节变化、全球对比以及台站降水和气溶胶化学等方面综述了近年来该领域的研究成果,并对其研究前景进行了展望.     

1981-2010年青藏高原积雪日数时空变化特征分析

全球气候变暖大背景下, 作为冰冻圈最为活跃和敏感因子, 青藏高原积雪变化备受国内外关注. 本文利用青藏高原(以下简称高原)1981-2010年地面观测积雪日数资料, 较系统地分析了近30年来高原积雪日数的时空变化特点. 主要结论如下: (1) 近30年内高原平均年积雪日数出现了非常显著的减少趋势, 减少幅度达4.81 d·(10a)^-1, 其中冬季减幅最为明显, 为2.36 d·(10a)^-1, 其次是春季(2.05 d·(10a)^-1), 而夏季最少(0.21 d·(10a)^-1); (2) 30年间, 积雪日数较少的年份多数出现在本世纪初10年内, 且2010年属于异常偏少年, 高原积雪日数在1997年左右发生了由多到少的气候突变; (3) 在空间上, 北部柴达木盆地及其附件区域部分气象台站观测的年积雪日数出现了不显著的增加趋势之外, 高原91.5%的气象站年积雪日数呈减少趋势, 且高寒内陆中东部和西南喜马拉雅山脉南麓等高原历年积雪日数高值区域减少最为明显; (4) 由于受到气象台站所在地理位置、地形地貌、地表类型、海拔高度、局地气候以及大气环流等综合影响, 高原平均年积雪日数的空间差异很大, 最多达146 d, 最少的则不足1 d, 平均仅为38 d, 其中高寒内陆中东部是积雪日数最长的区域, 而东南部海拔和纬度较低的干热河谷地区积雪日数最少.     

A method of characterizing the thermal relations in mountainous areas / the lower Beskid range in the Polish Carpathians as example

The method discussed in the present paper permits the determination in detail of the mesoclimatic conditions on the basis of standard data provided by a network of a measurement stations. The passage from the data available at certain points and obtained from meteorological stations to spatial conceptions leads along the determination of the relationships between the altitude, various forms of the relief, and the thermal indices of climate. Resulting from these data, the duration of the frostless period is a sensitive index in the scale of mesoclimate, besides all the other indices connected with the minimum air temperatures. The nomographs applied by the authors make it possible to construct detailed climatic maps, which — with the maps of other elements of the geographical environment — form a basis for the elaboration e.g. an agrocological map of habitats. Presented method of the evaluation of climate conditions can be applied to all mountain territories, in which a network of measurement stations enables the determination of the interdependencies between the chosen thermal parameters and the altitude, and the distinction of the impact of the convex and concave forms.     

A method of characterizing the thermal relations in mountainous areas / the lower Beskid range in the Polish Carpathians as example

The method discussed in the present paper permits the determination in detail of the mesoclimatic conditions on the basis of standard data provided by a network of a measurement stations. The passage from the data available at certain points and obtained from meteorological stations to spatial conceptions leads along the determination of the relationships between the altitude, various forms of the relief, and the thermal indices of climate. Resulting from these data, the duration of the frostless period is a sensitive index in the scale of mesoclimate, besides all the other indices connected with the minimum air temperatures. The nomographs applied by the authors make it possible to construct detailed climatic maps, which — with the maps of other elements of the geographical environment — form a basis for the elaboration e.g. an agrocological map of habitats. Presented method of the evaluation of climate conditions can be applied to all mountain territories, in which a network of measurement stations enables the determination of the interdependencies between the chosen thermal parameters and the altitude, and the distinction of the impact of the convex and concave forms.     

中国西北现代气候变化事实与未来趋势展望

利用西北地区建站至2000年常规气象观测站资料及美国NCEP/NCAR再分析全球网格点资料,分析了西北地区现代气候变化的特点,揭示了西北地区气候由暖干转向暖湿的事实.在此基础上对未来几十年气候变化趋势作了初步估计.