交联型低固相泥浆在桩基工程中的应用

结合武汉绿地中心超高建筑桩基工程钻孔施工中所遇到的松散砂及风化泥岩、风化砂岩等破碎层中出现的孔壁坍塌问题,进行了交联型低固相泥浆的现场应用试验。交联型低固相泥浆性能指标优良:密度1.02～1.05g/cm3、漏斗黏度25～40s、API失水量(0.7MPa压差)8～20ml/30min;动切力2.5～4.0Pa、动塑比0.48左右,属于宾汉型流体,具有良好的剪切稀释作用,对松散砂及泥岩、风化砂岩等破碎层的胶结能力强,能起到"下套管"的固壁作用,具有良好絮凝钻屑聚沉的能力,维持体系无固相。使用该泥浆能显著提高风化、破碎、水敏性等复杂地层桩孔的钻进效率、成孔质量与单桩承载力。     

PVM聚合物型无固相钻井液研究与应用

根据钻进地层、井深、井温、涌水、漏失等因素,通过正交实验优选出PVM聚合物型无固相钻井液主剂与交联剂组分,确定了合理的配制工艺。该钻井液性能指标优良:漏斗粘度20～35s;API失水量8～18ml/30min;属于假塑性幂律流体,具有良好的剪切稀释作用;在岩石表面吸附速度快,对松散砂及风化碎石层的胶结能力强,能起到"下套管"的固壁作用;具有良好的絮凝钻屑聚沉的能力,维持体系无固相;能显著提高破碎地层的岩矿心采取率。     

PHP—KHm低固相泥浆在短陂桥勘探区的应用

湖南邵阳短陂桥勘探区的地层情况:上部为三叠系下统大冶群,厚度约400m,岩层完整;中部为上二叠统大隆组,厚约80m,岩层较完整;下部为上二叠统龙潭组,是区内主要含煤地层,由泥岩、砂质泥岩、细～中粒砂岩与煤层组成,含煤四层。根据以往施工经验,孔内事故大多数发生在该组上段。主要是该地层的泥岩、砂岩遇水膨胀,易缩径;且泥岩内含大量菱铁矿和黄铁矿结核,易掉块、坍塌;泥岩造浆能力强,造成泥浆稠、泥皮厚,孔内不干净,常出事故。为了解决这个问题,我们使用了PHP-KHm低固相泥浆(即聚丙稀酰胺——腐植酸钾低固相泥浆)。通过现场试验,它对于防塌、抑制泥岩造浆,提高泥浆质量,减少孔内事故,提高钻孔质量取得了较好效果。     

低固相泥浆在福建煤田钻探中的应用

通过对福建煤田地层特征及其对钻探影响的分析,阐述了在福建煤田钻探中所遇的主要问题,结合实践论述了低固相泥浆的主要性能和优点、以及低固相泥浆对预防处理水敏性地层的缩径和破碎、松散等不稳定地层的坍塌、掉块现象具有的效果,对保证施工的顺利进行、提高施工质量与效率的重要作用。     

防塌低固相泥浆在油页岩钻进的应用

针对松原油页岩矿区地层破碎、松散、坍塌、掉块等情况,认真分析钻孔结构及施工情况,提出研制、配制防塌低固相泥浆方案,解决了问题.     

嵩县某金矿区复杂地层强抑制防塌泥浆技术

嵩县某金矿区钻遇地层复杂,岩石破碎,部分地层绿泥石化、高岭石化严重,钻进过程中缩径、垮塌、漏失、涌水等多种复杂情况频发,断钻杆、粘卡、烧钻等事故层出不穷。在对比邻近矿区施工经验的基础上,总结了本地区钻孔施工的技术难点,对比分析了分散泥浆、无固相聚乙烯醇泥浆、低固相聚合物泥浆的使用效果。结果表明,高浓度膨润土浆具有防塌、防漏、胶结松散岩石等多种功能,配制简单且使用方便,可用于上部覆盖层钻进。对于下部复杂地层,常规分散泥浆体系抑制性不足,难以应对该矿区复杂工况;无固相聚乙烯醇泥浆前期防塌能力强,但是处理坍塌事故能力不足;低固相聚合物泥浆体系抑制性强,流变性良好,防塌能力强,取得了良好的使用效果。     

浅谈提高工勘中岩心采取率的几点措施

工程地质勘察的钻探工作中取出比较完整的原状岩心是工程勘察的必然要求。由于建设工程主要是在地表覆盖层中进行,因此钻探工作珏然面临包括砂卵石层、砂层、风化破碎、松散破碎层、土层、泥岩、页岩等水敏性岩层,以及不同程度的破裂带、地层剥离带、泥石流带等。因此,根据施工中钻进的复杂岩层,选取正确有效的泥浆类型和适当的岩心采取技术,对减少孔内事故,提高岩心采取率,提高钻探质量,实现安全快速钻进具有重要的意义。     

抑制性泥浆在新疆淖毛湖煤田东部勘查区中的应用

新疆淖毛湖煤田东部勘查区,煤系地层多为灰色、淡黄色砾岩、砂岩,泥岩,泥岩与砂砾岩互层,泥岩夹煤层、煤线等,其中泥岩、泥岩与砂砾岩互层地层水敏性强,胶结性差,在钻进过程中易造成水化膨胀、缩径、坍塌等问题,护壁困难。针对该矿区的地层特征,采用抑制性无固相和低固相泥浆钻进,成功地维持了孔壁稳定,高效、安全地完成了钻孔,为今后施工类似钻孔取得了宝贵经验。     

聚丙烯酸钙低固相泥浆在梁山地层中的应用

梁山煤田从1983年开始进行普查钻探。该地区第四系、第三系地层较厚，一般为500～600米。第四系地层为砂质粘土或粘质砂土，并含有砾石层，岩性松散，稳定性很差，水敏性强，遇水膨胀缩径，砂层易坍塌；第三系地层主要为风化泥岩、风化砂岩及中粗砂岩。砂岩无胶结性，泥岩成岩作用极差，有的钻孔夹有大于1米的流砂层及厚薄不均的石膏层，稳定性差，水敏性强，易坍塌、缩径，泥浆易被钙浸。梁山煤田钻孔普遍存在缩径、坍塌、掉块及下钻下不到底等现象，由于钙浸问题未解决，往往孔内遇到较厚的石膏夹层，或含石膏较多的泥岩层，泥浆性能变坏     

钾铵基聚合物泥浆在大同煤田复杂地层钻进中的应用

煤田地质钻探中,白垩系卵石层、多层采空区及泥岩地层是一大钻进难题。一是上部长孔段砂卵层胶结松散,易垮塌;二是下部泥岩水敏性强,膨胀性大,节理裂隙发育,极易产生缩径、造浆及不同程度的渗漏;三是多层采空区的护壁问题。针对这些问题,在大同煤田复杂地层钻进中,经反复实验选用了钾铵基聚合物低固相泥浆。实践证明,采用钾铵基聚合物低固相泥浆,可有效防止孔内坍塌、掉块、缩径,预防孔内事故,提高钻进效率,降低成本,达到了正常的钻进目的。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

The evolution of the magmatism in the external zones of the Betic Cordilleras during the mesozoic

Abstract

The Mesozoic igneous rocks from the External Zones of the Betic Cordilleras extend for some 300 km along the Subbetic Zone. They are poorly differentiated basic rocks which, altogether, correspond to a transitional series containing tholeiitic and sodium-alkaline terms. They crop out as small ophite stocks and dykes intruded into middle- and upper-Triassic rocks, or as submarine flows and sills interlayered with Jurassic materials.

Geological and radiometric evidence points to an upper-Triassic-Liassic age for the ophite-generating magmatism, while the fissure volcanism began locally in the early-Liassic and extended throughout the Dogger. It reached its climax in the Tithonian and ceased abruptly in the lowermost Cretaceous.

The magmas that generated the two groups of rocks originated within the mantle. During the ascent through a continental crust they were contaminated by deep-crust granitoid rocks and by the assimilation of pelites from the basement. The chemical composition and fractional-crystallization differentiation trends of the ophites belong to the tholeiitic series, while those of the middle-uppermost Jurassic magmas to the sodic-alkaline series. This magmatic evolution may be attributed to a geodynamic change from distensive in the Triassic to transtensive from the middle-Jurassic onwards.