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1.
Brent Doberstein 《Natural Hazards》2009,50(2):361-377
This article explores whether past exposure to debris flow disasters with a human dimension (e.g. caused in part by deforestation)
results in adaptive hazard mitigation and improved environmental and resource management practices in affected areas. When
guiding hazard mitigation practice, the ‘adaptive hazard mitigation’ approach views mitigation as a multi-dimensional experiment,
with the associated need for post-experiment monitoring, evaluation, learning and adjustment, and attention paid to multiple
scales (Bogardi 2004). This article explores how the concept of ‘adaptive hazard mitigation’ has emerged, linking this ‘adaptive management’ used
increasingly in resource and environmental management. Two case studies of disasters linked to human-induced environmental
change are examined, and the mitigation responses of local communities, NGOs and Government agencies are documented. Data
sources include secondary data (journal articles, web-based disaster reports and grey literature) on each disaster, key informant
interviews (n = 8) and direct observation over the 2005–2006 period of post-disaster mitigation actions implemented after each disaster.
The research indicates that in both case studies, a limited range of hazard mitigation actions was employed, including both
structural and non-structural approaches. However, the research also found that causal factors involving human-induced environmental
change (e.g. deforestation) were not addressed, and overall, the hazard mitigation strategies adopted lacked monitoring, learning
and adjustment. In both case studies, responses to disaster were judged to be examples of ‘trial and error’ adaptation, rather
than either ‘passive’ or ‘active’ adaptation.
相似文献
Brent DobersteinEmail: |
2.
Policy-making in relation to sustainable development is usually at the national (or, in relation to climate change, the global)
level, yet the consumption it seeks to modify takes place at the household level. If households all ‘made ends meet’ in the
same way then the much-relied upon notion of per capita consumption would be valid and we could rely on ‘top-down’ modelling
to guide policy. Cultural Theory, however, predicts that there are five socially viable ways of making ends meet, and that
all of them will be found (in varying proportions) within any nation. This prediction has been tested on a sample of 220 British
households and shown to be well supported. Top-down modelling, it is argued, has to give way to a constructive interplay between
the reflexive policy-maker and a plurally responsive citizenry.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Anita R. Schiller 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(1):331-346
This paper examines the possible storm surge damage from a major hurricane to hit the Houston Metropolitan Statistical Area
(MSA.) Using storm surge analysis on a unique data set compiled from the Texas Workforce Commission (QCEW), the paper estimates
the expected industry-level damage for each county in the Houston MSA. The advantages of using GIS to analyze the expected
storm surge damage estimation is that it provides an accurate estimation of the number of affected employees and probable
wages losses, by industry and county, based on QCEW data. The results indicate that the ‘Basic Chemical Manufacturing’ and
‘Oil and Gas Extraction’ industries incur the highest employee and payroll losses while the ‘Restaurants and Eateries’ has
the largest establishment damage if a major hurricane were to hit the Houston MSA. 相似文献
4.
Tim Bunnell 《GeoJournal》2004,59(4):297-305
Becoming the tallest building in the world in the mid-1990s, the Petronas Towers was the centre piece of an image of national
progress and development that Malaysian authorities sought to project internationally. The release of Fox Movies' Entrapment in Malaysia in May 1999 provoked political outrage and popular disappointment at the way in which the Petronas Towers in
Kuala Lumpur had been spliced alongside riverside ‘slums’ filmed in the town of Malacca some 150 km away. This paper provides
a critical reading of the spliced scene in the movie. At one level, the angry response of the Malaysian Prime Minister, Dr
Mahathir Mohamad, to the scene diagnoses a geopolitics of asymmetrical representational power. However, I show how Mahathir's
criticism of Entrapment in Malaysia was as much a defence of domestic political legitimacy (and national economic investibility) as it was ‘opposition’
or ‘resistance’ to hegemonic ‘Western’ (mis)representation. In addition, while the material and symbolic work of reimaging
Kuala Lumpur had sought to negate (neo)orientalist imaginings of ‘Asian’ cities, the controversial scene rendered visible
environmental ‘underdevelopment’ that has no place in a modern (vision of) Malaysia. Entrapment thus performed something in inducing Malaysian cities and citizens to ‘clean up’ their act, to practice ‘fully developed’
ways of seeing, being and being seen.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Noëlle Boucquey Lisa M. Campbell Gabriel Cumming Zoë A. Meletis Carla Norwood Joshua Stoll 《GeoJournal》2012,77(1):83-101
This paper contributes to ongoing discussions about the implications of rural change and amenity migration for members of
diverse rural communities. We engage with recent amenity migration and political ecology literature that focuses on social
constructions of nature and landscapes, and how these constructions affect the attitudes and opinions of community members.
We use our case study of a mail-based survey in Down East, North Carolina to suggest that the ways in which people conceptualize
the particular ‘natures’ and landscapes of a place matters in terms of shaping people’s attitudes with respect to ongoing
processes of change. We find that people’s opinions about environment, culture, and land use are often superficially similar
but that when conflicts arise or particular actions are considered, substantial differences in people’s underlying conceptual
frameworks are revealed. In particular we find that despite widespread shared appreciation of the environment and culture
Down East, differing interpretations of these key terms lead to potential misunderstandings and land use planning challenges. 相似文献
6.
The closed-form analytic expressions for the displacement and stresses at any point of an elastic layer lying over a base
due to a very long vertical strike-slip dislocation are obtained. The interface between the layer and the base is assumed
to be either ‘smooth-rigid’ or ‘rough-rigid’ or ‘welded’. The variations of displacement and stresses with the horizontal
distance from the fault for different types of coupling of the layer with the base have been studied. It is found that the
displacement for ‘welded interface’ lies between the displacements due to ‘smooth rigid’ and ‘rough-rigid’ interfaces for
different positions of the observer and different values of the ratio of rigidities of the layer and half-space. 相似文献
7.
The intent of this paper is to explore how ‘reel’ and ‘real’ landscapes can be rendered dialectic. The analysis focuses on
the filming of Tarzan's Secret Treasure (1941) at the wildlife preserve of Wakulla Springs in Florida, which was administered
by the financial tycoon Ed Ball. Using Mitchell's recent commentaries on ‘good’ and ‘bad’ dialectics as our entry point, we
offer two readings of this cinematic process. The first renders the on and off screen Wakulla Springs as ideological fodder,
serving to valorise capital, masculinity and whiteness. The second reading addresses how this place has been actively constructed
from discourses pertaining to class, gender and race, such that Wakulla exists as a series of fully relational spaces within
diverse contexts, both ‘real’ and ‘reel’. In structuring our analysis in this manner, we hope to make clear why it does indeed
matter for film geographers to acknowledge the conceptual presumptions brought to bear in the framing of the real and the
reel as objects of analysis.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Delineation of groundwater recharge zones and identification of artificial recharge sites in West Medinipur district,West Bengal,using RS,GIS and MCDM techniques 总被引:14,自引:4,他引:10
Artificial recharge plays a pivotal role in the sustainable management of groundwater resources. This study proposes a methodology
to delineate artificial recharge zones as well as to identify favorable artificial recharge sites using integrated remote
sensing (RS), geographical information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques for augmenting groundwater
resources in the West Medinipur district of West Bengal, India, which has been facing water shortage problems for the past
few years. The thematic layers considered in this study are: geomorphology, geology, drainage density, slope and aquifer transmissivity,
which were prepared using IRS-1D imagery and conventional data. Different themes and their corresponding features were assigned
proper weights based on their relative contribution to groundwater recharge in the area, and normalized weights were computed
using the Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process (AHP). These thematic layers were then integrated in the GIS environment to delineate
artificial recharge zones in the study area. The artificial recharge map thus obtained divided the study area into three zones,
viz., ‘suitable,’ ‘moderately suitable’ and ‘unsuitable’ according to their suitability for artificial groundwater recharge.
It was found that about 46% of the study area falls under ‘suitable’ zone, whereas 43% falls under the ‘moderately suitable’
zone. The western portion of the study area was found to be unsuitable for artificial recharge. The artificial recharge zone
map of the study area was found to be in agreement with the map of mean groundwater depths over the area. Furthermore, forty
possible sites for artificial recharge were also identified using RS and GIS techniques. Based on the available field information,
check dams are suggested as promising artificial recharge structures. The results of this study could be used to formulate
an efficient groundwater management plan for the study area so as to ensure sustainable utilization of scarce groundwater
resources. 相似文献
9.
Shalini Singh 《GeoJournal》2005,64(3):215-223
Assuming the above quote as a true portrayal of pilgrims, this article attempts to describe the prototypical pilgrim from
amongst the wide array of contemporary religious and secular tourists. To achieve this end, two approaches have been adopted.
Firstly, the phenomenon/concept of pilgrimages have been discussed, so to distinguish it from the tourism phenomenon and;
Secondly, the geographical notion of genus loci has been employed to exemplify the fundamental quest for ‘geopiety’ attained
through the unification of the pilgrim’s intrinsic belief with its external location. The second part of the article illustrates
the forgoing through an exploration of Himalayan pilgrimages. This has been achieved with a discussion of the emerging practices
and recent trends in Himalayan pilgrimology. This appraisal alludes to Cohen’s quest for a ‘Theology of Tourism.’ The article
concludes with an examination of a specific genre of contemporary tourists in the Indian Himalayas, who have been identified
as ‘environmental pilgrims.’
相似文献
10.
Bolivia is a country with high levels of poverty and inequality among its peoples and regions. For the nation and its urban
and rural areas, trends in the social and spatial distribution of poverty (and extreme poverty) are identified from 1976 to
2003 using UBN data with minor support where appropriate from poverty lines. The main survey between 1992 and 2001 uses composite
and selected UBN to track detailed poverty change for the country’s nine departments, its ten largest cities and a selection
of other smaller urban and rural municipalities. Because of rising background increases in population in the various surveyed
administrative units, many instances of relative reductions in poverty are accompanied by rising absolute increases. Marked
spatial variations in poverty and development in the country over the last several decades are identified as the main driver
for the country’s quickening pace of rural–urban migration. As a result, the paper concludes by assessing two different but
closely related views. One investigation tests the notion that because more poor people have been living in Bolivia’s cities
than in its rural areas since the mid to late 1990s, rapid rural–urban migration has simply shifted the locus of poverty from
the countryside to the cities in a process called, the ‘urbanisation of poverty.’ A second, more challenging, investigation
assesses the view that the flow of poor rural people to the better serviced urban areas of Bolivia has actually acted to alleviate
national poverty levels. 相似文献
11.
R. C. Dey 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,74(1):131-137
The subsurface Nagaur Basin in northwest Haryana and southwest Punjab hosts evaporite sequence, conformably overlain by Nagaur
red beds and grey beds. A polymictic conglomerate intervenes the Nagaur sequence and the overlying Tertiary sequence. The
focus is on the new finds of (i) distinctive ‘grey beds’ overlying ubiquitous red beds, (ii) ‘Malout conglomerate and grit’
horizon (Palaeocene-Miocene) marking an unconformity over the Nagaur Group (early Cambrian) and (iii) ‘entrapped gas and dried-up
leaves/carbonaceous flakes’ in the conglomerate unit and succeeding Tertiary rocks. Palaeoenvironmental significance has been
discussed. The Nagaur ‘red beds’ has been likened to ‘continental red beds’ of Schreiber (1978) and ‘reworked red beds’ of
Krynine (1949). The ‘grey beds’ are channel fillings, fresh material having been derived from fresh cuttings by streams/rivers
following structural grains in the Aravalli landscape where the interfluves provided weathered (oxidised) materials for the
red beds. Association of continental red beds and grey beds is known in the Newark Series (Triassic) of the Eastern United
States and the Keweenawan ‘late Precambrian’ of the Lake Superior region. 相似文献
12.
Birte Frommer 《Natural Hazards》2011,58(1):85-101
For the last five years, climate change has been increasingly perceived as a challenge for regional development. Compared
to other nations, Germany is relatively ‘safe’, but the German regions are prone to different impacts of climate change; some
of them might be positive but most will be negative in the long run. Strategic concepts are therefore needed to reduce the
negative impacts and use the potential positive effects. Due to enforced research funding, several German regions are currently
developing adaptation strategies within transdisciplinary research projects. Based on a comparative case study analysis of
three of these projects, this paper looks for the benefits of resilience thinking in the context of climate change adaptation.
The analysis shows that the case study regions try to increase their resilience to climate change by strengthening the properties
of (1) resistance, (2) recovery and (3) creativity. But the discussion also reveals that only parts, certain sectors or subjects,
of the region can increase their distinct resilience. Regional stakeholder networks as established within the case study regions
can make a significant contribution to linking different sectors and levels of action. Therefore, this approach seems to be
applicable for integrating the need for adaptation within the whole region. It is believed that the regionalized communication
of potential climate change impacts raises awareness for climate change adaptation, helps to develop appropriate adaptation
measures and encourages action. Hence, different approaches can indeed lead to more resilient structures. But the resilient
society at regional level remains utopia. 相似文献
13.
Jean-François Staszak 《GeoJournal》2004,60(4):353-364
The article advocates an articulation of cultural geography and art history, and in this perspective focuses on the analysis
of the primitivist movement and particularly on Gauguin's work and personal itinerary. Primitivism introduced artefacts of
‘primitive’ people into the history of Western art and signalled a change in the relationship between the West and the ‘Other’
and ‘Elsewhere’. This reversal of values has a major geographical dimension. Primitivism manifests the contradiction-rife
colonial ideology, but can also challenge colonization. Tourism, which is, in the case of Tahiti, directly linked to Gauguin
and to his myth, inherited a lot from primitivism, in terms of hopes and ambiguities. Conversely, primitivism casts light
on geographical features of these places, instituted as ‘Elsewheres‘ by the West, and visited, even transformed by painters,
colonizers and tourists.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Jochen Schanze Johanna Trümper Cornelia Burmeister Dirk Pavlik Ivan Kruhlov 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(5):1405-1414
The paper presents a methodology on how to consistently deal with the future change and management options in integrated water
resources management (IWRM). It is based on a conceptual framework with a five step procedure for the formulation and analysis
of a so-called ‘parameterised regional futures’. Developing and testing the approach for IWRM is realised for the upper part
of the Western Bug River catchment (Ukraine). Special attention is paid to scenarios of change covering climate and land use.
The future regional climate is downscaled with the model CCLM. Land cover is projected after retrospective change detection
and the derivation of prospective algorithms. Parameters of the interrelations between land use and the water cycle are tackled
through using the concept of the model PWF-LU. The methodology is currently being tested to analyse the impacts of mid-term
regional change and management options on the water cycle of the catchment. 相似文献
15.
Johannes Schoenherr Zsolt Schléder Janos L. Urai Ralf Littke Peter A. Kukla 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2010,99(5):1007-1025
We compared microstructures of Late Pre-Cambrian to Early Cambrian Ara Salt diapirs from the deep subsurface (3.5–5 km) of
the South Oman Salt Basin and from surface-piercing salt domes of the Ghaba Salt Basin. Laterally, these basins are approximately
500 km apart but belong to the same tectono-sedimentary system. The excellent data situation from both wells and outcrops
allows a unique quantification of formation and deformation mechanisms, spanning from sedimentation to deep burial, and via
re-activated diapir rise to surface piercement. Microstructures of gamma-irradiated and etched thin sections indicate dislocation
creep and fluid-assisted grain boundary migration as the main deformation mechanisms operating in the deep subsurface. Microstructures
from the surface are characterised by large ‘old’ subgrain-rich crystals. These ‘old’ grains are partly replaced by ‘new’
subgrain-free and subgrain-poor crystals, which show gamma irradiation-decorated growth bands and fibrous microstructures,
indicative of pressure solution creep and static recrystallisation, most likely due to surface piercement and exposure. Using
subgrain size piezometry, the maximum differential stresses for the subsurface salt is 1.7 MPa and those for the surface-piercing
salt is 3.4 MPa, the latter value displaying the high stress conditions in the diapir ‘stem’ as the salt rises on its way
to the surface. 相似文献
16.
Michael Woods 《GeoJournal》2011,76(4):365-381
This paper examines the local politics through which the reconstitution of rural localities under globalization is advanced
and contested, with particular reference to the impact of international amenity migration. It contends that as globalization
proceeds not by domination but by hybridization and negotiation, local politics is critical as the sphere in which the outcomes
of globalization processes are interpreted and contested. The paper examines the case study of Queenstown Lakes district in
South Island, New Zealand, as a locality that has experienced significant transformation through engagement with globalization
processes. These include high levels of international amenity in-migration, substantial overseas investment in property, commerce
and construction projects, and an increasing volume of international tourists. Collectively, these processes have contributed
to rapid population growth and intensive pressure for the development of rural land in the area. As detailed in the paper,
land use planning became the dominant issue in local politics, with conflict between groups informed by ‘boosterist’ and ‘environmentalist’
stand-points, as well as the ‘aspirational ruralism’ of amenity in-migrants. Although locally-grounded, the conflict engaged
trans-local actors and networks and transgressed space and scale, thus becoming itself an expression of globalization. 相似文献
17.
At a time when the concept of ‘human and environmental symbiosis’ has taken on much significance, protection of suburban forests
(i.e. forests adjacent to or near developed areas) is a topic that has drawn much attention. Suburban forests have, since
ancient times, been places where people have gathered firewood and cultured trees. As a result, the vegetation of suburban
forests is only partially natural and continues to change as the forms of human activity in and around them changes. Accurate
forecasts of how suburban forests will change are, therefore, an important element in the debate over how to protect them.
In this study, a suburban forest was analyzed with laser radar sensing, multi-spectrum scanning, digital photogrammetry analysis,
aerial photograph interpretation, and a field survey. Data gathered using these techniques were compiled on a GIS to forecast
future changes in the forest. Aerial photographs taken over the past 50 years were analyzed to illuminate changes in the forest
over that period. Specifically, comparisons of precise Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) measured by using digital photogrammetry
workstations made it possible to estimate growth in forest height. The possible future conversion of such results to estimates
of amounts of carbon dioxide consolidated by forests should be very significant for discussions of global environmental problems.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
A comparative analysis of several vulnerability concepts 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A comparative analysis of six vulnerability models aims to identify differences and similarities between several approaches
towards understanding vulnerability. The analysis yields a set of characteristics for explaining the condition of vulnerability
(multiple contexts, multiple dimensions, temporal variability, multiple scales and scale-interdependency). In addition, ‘adaptation’
and ‘adaptive capacity’ are identified as key elements of vulnerability. The results of the analysis are put into a wider
context not only of vulnerability but also of resilience and risk research. It is demonstrated that ‘adaptation’ and ‘adaptive
capacity’ serve as hinges not only for conceptualising vulnerability but between ‘vulnerability’ and ‘resilience’ alike. Based
on the results of the comparative analysis, a model of vulnerability focussing on the household and community scale is developed,
which displays the key findings of this work. 相似文献
19.
This paper juxtaposes the actual areas of settlement and settlement activities of Chinese migrants in Brisbane’s southern
suburbs since the mid-1980s, with the concomitant, ‘government planned’ construction of the city’s Chinatown as an ‘exotic,’
‘ethnic,’ and ‘cosmopolitan’ landmark. It argues that while the latter, as with Chinatowns in other Australian and world cities,
has continued to appropriate the symbols of so-called ‘Chineseness’ to sell the locale to non-Chinese, the former, in recalling
the notion of ‘ethnoburbia,’ significantly evinces actual Chinese migrants’ agency and role in place-making. In the process,
these migrants have not only established a local, ethnically meaningful environment, but also challenged the still current
metonymic Western image of the Chinese as preferring life in ‘ethnic’ urban enclaves that had its origin from early Chinese
settlement and fundamentally detached from the lives of other ethnic groups per se. Indeed greater recognition and comprehension of such locales may go a long way to illustrate that many Chinese living in
Australia today do not fit the territorial, place-based identity often associated with them in the imagination of mainstream
society. 相似文献
20.
B.F. Iyun 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):129-139
The viewpoint that most health problems are environmentally related has always been promoted by medical geography. In recent
times, concern about environmental degradation has been of high priority for many national and international organizations
as ‘we human beings become a threat to our planet’. There is also a need to specifically focus attention on the impact of
so-called development efforts on the health of women and children, in particular those living in highly marginalized regions
which often contribute substantially to the overall development of their countries.
This paper uses the concept of vulnerability as a departure point from which to map the health risks to children in Igbekun
area of Ondo State, the ‘transgressive muddy’ oil-rich coastal area of Nigeria. The paper attempts to highlight the poor quality
of life and health of children in particular, and how it is becoming much more difficult to practice health intervention programmes,
especially oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in the area.
The Igbekun area is an unhealthy and harsh environment, complicated by the devastating effects of oil drilling in recent years.
The siltation and sedimentation of the creeks and lagoons have serious health dimensions as human faeces float in and around
villages because the ‘bush toilets’ can no longer be reached. The on-going environmental crisis has also deprived women of
their traditional means of livelihood; fishing.
There is a relatively high level of ignorance (compared with other women living in the same local government area (LGA) of
causes of the commonest diseases such as diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection (ARI) and measles. A majority of the women
have never heard of family planning, immunization against diseases and interventions such as ORT. Promotive health care services,
especially those that strive to reduce the high mortality of children have passed the mothers by. It is also becoming impracticable
to promote ORT because of the widespread ‘salty and oily’ water supply in the area.
The greatest concern of the women now is that oil drilling activities have further amplified their stressful conditions especially
their health and that of their children. Unfortunately, their plight is not acknowledged by the Nigerian authorities and the
oil companies are least concerned about alleviating the poor health status of the community, in particular the most vulnerable
groups, children under the age of five.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献