城市钻孔数据地下三维地质建模软件的实现

介绍了基于钻孔数据的城市地下三维地质建模软件的实现过程，提出了基于钻孔数据三维地质建模的总体思路、钻孔数据管理和层序分层方法，还介绍了软件的模块组成及应用实例。建立的软件实现了对城市钻孔数据的三维建模、可视化分析和科学管理，具有丰富的二维成图和三维显示功能，实例的应用也说明本软件是分析城市第四系构造格架和演化的有力工具。     

Stress of urban energy consumption on air environment

With rapid urbanization and heavy industrialization as well as the rapid increase of cars in China, the effect of energy consumption on urban air environment is increasingly becoming serious, and has become a hot topic for both scholars and decision-makers. This paper explores the effect mechanism and regulation of urban energy consumption on the air environment, and summarizes the framework of the stress effect relationship and the evolutionary process. In accordance with the effect relationship of the internal factors between the two, analytic approaches studying the stress effect of urban energy consumption on air environment are proposed, including the analysis of air environment effects caused by urban energy consumption structure change, and the analysis of air environment effects caused by urban energy economic efficiency change, as well as a decomposition analysis of air pollutant emission caused by urban energy consumption. Applying the above-mentioned approaches into a case study on Beijing City, this paper analyzes the effect relationship among urban energy consumption structure improvement, energy economic efficiency increase and air quality change since the period when Beijing City officially proposed to bid for the 2008 Olympic Games in 1998. In addition, it further analyzes the effect and contribution of urban industrial activity level, industrial economic structure, industrial energy intensity, and industrial energy structure as well as emission coefficients on the change in industrial SO₂ emission, which can provide valuable information to the government for making comprehensive environmental policies, with the use of the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method. It is shown that under the precondition that the industrial economy maintain a continuous and rapid increase, improvements in energy intensity and a decline in emission coefficients are the main means for reducing Beijing’s industrial SO₂ emissions.     

地质信息可视化的应用——城市环境地质研究之发展方向

随着21世纪人类城市化建设的发展，城市环境地质研究成为水工环地质研究领域的一个重要组成部分，城市建设中的最主要问题是水资源问题和环境地质问题。城市水资源问题有：城市后备水源地的研究，以及应急水资源地和地下水库的研究。城市环境地质问题主要包括：（1）围绕城市建设和发展的一般性资源、地质环境问题；（2）城市地质作用产生的地质环境问题；（3）城市人口密集区及工业区的土壤和水体有机污染问题。解决城市环境地质问题的关键是对地下空间地层岩性及构造条件的研究，通过这些基础条件研究分析城市地质环境和地下水资源问题。可视化研究技术通过对城市地质体在地下空间的相对位置、形态、物化特征等三维构模处理，使这些城市赖以存在的地质基础条件可为非专业的决策层所理解，并在城市发展的规划中体现这些大自然所赋予人类的地下空间资源的价值。应用三维可视化技术对城市环境地质研究是一个全新的研究领域，目前尚没有系统完整的应用先例。三维可视化技术将在城市化环境地质研究中，开拓一个崭新的环境地质研究时代，成为城市环境地质研究的发展方向。     

城市三维地质数据组织与管理方法研究

城市三维地质数据的组织与管理是城市三维地质信息系统建设所面临的首要难题。通过对城市地质调查成果数据和城市三维地质信息系统用户需求的分析,将城市三维地质数据抽象、概括为“两个层次、四大类别”。“两个层次”是指城市三维地质数据包括原始数据和解释成果数据这两个层次;“四大类别”则是将城市三维地质数据分为地理空间数据、原始勘察数据、专业解释数据和三维地质建模数据等四个大类,其中地理空间数据和原始勘察数据属于“原始数据”这一层次,专业解释数据和三维地质建模数据属于“解释成果数据”这一层次。论文还按照地质数据所涉及的专业标准,将城市三维地质数据划分为多个专业库,这可满足不同专业的工程人员的应用需求。根据三维地质建模的要求,特别提取出经特殊解释后的三维建模数据,以实现对地质数据的三维可视化显示与分析。这种数据组织与管理方案已经成功的应用于北京、上海等城市的三维地质数据管理和服务系统之中。     

城市地下空间资源评价三维建模方法研究与实践:以上海市为例

城市地下空间开发利用是智慧城市发展的重要组成部分。构建城市地下空间三维地质模型和属性模型,能够立体直观地展示地下构筑物、河道、水系等,进一步与三维模型融合后,可以更好地展示地下空间资源质量。本文以上海市中心城区地下空间资源评价为示范,设计了三维地质结构和属性模型一体化建模方法,构建了上海市中心城区地下空间三维地质模型,实现了三维地质模型与地下构筑物模型的自动融合。最后根据上海市城市地下空间资源开发利用适宜性评价模型,实现了城市地下空间资源评价的三维建模。本文成果已经应用于上海市中心城区地下空间总体规划、局部规划以及工程建设项目中。     

基于GeoStation的城市片区地质三维建模技术研究

本文基于华东院自主研发的GeoStation地质三维勘察设计系统,设计一种城市片区地质三维建模技术方法。该方法首先采用地质剖面作为地质拓扑剖面,其次使用地质拓扑剖面将城市片区划分为若干城市区块,再次使用GeoStation系统的地层自动建模功能独立构建城市区块模型,最后将城市区块拼合为整体模型。该方法集成在GeoStation系统中,并在某城市级BIM应用中进行应用,结果表明该技术方法可行,实现了海量庞杂地质建模数据的高效管理,构建的地质三维模型可满足某城市BIM平台数据要求,为城市地理空间信息建模提供新的手段,也为其他城市开展数字化建设和智慧化管理提供范例。     

特殊地质城市地下空间开发利用面临的问题与挑战

我国地质环境十分复杂,地面沉降、地裂缝、活动断裂及岩溶等特殊地质现象十分发育,是世界上地质灾害最为严重的国家之一,这给我国目前大规模城市地下空间开发利用尤其是城市轨道交通和地下综合管廊的建设带来了前所未有的地质挑战。文中论述了我国城市地面沉降、地裂缝、活动断裂及岩溶等特殊地质现象的分布与发育状况及危害,明确指出了上述特殊地质环境下城市地下空间开发利用中面临的诸如监测缺乏系统性、缺少评价与安全利用理论方法和技术支撑、特殊地质与地下空间相互作用机制不明以及规划缺乏前瞻性等关键问题和挑战,建议尽快开展我国特殊地质城市地下空间开发利用的适宜性评价理论方法、规划设计理论、探测与监测技术方法以及城市地下空间资源评价、安全利用与防治关键技术等方面的研究,为我国地面沉降、地裂缝、活动断裂以及岩溶等特殊地质城市地下空间开发利用与安全运营提供重要科学依据与技术指导。     

城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价方法与实践

城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,但目前尚缺乏系统的研究,工作方法体系仍有待深入探讨。本文在前人工作基础上,对城市地下空间地质安全风险的类型、地质诱因与核心评价指标,以及传统二维评价的局限性进行归纳总结,并结合三维地质建模、三维评价指标体系以及三维空间分析等关键三维方法技术,提出了一套较为系统的城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价技术方法体系。为验证方法的有效性,在南京市江北新区开展了城市地下空间地质安全风险三维评价实例研究,取得了较好的效果。研究显示该方法体系能够显著提升三维尺度下地下空间地质安全风险评价精度和准确性,为立体化地下空间开发提供有力支持。     

中国城市地质调查总体构想与关键理论技术

近年来,我国在城市群、大城市和中小城镇等不同层面组织开展了大量的城市地质调查,在城市地质资源、地质环境、发展空间的调查评价,以及地质信息服务城市管理制度建设等方面取得了丰富成果,在调查技术方法、成果产品服务、工作协调机制等方面积累了一些经验,但和新型城镇化的需求相比,还存在着工作理念较落后、地质信息更新慢,成果体系没标准、工作机制不完善等诸多不足。国家新型城镇化发展战略提出了全新的城市发展理念,在优化城市结构布局、拓展城市发展空间、推进绿色城市建设、提高城市安全保障水平等方面,对城市地质调查提出了迫切需求。新时期应该以全新的思路开展城市地质调查,要树立大资源、大环境、大数据理念,服务城市规划、建设、运行、管理等多个层面,开展空间、资源、环境、灾害等多要素综合调查,打造地下三维可视化的城市地质模型(透明城市),完善空天地一体化的地质资源环境监测网络,建立开放共享、动态更新的城市地质信息服务与决策支持系统,构建城市地质调查成果服务产品体系、技术标准体系和保障制度体系。为实现这个目标,需要建立城市资源环境承载能力、城市多圈层交互带、地下空间资源协同规划等理论,开展城市地质探测与监测、国土空间开发地质适宜性评价、地下空间开发利用地质安全评价、三维城市地质建模与公共服务等技术攻关。     

LiDAR-based three-dimensional street landscape indices for urban habitability

Streets are like the skeleton of a city. They not only guarantee urban traffic functions and facilitate business activities, but also perform an integral component of the urban landscape. Urban habitability, that is to judge whether a place is suitable for people to live, has been a popular topic for years. A mobile laser scanning (MLS) system can obtain close-range three-dimensional (3D) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data of the sides and surfaces of urban streets. This study explored the possibility of analyzing urban street space landscapes based on MLS LiDAR, and proposed four LiDAR-based 3D street landscape indices for urban habitability: 3D green biomass, street enclosure, sunshine index, and landscape diversity index. Experiments performed in Jianye District of Nanjing (China) showed that these four street landscape indices accorded well with the actual situation and they reflected user perception of street space. Thus, the proposed indices could help us to assess urban landscape from a 3D perspective. To sum up, this study suggest a new type of data for landscape study, and provide an automatic information acquirement for urban habitability assessment.     

Some qualitative aspects of the urban environment in developed countries

The quality of life in cities is a subject that has aroused considerable concern and fears, but treatment of the subject tends to have become distorted by pre-existing values and subsumed under broader questions. This paper concentrates on the city as an experienced place and focuses on three emerging areas of discussion. The first part deals with the shift from two-dimensional, plan-based proposals for the future to three-dimensional theories applied to the finer grain of future urban form. The second part deals with the increasing realisation of the cultural basis and manifestations of quality in urban life and the research on urban cultural innovation which this has encouraged, drawing evidence from the Council of Europe's 21-town cultural innovation project. The final section discusses the significance of dreams for the future in shaping the urban environment of the future. It points to the current vacuum in thinking on the subject and indicates the problems that this poses for making choices for the urban environment.     

Spatial statistics for urban analysis: A review of techniques with examples

Traditionally, urban analysis has been quick to adopt and benefit from developments in technology (e.g., microcomputer, GIS) and techniques (e.g., statistics, mathematical programming). This has not been the case, however, with newer methods of spatial analysis — in particular, spatial statistics. Only recently has this situation started to change. This paper documents the confluence of spatial statistics and urban analysis by first reviewing developments in spatial statistics, and then presenting examples of recent applications in urban analysis. The developments reviewed fall under the rubric of global and local forms of spatial analysis, and cover three major technical issues: spatial association, spatial heterogeneity and the modifiable areal unit problem. The examples highlight the relevance and usefulness of the techniques reviewed for urban transportation and land-use applications. The paper concludes with conjectures concerning future developments at the intersection of spatial statistics and urban analysis.     

Spatial statistics for urban analysis: A review of techniques with examples

Traditionally, urban analysis has been quick to adopt and benefit from developments in technology (e.g., microcomputer, GIS) and techniques (e.g., statistics, mathematical programming). This has not been the case, however, with newer methods of spatial analysis — in particular, spatial statistics. Only recently has this situation started to change. This paper documents the confluence of spatial statistics and urban analysis by first reviewing developments in spatial statistics, and then presenting examples of recent applications in urban analysis. The developments reviewed fall under the rubric of global and local forms of spatial analysis, and cover three major technical issues: spatial association, spatial heterogeneity and the modifiable areal unit problem. The examples highlight the relevance and usefulness of the techniques reviewed for urban transportation and land-use applications. The paper concludes with conjectures concerning future developments at the intersection of spatial statistics and urban analysis.     

广州东濠涌流域城市洪涝灾害情景模拟与风险评估

绘制直观与可靠的城市洪涝灾害风险区划图,为城市防洪排涝相关部门决策提供参考依据。以广州市东濠涌流域为研究区域,综合考虑城市降雨、径流、地形和排水系统特性,构建基于InfoWorks ICM的一维-二维耦合城市洪涝仿真模型,模拟暴雨重现期为1年、5年、50年情景下的洪涝过程并获取致灾因子数据。调研分析区域的孕灾环境、承灾体和防灾减灾能力概况,结合层次分析法、评价等级和阈值划分等进行洪涝灾害风险评估。结果表明:城市洪涝仿真模型在一维排水系统和二维地面淹没模拟上均有较好的精度和可靠性,保证了致灾因子数据的可靠性;风险区划图能较好地反映流域的风险分布;随着重现期增大,较高、高风险区的面积显著增加,为防洪排涝重点关注区域。     

Developing the scientific framework for urban geochemistry

Urban geochemistry is a unique discipline that is distinguished from general geochemistry by the complex infrastructure and intense human activities associated with concentrated population centers. As stated by Thornton (1991) “This subject is concerned with the complex interactions and relationships between chemical elements and their compounds in the urban environment, the influence of past and present human and industrial activities on these, and the impacts or effects of geochemical parameters in urban areas on plant, animal and human health.” Urban areas present special challenges to geochemists attempting to understand geochemical states and fluxes. On the 5–6 of August, 2014, the first meeting of the reorganized Urban Geochemistry Working Group of the International Association of GeoChemistry (IAGC) was held in Columbus, Ohio, United States. Two goals of the meeting were to develop the overall scope, and a general definition of urban geochemistry. Five grand themes were developed: 1) recognizing the urban geochemical signature; 2) recognizing the legacy of altered hydrologic and geochemical cycles in urban environments; 3) measuring the urban geochemical signature; 4) understanding the urban influence on geochemical cycles from the continuous development and erosion of physical infrastructure and episodic perturbations; and 5) relating urban geochemistry to human and environmental health and policy. After synthesizing the discussion of these themes we offer the following perspective on the science of urban geochemistry building on the work of Thornton (1991): Urban geochemistry as a scientific discipline provides valuable information on the chemical composition of environments that support large populations and are critical to human health and well-being. Research into urban geochemistry seeks to 1) elucidate and quantify the sources, transport, transformations, and fate of chemicals in the urban environment, 2) recognize the spatial and temporal (including legacies) variability in these processes, and 3) integrate urban studies into global perspectives on climate change, biogeochemical cycles, and human and ecosystem health. We hope that this discussion will encourage other geochemists to engage in challenges unique to urban systems, as well as provide a framework for the future of urban geochemistry research.     

城市地下空间开发利用地质适宜性三维评价指标体系研究 ——以杭州市为例

地下空间开发地质适宜性三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,也是当前研究热点.作为地质适宜性三维评价全过程的重要一环,科学合理地建立三维评价指标体系是其能否正确开展的前提基础.通过结合杭州城市地下空间开发面临的地质问题,在系统分析各评价指标对地下空间开发建设影响的特征基础上,以三维视角从地层...     

城市地下空间开发利用地质适宜性三维评价指标体系研究——以杭州市为例

地下空间开发地质适宜性三维评价是合理进行地下空间立体化开发、降低开发地质风险的重要手段,也是当前研究热点。作为地质适宜性三维评价全过程的重要一环,科学合理地建立三维评价指标体系是其能否正确开展的前提基础。通过结合杭州城市地下空间开发面临的地质问题,在系统分析各评价指标对地下空间开发建设影响的特征基础上,以三维视角从地层三维结构等多个方面构建完成了一套具有多层次结构的三维评价指标体系,并采用层次分析方法对评价指标进行了目标权重的计算、一致性检验、排序和分析。该指标体系可划分为5个准则层21个指标层,相较于二维评价指标体系,通过融合三维地质模型和三维空间分析方法,使评价过程中能够考虑更多的评价因子,更好地描绘地下复杂的三维地质环境,丰富了三维评价结果的内涵。基于模糊综合评价方法的杭州钱江新城二期的三维评价应用成果表明,该指标体系为三维地质模型和三维空间分析方法之间的整合提供了有力的指导,为提升三维尺度下的地下空间开发地质适宜性评价精度和准确性提供了有力的支持。     

Generating urban traffic flow data for urban transport studies in developing countries: an approach

The urban centres of developing countries lack basic and adequate traffic data for urban transport studies. This paper builds a model for generating the required traffic data and calibrates the model with data from Barnsley, U.K., a medium-sized urban centre in the developed environment. The result indicates a good fit for intersection flow prediction and a rather poor fit for link flow prediction. Some methods of improving the fit are identified, and the usefulness of the model in intra-urban traffic studies is discussed.     

济南泉域岩溶地区多源多尺度数据三维耦合模型及应用

为解决济南城市轨道交通建设与地质环境、保泉供水及建构筑物之间的矛盾,实现泉水保护与轨道交通建设双赢,研发了三维城市地质信息管理与应用系统。根据济南泉域富水岩溶的特点,采用现场工作、室内实验、理论研究、数值分析、成果集成应用等综合研究方法,设计了基于MapGIS 10的三维地质环境信息系统,建立了济南城区标高-350 m的三维可视化地质模型、岩溶模型和水位动态模型,形成了岩溶区三维地质建模的系统方法。为济南轨道交通建设及保泉供水提供了重要管理和应用平台,为济南城市轨道交通的规划、建设、管理提供决策依据,作出更科学的分析和预测。