An Integrated Analysis of Dry-Wet Variability in Western China for the Last 4-5 Centuries

The dry-wet variability in western China and its spatiotemporal structure during the last 4-5 centuries was examined using 24 climate proxies from sediments, ice cores, historical documents, and tree rings. Spatial patterns and temporal evolutions of dryness and wetness were not only extracted from the proxy data using rotated empirical orthogonal function (REOF) analysis for the last 4 centuries, but also for instrumental data in the last 40 years. The leading five REOF modes indicate that 5 dry-...     

1470—2019年中国东部旱涝年代际变化及其与太平洋海表温度的关系

基于中国东部地区（30°—40°N,105°E以东）19个代表站1470—2019年旱涝等级序列、古气候代用资料定量重建的北太平洋海表温度年代际振荡指数以及Nino3.4指数,通过经验正交函数分解、小波分析和集合经验模态分解方法分析了中国东部旱涝年代际变化特征及其与太平洋海温的关系。结果表明,（1）1470年以来中国东部旱涝变化的主模态为全区一致型（方差贡献率为25.2%）,变率中心主要位于黄河中下游,其时间系数的小波分析和集合经验模态分解揭示出全区旱涝存在10—30 a的准周期;该模态长期趋势揭示17—18世纪中国东部整体偏涝,而19世纪以后出现干旱化趋势。（2）寒冷背景下中国东部旱涝一致变化更明显,在17世纪前、中期和19世纪中、后期的小冰期寒冷期全区一致型模态的方差贡献率为35%—40%,且这两个时段10—30 a的年代际变化信号尤为显著;而旱涝的变率中心则表现出冷期偏北,暖期偏南或偏西的特征。（3）中国东部旱涝的年代际变化与北太平洋和赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常有关,表现为偏涝（旱）气候对应于北太平洋海表温度年代际振荡的冷（暖）相位,以及年代际尺度上的冬季Nino3.4区海表温度的异常偏低（高）;在小冰期的寒冷期,旱涝的年代际变化可能与Nino3.4区海表温度异常关系更密切。      

An overview of dry-wet climate variability among monsoon-westerly regions and the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone in China

Climate in mainland China can be divided into the monsoon region in the southeast and the westerly region in the northwest as well as the intercross zone, i.e., the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone that is oriented from Southwest China to the upper Yellow River, North China, and Northeast China. In the three regions, dry-wet climate changes are directly linked to the interaction of the southerly monsoon flow on the east side of the Tibetan Plateau and the westerly flow on the north side of the Plateau from the inter-annual to inter-decadal timescales. Some basic features of climate variability in the three regions for the last half century and the historical hundreds of years are reviewed in this paper. In the last half century, an increasing trend of summer precipitation associated with the enhancing westerly flow is found in the westerly region from Xinjiang to northern parts of North China and Northeast China. On the other hand, an increasing trend of summer precipitation along the Yangtze River and a decreasing trend of summer precipitation along the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone are associated with the weakening monsoon flow in East Asia. Historical documents are widely distributed in the monsoon region for hundreds of years and natural climate proxies are constructed in the non-monsoon region, while two types of climate proxies can be commonly found over the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone. In the monsoon region, dry-wet variation centers are altered among North China, the lower Yangtze River, and South China from one century to another. Dry or wet anomalies are firstly observed along the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone and shifted southward or southeastward to the Yangtze River valley and South China in about a 70-year timescale. Severe drought events are experienced along the monsoon northernmost marginal active zone during the last 5 centuries. Inter-decadal dry-wet variations are depicted by natural proxies for the last 4--5 centuries in several areas over the non-monsoon region. Some questions, such as the impact of global warming on dry-wet regime changes in China, complex interactions between the monsoon and westerly flows in Northeast China, and the integrated multi-proxy analysis throughout all of China, are proposed.     

Regional trends in recent precipitation indices in China

Summary Regional characteristics of recent precipitation indices in China were analyzed from a daily rainfall dataset based on 494 stations during 1961 to 2000. Some indices such as precipitation percentiles, precipitation intensity, and precipitation persistence were used and their inter-decadal differences were shown in this study. Over the last 40 years, precipitation indices in China showed increasing and decreasing trends separated into three main regions. A decreasing trend of annual precipitation and summer precipitation was observed from the southern part of northeast China to the mid-low Yellow River valley and the upper Yangtze River valley. This region also showed a decreasing trend in precipitation intensity and a decreasing trend in the frequency of persistent wet days. On the other hand, increasing trends in precipitation intensity were found in the Xinjiang region (northwest China), the northern part of northeast China, and southeast China, mainly to the south of the mid-low Yangtze River. The indices of persistent wet days and strong rainfall have contributed to the increasing frequency of floods in southeast China and the Xinjiang region in the last two decades. Persistent dry days and weakening rainfall have resulted in the increasing frequency of drought along the Yellow River valley including North China. Regional precipitation characteristics and trends in precipitation indices indicate the climate state variations in the last four decades. A warm-wet climate state was found in northwest China and in the northern part of northeast China. A warm-dry climate state extends from the southern part of northeast China to the Yellow River valley, while a cool-wet summer was found in southeast China, particularly in the mid-low Yangtze River valley over the last two decades.     

Characteristics of anomalous precipitation events over eastern China during the past five centuries

Characteristics of anomalous precipitation events during the past five centuries in North China (NC) and the middle-lower Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) were investigated using the data network of dryness/wetness index (DWI) over eastern China. The high occurrence frequency of anomalous precipitation events mainly occurred at periods of high solar forcing, active volcanic eruption, and large anthropogenic forcing (the twentieth century). Coherence and dipole were the two dominant modes in spatial patterns of anomalous precipitation events. Coherent floods dominated the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, whereas coherent droughts occurred frequently in the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. The dipole patterns of anomalous precipitation events were the most frequent in the twentieth century. NC experienced more floods in the cold periods than warm periods. Both NC and the MLYRV experienced far fewer droughts and more floods in the warm eighteenth century when natural climate forcing dominated, and more droughts in the twentieth century when anthropogenic forcing dominated. Coherent drought was the only spatial pattern of precipitation significantly associated with explosive low-latitude volcanic eruptions. The increased coherent droughts and dipole patterns in the twentieth century support the findings of previous modeling studies that the tropospheric aerosols and human-induced land cover changes play important roles in the changes of summer rainfall over eastern China. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This paper is a contribution to the AMIP-CMIP Diagnostic Sub-project on General Circulation Model Simulation of the East Asian Climate, coordinated by W.-C. Wang.     

北极涡年代际变化及其与我国春季降水的关系

基于NCEP/NCAR的500hPa再分析高度场资料计算出多年北半球及各分区的极涡面积和强度,利用线性倾向估计、小波分析及二项式滑动平均分析极涡及我国春季降水的年代际变化特征,并采用奇异值分解讨论同期及前期极涡对我国春季降水的影响。各季节极涡面积及强度均存在显著的年代际变化,在20世纪70年代中期之前有上升趋势,而后出现下降的趋势;但极涡面积总体上有显著的线性变小趋势。在60年代中前期极涡位置偏向亚欧大陆,在90年代中后期极涡位置有偏向太平洋和大西洋一带趋势。我国160站平均春季降水量经历较明显的3次上升过程和4次下降过程;华南、西南地区春季降水趋势与长江流域、黄河流域呈现两种相反的分布型;在20世纪60年代中前期、90年代初及末期,长江流域、黄河流域春季降水量偏多,而在80年代末期、90年代中期及本世纪初,华南、西南地区出现偏多。在春季,若II区(150°E～120°W)极涡面积异常大,I区(60～150°E)、III区(120～30°W)极涡强度异常弱,长江、黄河之间中游地区的降水出现负距平,广东、福建沿海降水出现正距平。前期冬季极涡比夏、秋季极涡对我国春季降水的影响更明显,特别是前冬北美区、大西洋欧洲区极涡面积的影响。     

基于SPEI的中国干湿变化趋势归因分析

选用1960—2012年中国气象站点资料,利用标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI(Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index),研究了中国干湿变化趋势及其原因。过去52 a,中国干湿变化由西北向东南呈现"+-+"的空间分布状况,其中黄河流域、长江流域西部、西南流域东南及珠江流域西部显著变干;淮河流域中西部和西北流域大部显著变湿;通过数值试验,定量计算了参考蒸散发及降水对干湿趋势的贡献状况。就中国总体而言,年平均参考蒸散发显著减少抵消了由年降水量减少导致的干化趋势,呈微弱变湿趋势;其次,降水仍然是多数区域干湿变化的主导因素(黄河流域中部、长江流域、西南流域、珠江流域及东南流域);同时,参考蒸散的影响值得引起注意,其在辽河流域、海河流域、淮河流域及西北流域对干湿趋势的贡献均超过降水贡献。     

FEATURES OF DRYNESS AND WETNESS IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE OVER THE PAST FOUR DECADES

Precipitation data from 86 observing Stations for the past four decades (from the first operational use to 1994) are used to study and discuss the character of annually mean distribution in Guangdong. Grades of dryness and wetness on a year-to-year basis are determined and preliminary features of dryness and wetness are discussed for the whole of the province and individual regions according to a 5-grade standard of division. The result has shown that there is on an average a rainfall of 1748 mm per year across the province, with four major centers of maxima (of annual rainfall over 2000 mm) at Enping, Qingyuan, Haifeng and Longmen. For the mean across the province, the years 1959. 1961. 1973. 1975, 1991 are anomalously wet and the years 1956, 1963, 1977 and 1991 are anomalously dry. of them, 1973 is the unusually wet year (with the absolute value of precipitation anomaly over twice as large as the standard deviation) and 1956 and 1963 are the usual dry years. For the occurrence frequency of unusually wetness and dryness over individual river valleys in the province, there are more years of dryness in the valleys of the Xijiang and Dongjiang Rivers. More years of wetness in that of the Jianjiang River, and only years of wetness instead of years of dryness in the valleys of Beijiang and Hanjiang Rivers.     

DECADAL VARIABILITY OF SUBSURFACE OCEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY IN TROPICAL PACIFIC AND ITS IMPACT ON CLIMATE OF CHINA

In this study,we investigate the decadal variability of subsurface ocean temperature anomaly(SOTA)in the tropical Pacific and associated anomalous atmospheric circulation over Asia-North Pacific-North America by analyzing 50 years of atmosphere-ocean data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis project and Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA).Relationship between the ENSO-Like variability and climate of China is also revealed.The results show that the decadal variability of tropical Pacific SOTA has two dominant ENSO-like modes:the primary mode is an ENSO-Like mature phase pattern,and the second mode is associated with the ENSO-like transition(developing or decaying)phase.These two modes consist of a cycle of ENSO-Like variability,which exhibits a quasi-40a fluctuation,superimposed with an oscillation of a 13a period.The ENSO-Like variability in the tropical Pacific influences the atmosphere system at the mid-and higher-latitudes and subtropical regions,resulting in decadal variability of south wind over North China,the East Asian monsoon and climate of China.During the mature phase of El Ni o-Like variability,the anomalous north wind prevails over the north part of China and the East Asian monsoon weakens,with little rain in North China but much rain in the middle-and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River.With El Ni o-Like decaying(La Ni a-Like developing),anomalous northerly wind also prevails over North China,then the East Asian monsoon weakens with drought occurring in North China.The situation during the La Ni a-Like variability is the opposite.The pattern of anomalous climate of China is primarily dominated by the first ENSO-like variability,while the second mode can modulate the contribution of the first one,depending on whether its phase agrees with that of the first mode.The climate shift in China around 1978 and successive occurrence of drought for more than 20 years in North China are primarily induced by the first two ENSO-like variabilities.The latest La Ni a-Like phase starts from 1998 and will presumably end around 2018.It is expected that more rainfall would be in North China and less rainfall would appear in the middle-and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River valley during this period.     

公元1500年以来El Nino事件与中国降水分布型的关系

利用我国近500年旱涝等级资料和公元1500年以来的El Nino事件的记录，用合成分析方法，讨论El Nino事件的有关年份，中国东部夏季降水的空间分析特征。对1500—1990年间101例El Nino事件所作的El Nino当年的旱涝等级合成图表明:多雨地带在东北、黄淮地区和广东沿海，而干旱少雨地带在内蒙—甘肃和长江中下游地区；这101例El Nino事件结束后的第一个非El Nino年的合成图，则表明其旱涝分布型几乎正好与El Nino当年的相反。1951—1990年间的9例El Nino事件当年     

中国东部夏季降水特征及其与西太平洋副高的关系

利用中国东部160个气象观测站1951年-2012年夏季（6-8月）的月平均降水资料,运用EOF分析方法,分析中国东部夏季降水的时空分布特征及其与西太平洋副热带高压的关系。结果表明:（1)夏季,中国东部降水大值区域从华南移到江淮流域,然后到达华北和东北地区。（2) 中国东部夏季降水EOF第一模态空间分布为长江以北与黄河以南地区之间存在一个降水大值雨带, EOF第二模态显示出整个东部沿海地区的降水量以长江为界,长江以南降水偏少,长江以北降水偏多,且江南与江北的降水呈反位相。（3)在西太平洋副热带高压较强的年份,江淮流域降水偏少,华北地区降水偏多;西太平洋副热带高压较弱的年份,江淮流域降水偏多,华南地区降水偏少。     

我国西部冬季扰动源涡与东部夏季雨带分布

我国西部 (85°10 5°E)冬季“扰动源涡”的位置对夏季东部雨带的配置具有支配作用。当西部“源涡”位于 35°N以北时 ,东部雨带多出现在黄河流域及其以北 (Ⅰ类雨型 ) ;源涡位于 32°35°N之间时 ,夏季雨带多出现在淮河流域 (Ⅱ类雨型 ) ;当源涡位于 32°N以南时 ,雨带多出现在长江流域或江南 (Ⅲ类雨型 )。藏东南热点区冬季的中强地热脉冲对我国夏季江淮和川黔的大水具有很强的指示作用     

气候变暖背景下全球海温对中国东部夏季降水年代际转折的影响

针对1970年代末及1990年代初中国东部夏季降水（ECP）的年代际变化格局,采用EOF分解、相关分析、回归分析等统计方法诊断了全球海表面温度对ECP年代际变化前两个模态（EOF1、EOF2）的影响。发现大西洋多年代际振荡（AMO）序列,印度洋偶极子（DMI）序列,太平洋年代际振荡（PDO）序列与ECP前两个模态时间系数（PC1、PC2）相关性较好,结合各海温指数的年代际变化特征,发现ECP在1970年代末受PDO及DMI的影响在低纬及中纬度地区分别呈现EOF1、EOF2的正位相分布特征;而在1990年代初受AMO及PDO的影响主要呈现EOF1的特征。由各海温指数及PC1、PC2重建的ECP分布特征可知,AMO及DMI与PC1重建的ECP型相近,对ECP的影响范围集中在低纬地区。除去变暖影响的DMI及PC1回归的高度场中发现一个源起大西洋的波列,黄河以北为异常反气旋中心,以南为异常气旋中心,低层南风异常,水汽被输送到北方,导致中国北方降水增加,南方降水减少。PDO与PC2重建的ECP型相近,对ECP的影响集中在中纬度地区。二者回归得到中国东部低层北风异常,水汽在长江流域辐合,长江流域降水增加。      

Division and evolution of drought and flood phases during the latest 200 years in eastern China

Based on the past 200-year graded data of dryness/wetness in eastern China (24 stations), five phases to show the floods and droughts have been objectively divided by using the approach of cluster analysis of a sequential sample. The characteristics of flood/drought evolution have been described and explained. It is concluded that the floods or droughts occurred more often for the past two centuries, and the normal phase was seldom seen in eastern China. The transitions between floods and droughts are frequently of jumping feature. The extent and the frequency of serious drought or heavy flood in eastern China tended to expand and increase significantly in the last 50 years. Finally, by using the Walsh power spectrum, the periodicity of dryness/wetness graded series has been analysed. It is found that there exist the 2－9 year high-frequency fluctuations in eastern China.     

多区域气候模式集合对中国径流深的模拟评估和未来变化预估

对5组区域气候模式集合模拟的中国径流深进行评估,并且预估了温室气体高排放情景RCP8.5下的未来变化。结果表明：多区域气候模式集合结果能够基本模拟出径流深的观测特征,对年径流深的空间分布特征模拟较好,但量值存在一定的系统偏差,特别是黄河中游、海河和松辽河存在明显的正偏差,且对全国9个流域片中东南、西南和西北诸河的年内分配总体模拟效果相对较差。未来到21世纪末,全国平均年径流深在各个时段都以增加为主,增加幅度多在5%以内。未来变化存在明显的空间差异,大致表现为“北增南减”的分布特征,但不会改变中国水资源南多北少的空间格局;其中,黄河、西南和西北诸河流域片呈显著的增加趋势,淮河、长江和东南诸河流域片呈现显著的减少趋势,海河、松辽和珠江流域的变化趋势不显著。21世纪末期各地的变化多在±30%以内,且多模式预估的正负变化一致性较高。到21世纪末期,各流域片平均的径流深季节分配总体特征没有明显变化,径流深的最大月份基本维持不变,分配比例的数值有±2%以内的变化,且各季节的增减变化存在明显流域间差异。     

Climatic regime shift and decadal anomalous events in China

Climatic time series from historical documents and instrumental records from China showed temporal and regional patterns in the last two to three centuries, including two multidecadal oscillations at quasi-20-year and quasi-70-year timescales revealed by signal analysis from wavelet transform. Climatic anomalous events on the decadal timescale were identified based on the two oscillations when their positive (or negative) phases coincide with each other to amplify amplitude. The coldest event occurred in the decade of 1965–1975 in eastern China, while the periods of 1920–1930, 1940–1950, and 1988–2000 appeared to be warmer in most parts of China. For the precipitation series in northern China, the dry anomalous event was found in the late 1920s, while the wet anomalous event occurred in the 1950s. A severe drought in 1927–1929 in northern China coincided with the anomalous warm and dry decade, caused large-scale famine in nine provinces over northern China. Climatic anomalous events with a warm-dry or cold-wet association in the physical climate system would potentially cause severe negative impacts on natural ecosystem in the key vulnerable region over northern China. The spatial pattern of summer rainfall anomalies in the eastern China monsoon region showed an opposite variations in phase between the Yellow River Valley (North China) and the mid-low Yangtze River Valley as well as accompanied the shift of the northernmost monsoon boundary. Climatic regime shifts for different time points in the last 200 years were identified. In North China, transitions from dry to wet periods occurred around 1800, 1875, and 1940 while the transitions from wet to dry periods appeared around 1840, 1910, and the late 1970s. The reversal transition in these time points can also be found in the lower Yangtze River. Climatic regime shifts in China were linked to the interaction of mid- and low latitude atmospheric circulations (the westerly flow and the monsoon flow) when they cross the Tibetan Plateau in East Asia.     

未来气候变化对黄河和长江流域极端径流影响的预估研究

使用NASA-NCAR全球环流模式FvGCM结果驱动高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM3 (20 km),进行1961～1990年当代气候模拟(控制试验)和2071～2100年IPCC A2排放情景下未来气候情景模拟(A2情景模拟试验)。将RegCM3同高分辨率大尺度汇流模型LRM(分辨率0.25°×0.25°)连接,分析水文极端事件在A2情景下相对于当代气候的变化,预估未来气候变化对我国黄河和长江流域水文极端事件的影响。结果表明:(1)未来黄河流域径流年变率增大,月变率减小,日变率在头道拐站以上流域减小,以下流域增大。未来兰州以上半湿润地区,流域东南部湿润区出现径流量峰值的可能性增大,而流域西北部干旱半干旱区出现径流量百分位极值的可能性减小。未来黄河流域中游地区发生流域洪水的风险在夏季月份减少,其余月份均增大。(2)未来长江干流径流年际变率增大,上中游地区径流日和月变率减小,下游地区略有增大;未来汉江流域径流量的年、月和日变率均增大。未来长江干流发生流域洪水的风险在夏季明显降低,而汉江流域各月发生流域洪水的可能性均增大。     

中国雨季的气候学特征

利用中国740站气候平均逐候降雨量对中国的主雨季进行定义,并对雨季（包括主雨季,春雨和秋雨）的气候学特征进行了讨论。结果表明:全国主雨季最早爆发于华南中部,最晚结束于华西地区。主雨季能持续4到14候不等,雨量占年总降水的30%～60%。主雨季在中国东部为季风雨季,自南向北推进;在西部受西风带影响,北方略早于南方, 且局地性强。中国雨季具有明显的区域性和阶段性特征。中国气候的夏季降水时间序列主要反映了季节循环特征, 但气候季节内振荡（CISO）对东部雨季的持续和推进具有明显的调制作用,其中长江中下游及其以南地区以30～60天周期为主。     

近50年华南前汛期降水、江淮梅雨和华北雨季旱涝特征对比分析

利用全国160站逐月降水资料,统计分析了1951～2000年50年华南前汛期降水、江淮梅雨和华北雨季旱涝事件的分布特征,结果表明:近50年无论是华南前汛期降水、江淮梅雨还是华北雨季,旱(涝)事件频率相当,华南和江淮洪涝强度大于干旱强度,华北干旱与洪涝强度相当,华南前汛期降水和华北雨季总体呈趋旱的趋势,而江淮梅雨呈趋涝的趋势;华南前汛期降水年际变化最为显著,江淮梅雨次之,华北雨季最弱,年代际变化的情况正好相反;从同期500 hPa高度场来看,华南前汛期降水多少与其北侧有无低值系统向南发展关系密切,江淮梅雨和华北雨季均与副高相关显著,不同在于前者还和鄂霍茨克阻塞高压呈显著正相关,而后者受其西北侧中高纬地区的环流影响较大;从前期海温来看,华北雨季与大西洋西部和北太平洋海温关系比华南前汛期降水和江淮梅雨更为密切,江淮梅雨与中国近海海温相关关系最为显著,而华南前汛期降水与孟加拉湾附近海温相关最明显.     

Trends in graded precipitation in China from 1961 to 2000

Daily precipitation rates observed at 576 stations in China from 1961 to 2000 were classified into six grades of intensity, including trace （no amount）, slight （≤ 1 mm d^-1）, small, large, heavy, and very heavy. The last four grades together constitute the so called effective precipitation （〉 1 mm d^-1）. The spatial distribution and temporal trend of the graded precipitation days are examined. A decreasing trend in trace precipitation days is observed for the whole of China, except at several sites in the south of the middle section of the Yangtze River, while a decreasing trend in slight precipitation days only appears in eastern China. The decreasing trend and interannual variability of trace precipitation days is consistent with the warming trend and corresponding temperature variability in China for the same period, indicating a possible role played by increased surface air temperature in cloud formation processes. For the effective precipitation days, a decreasing trend is observed along the Yellow River valley and for the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Southwest China, while an increasing trend is found for Xinjiang, the eastern Tibetan Plateau, Northeast China and Southeast China. The decreasing trend of effective precipitation days for the middle- lower Yellow River valley and the increasing trend for the lower Yangtze River valley are most likely linked to anomalous monsoon circulation in East China. The most important contributor to the trend in effective precipitation depends upon the region concerned.