用于表列文件处理的两个软件

表列式数据文件是天文学研究中常常遇到和所需要的。有时，你需要对已有的表列式多维数据文件进行处理。这种降维（或增加维数）的处理，如果是对行处理，可以使用已有的如DETT程序软件，但是，常常遇到的可能是对列进行处理，在你已有的软件中，有时可能难以找到现成的、简捷而使用方便的程序。本文提供的C语言源程序则可以普适地、方便地解决这一问题，至少也为您提供解决问题的线索，其中包括对表列文件中Tab键转换成相应的空格，以及降维处理中列数据的提取、删除、增加空格和两列数据的横向连接。     

掩星软件OCCULT使用指南（二）

（接上期） 小行星掩星 此程序可以计算小行星、行星和其卫星掩星的预报,预报的结果可以在屏幕上直接显示出来,也可以直接打印或存到文件中。在计算之前,我们首先需要更新小行星轨道根数,有两种方法：一是使用软件自动下载更新（你的电脑里需要安装FTP软件）,使用软件自动下载更新方法如下：     

一种卫星下传数据解析方法

卫星采集的数据是按地面预定义的位或者字节的形式存储。卫星下传的数据经过去格式及分包后,地面需要根据这些预定义格式将数据解析,生成可读的十进制数。这些格式尽管在不同卫星及载荷上有很大差异,但是它们都具有可解析性。设计了一种软硬件接口定义和存储这些解析格式,同时根据这些格式产生软件可读的配置文件,从而进行数据解析。这对大量数据文件来讲省时省力,同时可以保障解析的正确性。     

二维座标数据的伪三维效果表面图

将二维座标数据(如各种天文图象)绘制成具有伪三维效果的表面图,可以更形象直观地看到数据沿二维座标的分布变化,在表现“强度比”方面比等强度线图和灰度图都强。本文简要介绍了Free-PLOT绘图软件中的表面图绘制任务,并介绍了如何处理投影和隐藏线的问题。     

海量巡天数据在线可视化技术综述

海量巡天数据在线可视化是多波段数据融合的应用之一,对大数据时代天文科研工作和科学普及具有重要意义。近年来,国外出现越来越多类似谷歌地图等互联网地图的天图在线可视化系统。为解决拼接生成的大巡天数据文件所导致的在线加载显示缓慢的问题,天文界普遍采用瓦片地图技术。该技术对数据进行分层保存,在浏览器端按需加载、分层显示。HiPS(hierarchicalprogressive survey)和TOAST(tessellated octahedral adaptive subdivision transform)等分层可视化技术以及一些巡天数据拼接和瓦片生成工具,如Hipsgen.jar和Montage等,目前已应用于Aladin Lite,ESASky,WWT(WorldWide Telescope)等在线可视化系统的开发。海量巡天数据在线可视化也遇到一些需要解决的问题,如数据分层导致了数据量的再次增加,巡天图像拼接耗时较长,多信使数据融合显示等。综述了分层可视化技术、瓦片地图金字塔的创建等内容,并对几款主流的在线可视化系统进行了对比分析,讨论了在线可视化遇到的问题及发展方向。     

VLBI数据软件相关处理方法研究

VLBI技术是 2 0世纪 6 0年代后期发展起来射电干涉新技术 ,自 2 0世纪 70年代至今VLBI数据预处理主要采用硬件相关处理机。近年来随着通用计算机性能的大幅度提高 ,利用软件方法对VLBI数据进行相关处理逐渐成为可能。介绍了国内外VLBI软件相关处理机的研究进展情况和VLBI数据相关处理的基本数学模型。针对实际软件相关处理方法研究中数学模型应用和各类参数选取等情况作了详细介绍。根据现有数据处理精度和处理速度 ,进一步分析了提高软件相关处理速度的可能性。     

折射延迟改正模型

在分析了一些主要的天顸延迟改正模型，并对几种连分式形式的映射函数模型作了归纳后，认为：前者只能都基于大气球对称分布模型，采用差不多相同的各向同性的改正模型，各种映射函数模型的连分式之间，差别仅是形式上的，没有实质性差异。文章利用普尔科沃大气折射表的表列数据作模拟计算，求解折射率差和映射函数的参数证明，可以用天文大气折射定值作模拟处理，得到折射延迟改正模型中的所有参数，并得出结论：映射函数的形式是次要的，随着项数的增加，都能提高模拟精度。文章给出了模拟过程。     

VLBI数据软件相关处理方法研究

VLBI技术是20世纪60年代后期发展起来射电干涉新技术，自20世纪70年代至今VLBI数据预处理主要采用硬件相关处理机。近年来随着通用计算机性能的大幅度提高，利用软件方法对VLBI数据进行相关处理逐渐成为可能。介绍了国内外VLBI软件相关处理机的研究进展情况和VLBI数据相关处理的基本数学模型。针对实际软件相关处理方法研究中数学模型应用和各类参数选取等情况作了详细介绍。根据现有数据处理精度和处理速度，进一步分析了提高软件相关处理速度的可能性。     

FITS数据文件的检索和访问

普适图像传输系统(Flexible Image Transport System,FITS)是天文学领域应用最广泛的数据格式.自从20世纪80年代FITS格式被国际天文联合会(IAU)正式公布为国际标准以来,大部分的天文数据都是以FITS文件的形式在世界各地的数据中心和天文学家手中保存和交换.采用文件系统方式保存管理的FITS数据文件,很难适应程序化的检索和定位需求.随着FITS文件数量的不断增加以及虚拟天文台技术的发展,为这些以文件形式保存的天文数据提供检索功能的需求越来越迫切.FITS头以关键词值对的形式确切定义了所属FITS文件的结构,还提供了数据本身诸多特性的重要信息.FITS头中保存的这些信息可以满足大部分FITS数据文件查询检索的需求.将FITS头中的信息利用数据库来保存和管理,可以极大的方便对FITS文件的检索和定位.FITS头归档入库系统(FitHAS)是中国虚拟天文台项目开发的一个简单实用的FITS头信息归档入库工具,能够方便的将单个或者多个FITS文件的主FITS头信息导入到数据库中,为FITS数据文件的查询检索奠定基础,进而为虚拟天文台等更高层次的数据访问服务部署创造条件.本文介绍FITS数据格式,FITS头的基本结构;探讨虚拟天文台环境下FITS数据文件检索定位的实现方式;阐述FitHAS的功能特点、设计开发和使用方法.     

使用CALTECH与AIPS进行VLBI数据处理的比较

本文通过两个软件——CALTECH与AIPS的比较,对如何使用它们做VLBI数据处理进行了分析研究。完成不同任务所用程序的描述都以流程图的形式给出,这有利于新的用户尽快地进入熟练使用阶段。同时,为更合理灵活地使用软件提出了如何安排程序运行顺序及选择输入参数的建议。本文所作比较的目的不是引出软件的质量评价,而是研究它们在不同的VLBI数据处理阶段所占的优势。通过软件之间的数据传输联合使用它们以获得最佳的结果。     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...