铀矿物在氧化过程中的性状

科罗拉多高原矿石中的铀矿物,铀是以六价铀和四价铀形式出现的。其中多数为六价铀矿物,四价铀矿物在高原地区已知的仅有两种:晶质铀矿(氧化物)和铀石(含氢氧基的硅酸盐)。它们在与其他矿物成分发生有意义反应之前,皆氧化为六价铀。晶体构造分析表明,六价铀无例外地都呈铀酰离子(UO_2~(2+)出现。当在没有五价钒、砷、磷离子存在的条件下,铀酰离子可以形成铀酸碳酸盐或硫酸盐的易溶络合物。而当存在有这些元素的五价阴离子时,别铀酰离子与正磷酸根,正钒酸根,正砷酸根形成不溶的层状化合物。在有利的条件下UO_2~(2+)也可形成不溶的菱釉矿〔U0_2C0_3)或含水铀酰氢氧化物,这些矿物很少在科罗拉多高原发现,相反在其他地区这些矿物则广泛发育。很明显这与高原区的半干燥气候和低的潜水面条件有关。铀也可以呈铀酰硅酸盐形成被固定下来、但在已知的矿物种类中是少见的。本文着重研究那些伴随氧化过程生成的矿物的化学和结晶构造的变化。     

黑色岩系铀-气共探可行性及勘探开发前景

通过对比分析"页岩气"和"黑色含铀岩系"沉积建造中铀-气存在形式、铀-气与有机质的相关性、矿(藏)分布特征及成矿(藏)控制因素等方面情况,得出的结论是:碳硅泥岩中黑色岩系铀-气(油)实质上是同源、同生、同储的整装共体。它们既是碳硅泥岩型铀成矿的矿源层,也是形成页岩气的烃源层。黑色页岩系中,铀大部分以离子吸附形式存在(酪酰离子),在压裂条件下,可以通过加酸或碱的化学溶浸的解吸方式——液态浓缩(类似于地浸法)来提取铀。因此,页岩气开发中的压裂技术(清水、重复、同步、多级、缝网等压裂方法),为黑色页岩铀-气共同开发奠定了基础。压裂技术及低品位铀地浸提取技术的成熟和配套使用,无疑将进一步提升铀、气资源工业资源量,提高资源保证度和促进现有能源生产结构变革,为我囯提供大量经济有效的清洁能源。     

鄂尔多斯盆地大营铀矿铀的赋存状态研究

鄂尔多斯盆地大营铀矿是近几年新发现的砂岩型铀矿,详细研究该矿床铀矿物的赋存状态,对其矿床成因认识及之后的选冶开采均具有重要的意义。笔者利用电子探针和逐级化学提取分析以及α径迹分析等方法,研究了大营铀矿铀的赋存状态。结果发现,铀一部分以铀矿物为主,主要是铀石,另外存在少量的水硅铀石和钛铀矿。在电子探针镜下观察,表明铀矿物呈微粒集合体形式存在于黄铁矿、方解石及有机质裂缝中。逐级化学提取分析发现,各形态铀的含量不均一,其中有机质黄铁矿态占40.88%;其次为碳酸盐态,占28.33%;另外残渣态占24.89%,少部分为离子吸附态和铁锰氧化态,分别占3.2%和2.64%。反映其中铀矿物形式的铀占53.22%,分散吸附态的铀占46.72%。分散吸附态的铀以有机质及黄铁矿吸附占主导。综上所述,大营铀矿铀的赋存状态主要为铀矿物和吸附两种形式,二者所占比例大体相当,以铀矿物存在的铀主要为铀石,以吸附形式存在的铀主要赋存在黄铁矿和有机质中。     

铀在海相烃源岩中富集的条件及主控因素

国内外沉积盆地中铀的富集不同程度地伴随烃源岩的形成。铀作为一种兼具催化、氧化和放射性的特殊元素,其对有机矿产的形成及演化可能具有重要的促进作用,通过调查并统计国内外烃源岩中铀含量,在分析铀与各类矿物、有机质及微生物等相互作用的基础上,讨论了铀在海相烃源岩中的富集条件及主控因素,提出古大气和古海洋的氧化程度是烃源岩中铀富集的主要控制因素,陆地含氧风化和海底热液可能是海相沉积铀的2个主要来源,含铁矿物组成、有机质、磷酸盐矿物、黏土矿物及一些微生物等均可导致铀价态转化,并作为载体,通过吸附或络合作用使铀在沉积物中富集。因此,铀富集可能是烃源岩形成的一个伴随结果。     

表生带天然水中主要铀存在形式的探讨

本文给出了控制水中铀形式分市的 PH 和配位体浓度参数,对天然水中铀存在形式进行模拟电算,并总结了其分布规律。同时,还指出:在常温常压的氧化条件下,PH>8的天然水中铀通常以UO_2(CO_3)_4~(4-)为主;在50.03～0.5毫克/升时。铀应以 UO_2(HPO_4)_2~(2-)为主;在 PH<5的酸性水中铀依次受 F~-、SO_4~(-2)和∑PO_4浓度的控制,当上述离子小于零态值时,水中铀形式主要是 UO_2~(2 )。     

内蒙古西胡里吐盆地有机质特征及其与铀矿化的关系

在砂岩型铀矿床中 ,有机质与铀矿化之间有着较为密切的关系。西胡里吐盆地的有机质主要是以松柏类和蕨类等高等植物残体为母质的腐殖型有机质。通过镜质体反射率、有机质碎屑的颜色、粘土矿物X 衍射和古地温恢复等分析测试发现 ,有机质的成熟度较低 ,处于未成熟—低成熟早期阶段。有机质的类型和成熟度决定了其在热演化中产生了大量腐殖酸并保存在地层中。褐煤、腐殖酸、残余植物碎屑和地沥青等是现存有机质的主要类型。除大量产出的煤层外 ,有机质主要呈碎屑状和细分散状分布于地层之中。 70 %的岩石中有机质的丰度在 0 1 %～ 3 % ,对铀矿化的形成较为有利。铀与有机质的紧密共生以及二者之间的正相关性 ,表明了有机质在西胡里吐盆地铀矿化形成中所起的重要作用。有机质中的腐殖酸与铀矿化的关系最为密切 ,有机粘土复合体、蚀变岩屑、植物碎屑和地沥青等吸附剂对铀的吸附均与腐殖酸有关。腐殖酸吸附铀后可以将铀还原 ,还可以与铀酰离子等进行络 (鳌 )合形成铀酰腐殖酸盐 ,并最终引起铀的沉淀富集。     

氧化还原障在热液铀矿成矿中的作用

铀是变价元素,氧化还原条件控制铀的迁移和沉淀。铀在氧化环境中呈U~(6+)形式存在,在还原条件下则以U~(4+)形式存在。氧化态六价铀主要以可溶的碳酸铀酰/氟化铀酰络合物形式在水溶液中迁移,还原态四价铀主要以沥青铀矿和铀石等形式富集沉淀成矿。热液铀矿的形成需要一对空间上密切共生的氧化障/氧化剂和还原障/还原剂,二者缺一不可。首先,氧化障中氧化剂将富铀岩石中的铀大量氧化形成U~(6+),溶解进入水溶液迁移;第二,高氧化性富铀溶液遇到还原障,U~(6+)还原成U~(4+)沉淀下来,富集形成铀矿。前人虽然对铀的地球化学性质及氧化还原反应在铀成矿中作用已比较了解,但如何在实际铀矿成矿系统中准确识别氧化还原障,有效利用氧化还原障的控矿机理指导找矿,还存在一些模糊认识,制约了铀成矿理论的发展和找矿方法的提升。本文以我国最重要的砂岩型铀矿、火山岩型铀矿、花岗岩型铀矿和变质型铀矿为例,总结了与铀矿化有关的氧化还原障的主要类型,探讨了红层等蒸发盐地层(氧化障),有机质、煌斑岩等中基性岩脉(还原障)与铀矿之间的关系及控矿机制,揭示了成矿盆地中铀-煤、铀-气(油)共生的机制,阐明了翁泉沟硼、铁、铀矿共生原因,建立了不同类型铀矿成矿模型。     

潮湿气候下天然水中铀的迁移形式和沉淀富集条件的探讨

本文以华南早第三纪含煤碎屑岩型铀矿床为例,研究了矿床表生带天然水中铀和有机质的关系。 А.И盖尔曼诺夫等人在研究干旱气候条件下层间氧化带型铀矿床时,曾提出在该矿床的舌状强氧化前锋,水强烈富集铀,以含铀有机化合物的形式出现,有机质中含铀48-86%,甚至达100%。而在还原带中,水中的铀以无机化合物形式为主,含铀68-81%。但该研究只限于水中有机质富集铀的数量,并未说明铀与有机质呈什么形式结合。另一些研究者又只考虑到有机质与UO₂2+结合的问题。众所周知,地下水是一个具有复杂组分的天然体系,UⅥ在该体系中可以有各种各样存在形式的机率:如UO₂OH+、UO₂(Co₃)₂(H₂O)₂2-、UO₂(C0₃)₃4-、UO₂SO₄、UO₂(SO₄)₂2-、UO₂(S0₄)₃4-以及UO₂Cl+等。因此，在研究天然水体系中溶解腐殖酸结合铀时，必须要考虑它结合的是什么形式的铀，才能合理地评价天然水中溶解有机质对铀的迁移富集作用。     

试论有机质与后生砂岩型铀矿成矿作用--以吐哈盆地十红滩地区为例

在很多砂岩型铀矿床中 ,可以发现铀与有机质之间有着密切关系 ,这种关系可以是数理统计意义上的、空间上的或化学的。本文以吐哈盆地十红滩地区砂岩型铀矿为研究对象 ,对有机质在后生砂岩型铀矿成矿中的作用进行了探索。研究区砂岩型铀矿含矿岩系中的有机质属腐殖型 ,其原始母质为陆生高等植物 ,有机质成熟度很低 ,处于热演化作用的褐煤阶段。铀与有机碳的相关性分析和分离实验表明铀成矿富集与有机质关系密切 ,在铀矿石中铀与有机质主要以腐殖酸吸附或腐殖酸盐形式存在。笔者认为 ,在氧化带有机质被氧化破坏 ,形成可溶性的铀腐殖酸络合物淋滤进入地下水 ,在过渡带以腐殖酸盐的形式沉淀下来 ,并造成过渡带矿石中有机碳含量的增高     

43～17ka川东北石笋234U/238U变化及其意义初探

铀(U)是自然界中最重的天然元素.U的价态随氧化-还原条件的变化而变化:在还原环境下多形成难溶于水的+4价铀离子沉淀[2]而在氧化环境中多形成易溶于水的+6价铀酰离子[UO2]2+随溶液迁移[2],并易与碳酸根离子(CO32-)、磷酸根离子(PO43-)和氟离子(F-)形成络合离子[1].岩溶地下水由于具有较高的CO2分压(pCO2)和pH值,铀酰离子主要以碳酸根离子络合态的形式存在[2.3].在表生环境下,土壤氧化还原状态(Eh)与土壤水分含量密切相关,水分含量降低有利于氧化环境形成和土壤Eh上升,因而有利于U的迁移.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the