悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演模式研究

利用野外采集的悬沙样品配置不同粒径和浓度等级的悬沙水样,进行实验室光谱测量,分析悬沙水样的光谱特征及其反射率与粒径之间的关系。根据实验结果选取泥沙浓度和粒径的敏感波段,建立了敏感波段模型和主成分模型。结果表明,主成分分析法能大量获取多通道悬沙水体光谱反射率信息,模型的反演能力优于敏感波段模型。     

基于电导率测定海水悬沙含量试验研究

为了寻求一种简单、快速、连续确定悬浮泥沙含量的方法,以高含沙量海区黄河口泥沙为研究对象,利用电导率仪测定了不同悬浮泥沙含量水体的电导率,建立起了悬浮泥沙含量与电导率之间的关系,并对影响上述关系的因素进行了分析,结果表明,悬浮泥沙含量与电导率之间有很好的线性关系;盐度、颗粒粒径对电导率具有一定的影响,其中盐度的影响最大,颗粒粒径的影响较小。在盐度变化范围有限的高悬沙含量海区,用电导率的方法来实现现场监测悬浮泥沙含量是可行的。     

基于波-流耦合模型的珠江口悬浮泥沙数值模拟

为研究珠江口悬浮泥沙输运动力机制,本文发展了一套三维波、流、泥沙耦合数值模型。模型结果与观测数据吻合较好,统计显示模型获得良好的评分分值。利用数值模拟研究了不同强迫（径流,波浪和风）对珠江口中悬浮泥沙的影响。模型结果表明,河口重力环流对珠江口最大浑浊带的发展起着重要作用,特别是在小潮期间。另外,径流的增加可导致泥沙向海输运。底部的悬浮泥沙浓度随着波浪底部轨迹速度和波高的增大而增加。由于西滩水深较浅,波浪对西滩悬浮泥沙的影响大于东槽。西南风引起的波浪对悬沙的影响大于东北风引起的波浪的影响,而东北风致流对悬沙的影响略大于对西南风致流的影响。在其他条件相同情况下,稳定的西南风比稳定的东北风更有利于伶仃洋悬浮泥沙浓度的增加;在稳定的西南风下,伶仃洋平均悬浮泥沙浓度约为稳定东北风下的1.1倍。     

爆破挤淤产生的悬浮物输移扩散模拟研究

爆破挤淤是处理淤泥质软基的常用方法,而研究由此产生的悬浮泥沙的输移扩散对于评价施工对工程区水环境的影响有重要意义。在对爆破挤淤产生的悬浮泥沙对水环境影响初步分析的基础上,就防波堤地基爆破挤淤处理产生的悬浮泥沙在波浪、潮流共同作用下的输移扩散过程进行了数值模拟,并对爆破挤淤后悬浮泥沙输移扩散规律进行了探讨,指出爆破挤淤对水域附近的生态环境有一定影响,但影响范围并不大,且持续的时间亦不长。     

长江口北槽抛泥流速和悬沙浓度时空分布观测

河口泥沙运动有其独特的规律,需要采用高分辨率的观测手段进行系统的现场观测,以此发现河口流速和泥沙分布结构,进而探讨其形成机制,应用声学多普勒流速剖面仪和声学悬浮泥沙观测系统,通过定点和走航式观测长江河口不同潮型和流态下流速和悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布发现:(1)不同潮型出现高浓度“事件”的次数和成因存在差异,中潮型出现高浓度“事件”的可能性最大;(2)抛泥泥沙浓度垂向分布至少有3种结构类型,即上小下大的“L”型、指数型和上大下小的“漂浮”型;(3)受抛泥泥沙输移的影响,断面流场形成低流速区,它们的强度随落潮流的扩散逐渐减弱;(4)不同潮型的落潮流表现出不同的输移行为,大、小潮型落潮流偏北,中潮型落潮流偏南;(5)在落潮流和颗粒重力共同作用下抛泥泥沙同时存在输移扩散和沉降过程,小潮型抛泥泥沙主要就近扩散和沉降,中潮和大潮型抛泥泥沙输移扩散范围较远。     

The effects of suspended sediment on brown trout (Salmo trutta) feeding and respiration after macrophyte control

Sediment resuspension during and after mechanical excavation of macrophytes may have a significant impact on resident fish populations. Unfortunately, little is known about the influence of this sediment on the respiratory performance and feeding abilities of fishes in New Zealand waterways. We examined the effects of suspended sediment (SS) concentrations previously observed after a large-scale macrophyte removal operation on oxygen consumption (MO₂) and feeding rates of brown trout (Salmo trutta). MO₂ at 0 mg L^?1, 150 mg L^?1, 300 mg L^?1, 450 mg L^?1 and 600 mg L^?1 of SS was measured using semi-closed respirometry. Feeding rates at the same SS concentrations were also measured using laboratory tank experiments. Results suggest that SS concentrations up to 600 mg L^?1 have no effect on MO₂. Conversely, feeding rates were significantly reduced at 450 mg L^?1 (22% reduction) and 600 mg L^?1 (31% reduction), indicating that sediment concentrations above 450 mg L^?1 may negatively affect brown trout populations.     

Modeling of suspended sediment transport with waveinduced longshore current in Huanghe (Yellow) River Delta

A three-dimensional suspended sediment model(SED)developed by the present authors is coupled with the combinatorial model of COHERENS(Luyten et al.,1999) (the three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamical-ecological model for Regional and Shelf Seas) and SWAN(Holthuijsen et al.,2004) (the third generation wave model).SWAN is regarded as a subroutine of COHERENS and gets time-and space-varying current velocity and surface elevation from COHERENS.COHERENS gets time-and space-varying wave relevant parameters provided by SWAN.Effects of wave on current are applied in bottom shear stress,wave-induced depth-dependent radiation stress and surface drag coefficient calculation.At the same time,the damping function of suspended sediment on turbulence is introduced into COHERENS.So the sediment model SED has feed back on circulation model COHERENS.The SED obtains current as sociated parameters from COHERENS.Then a couple dhydrodynamic-sediment model COHERENS-SED being able to account for interaction between wave and current is obtained.COHERENS-SED is adopted to simulate three-dimensional suspended sediment transport in the Huanghe River delta.In terms of simulation results,there is obvious diffierence between top and bottom layer of wave-induced longshore current.The values of time series of sediment concentration gotten by COHERENS-SED have,generally,an accepted agreement extent with measurement.Significant wave heights and wave periods obtained by COHERENS-SED show that wave simulation case with current’s effect can give better agreement extent with measurement than case without current’s effect.In the meantime,suspended sediment concentration distributing rule obtained by COHERENS-SED is similar to former researches and measurement.     

On the transport of suspended sediment by a swash event on a plane beach

We develop solutions for the transport of suspended sediment by a single swash event following the collapse of a bore on a plane beach, and we investigate the morphodynamical role that such transport may play. Although the intrinsic asymmetry between uprush and backwash velocities tends to encourage the export of sediment, we find that swash events may be effective in distributing across the swash zone much or all of the sediment mobilised by bore collapse; additionally, settling lag effects may promote a weak onshore movement of sediment. We quantify both effects in terms of the properties of the sediment and of the swash event, and comment on the relationship between our findings and recent field studies of swash zone sediment transport.     

Laboratory measurement of nearshore velocities and erosion of cohesive sediment (till) shorelines

The evolution of shorelines composed of consolidated cohesive sediments is dominated by irreversible erosion. In this note, measurements, under laboratory conditions, of bottom velocities, wave heights, and breaking characteristics over an actively eroding consolidated cohesive sediment shore are reported. Erosion is enhanced under breaking conditions, and plunging breakers are markedly more erosive than spilling breakers. The turbulence at the outer edge of the breaking zone has the −5/3 power high frequency dependence indicative of the inertial subrange.     

Preliminary results on suspended sediment transport by tidal currents in Gomso Bay,Korea

This study briefly investigated sediment transport by tidal currents in Gomso Bay, on the mid-west coast of Korea during the summer season. Hydrodynamic measurements with benthic tripods (TISDOSs) show that near-bed suspended sediments are transported toward the bay mouth along the low-water line of tidal flats in the southern part of the bay, while they are directed offshore in front of the major tidal channel at the bay mouth according to tidal asymmetry. However, suspended sediments in the main body of sea water, observed from transect and anchor-site measurements, indicate a consistent incoming toward the uppermost tidal flats. A brief episode of relatively strong winds from the west and southeast displays that wind waves can yield the near-bed suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) overwhelming the SSC by tidal currents alone in the remaining duration.     

Distribution,composition and transport of suspended sediment in Redondo Submarine Canyon and vicinity (California)

Redondo Canyon, in the southern half of Santa Monica Bay, is an active submarine canyon through which sands and silts are transported by periodic submarine slides and turbid flows.     

潮汐河口断面悬沙通量组分模式及其在长江口的应用

断面泥沙通量估算的误差主要来源于计算方法、测点布局等,通量模式应该建立在通量估算统计误差最小的原则基础之上.在断面网格设计中采用统计误差最小的等面积单元网格,在泥沙通量估算中采用泥沙组分浓度,在流速变量插值上垂向采用对数函数插值,横向采用第一边界三次方样条函数插值.这样建立的潮汐河口悬沙断面通量组分模式较以往的任何模式更完善,断面通量估算的误差最小.将该模式应用于长江河口南港断面悬沙通量估算及其输移机制分析,断面泥沙通量表现为大潮期大进大出、大出大于大进;小潮期小进小出、小出大于小进;主要输移机制是拉格朗日输移和潮泵.     

基于高光谱传感器的长江口表层悬浮泥沙质量浓度光谱曲线特征研究#br#

悬浮泥沙质量浓度（SSC）是我国河口水体研究的重要水质参数之一,遥感测定SSC是一种重要的方法。为了研究遥感光谱数据和表层悬浮泥沙质量浓度（SSSC）之间的定量梯度关系,本文采集了长江口南汇嘴附近的表层沉积物,定量设计了SSSC的梯度变化值,利用ASD高光谱仪对不同质量浓度含沙水体进行了光学特性测量。结果表明,随着SSSC的增加,水体的光谱反射率曲线具有相似的形态,但也存在一定的差异。当SSSC<36.59 mg/L时,光谱曲线仅在560～580 nm之间有1个反射峰;当SSSC>52.69 mg/L时,光谱曲线第一反射峰位于570～710 nm,并在近红外波段780～820 nm处出现第二反射峰。光谱曲线第一峰值区间存在明显的“红移”现象,且波长的“红移”变化与SSSC的线性拟合R²达到0.91,说明两者呈较强的线性相关性。在400～900 nm光谱范围内,600～860 nm波段对0～200 mg/L范围内的SSSC变化较敏感且比较稳定,740～900 nm波段对>200 mg/L的SSSC的变化具有更强的响应能力。     

Hydro-meteorological influences and multimodal suspended particle size distributions in the Belgian nearshore area (southern North Sea)

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration and particle size distribution (PSD) were assessed in a coastal turbidity maximum area (southern North Sea) during a composite period of 37 days in January–April 2008. PSDs were measured with a LISST 100X and classified using entropy analysis in terms of subtidal alongshore flow. The PSDs during tide-dominated conditions showed distinct multimodal behaviour due to flocculation, revealing that the building blocks of flocs consist of primary particles (<3 μm) and flocculi (15 μm). Flocculi comprise clusters of clay minerals, whereas primary particles have various compositions (calcite, clays). The PSDs during storms with a NE-directed alongshore subtidal current (NE storms) are typically unimodal and characterised by mainly granular material (silt, sand) resuspended from the seabed. During storms with a SW-directed alongshore subtidal current (SW storms), by contrast, mainly flocculated material can be identified in the PSDs. The findings emphasise the importance of wind-induced advection, alongshore subtidal flow and highly concentrated mud suspensions (HCMSs) as regulating mechanisms of SPM concentration, as well as other SPM characteristics (cohesiveness or composition of mixed sediment particles) and size distribution in a high-turbidity area. The direction of subtidal alongshore flow during SW storm events results in an increase in cohesive SPM concentration, HCMS formation, and the armouring of sand; by contrast, there is a decrease in cohesive SPM concentration, no HCMS formation, and an increase in sand and silt in suspension during NE storms.     

Deep slope currents and suspended particle fluxes in and around the Foix submarine canyon (NW Mediterranean)

Deep slope currents and particulate matter concentrations were studied on the Barcelona continental margin in and around the Foix submarine canyon from May 1993 to April 1994. This year-long moored experiment revealed that near-bottom slope currents are strongly influenced by the bottom topography, being oriented along isobaths and along the canyon axis. The deep slope current fluctuations are controlled by the local inertial motion (18.3 h) and also by low-frequency oscillations at periods of 6–10 days, related to the passage of atmospheric pressure cells. Particulate matter concentrations recorded during the experiment do not show a clear seasonal variability, except outside the canyon, where significant peaks of particulate matter concentrations were recorded only during the winter-fall deployment. In addition, the temporal evolution of suspended particulate matter concentration is not linked to changes in the cross-slope or along-slope current components and did not show a clear relationship with river avenues or wave storm events. This suggests that suspended particulate matter exported from the shelf is dispersed on the slope by advective processes, which attenuate the signal of the shelf-slope sediment transfer. Mean particulate matter concentrations differed among sampling sites, but the magnitude of the mean horizontal suspended particle flux reflects a quite similar value in the whole study area, ranging from 2.53 to 4.05 mg m⁻² s⁻¹. These horizontal suspended particle fluxes are 27 (canyon head) to 360 (open slope) times higher than the settling particle fluxes measured at the same sampling sites, indicating that the suspended particulate transport on the Barcelona continental slope dominates over the settling particle fluxes, even inside the Foix submarine canyon.     

Variations of suspended sediment transport caused by changes in shoreline and bathymetry in the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary in the wet season

A wave-current-sediment coupled numerical model is employed to study the responses of suspended sediment transport in the wet season to changes in shoreline and bathymetry in the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary (ZRE) from 1971 to 2012. It is shown that, during the wavy period, the large wave-induced bottom stress enhances sediment resuspension, resulting in an increase in the area of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) greater than 100 mg/L by 183.4%. On one hand, in spring tide, the change in shoreline reduces the area of SSC greater than 100 mg/L by 17.8% in the west shoal (WS) but increases the SSC, owing to the closer sediment source to the offshore and the stronger residual current at the Hengmeng (HEM) and Hongqili (HQL) outlets. The eastward Eulerian transport is enhanced in the WS and west channel (WC), resulting in a higher SSC there. The reclamation of Longxue Island (LXI) increases SSC on its east side and east shoal (ES) but decreases the SSC on its west and south sides. Moreover, in the WC, the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) is located near the saltwater wedge and moves southward, which is caused by the southward movement of the maximum longitudinal Eulerian transport. In neap tide, the changes are similar but relatively weaker. On the other hand, in spring tide, the change in bathymetry makes the SSC in the WS increase, and the area of SSC greater than 100 mg/L increases by 11.4% and expands eastward and southward, which is caused by the increases in wave-induced bottom stress and eastward Eulerian transport. On the east side of the WC, the eastward Eulerian transport decreases significantly, resulting in a smaller SSC in the middle shoal (MS). In addition, in the WC, the maximum SSC is reduced, which is caused by the smaller wave-induced bottom stress and a significant increase of 109.88% in southward Eulerian transport. The results in neap tide are similar to those in spring tide but with smaller changes, and the sediment transports northward in the WC owing to the northward Eulerian transport and vertical shear transport. This study may provide some references for marine ecological environment security and coastal management in the ZRE and other estuaries worldwide affected by strong human interventions.     

基于MODIS数据的珠江口悬沙扩散形态对风和径流的响应

Cloud-free moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) images of the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary(ZRE) taken between 2002 and 2012 are retrieved and used to study the spatial and temporal patterns of suspended sediment concentrations(SSCs) across the estuary under runoff, wind, and tropical storm conditions.Five typical dispersal patterns of suspended sediments in the estuary are defined: Case I shows generally low SSCs under low dynamics; Case Ⅱ shows a river-dominant dispersal pattern of suspended sediments from the outlets,particularly from Modaomen, Jiaomen, Hengmen, and others; Case Ⅲ shows wind-dominant dispersal of high SSCs derived from the west shoal and southwesterly transport under a strong NE wind; Case IV is the combination of relatively large runoff and wind; and Case V is caused by a strong tropical storm with high river discharge and wind, which is characterized by the high SSCs across the entire estuary that are transported eastward by winddriven and buoyancy currents outside the estuary. Runoff is a dominant factor that controls seasonal and annual SSC variations in the ZRE, with the area of high SSCs being largest in the summer and smallest in the spring. The correlation coefficients between the monthly averaged river-suspended sediment discharge and the area of the high SSCs are approximately 0.6. The wind power over the west shoal increases with a wind speed, which induces more sediment resuspension and shows a close relationship between the wind speed and high SSC area.     

长江河口近底层悬沙和沉积物的交换过程研究

大河河口的动力沉积过程一直是陆海相互作用研究的核心内容,其中水体泥沙的垂向交换是河口动力-沉积机制分析中的关键环节。基于2011年12月对长江河口及其邻近海湾采集的大范围、高密度的近底层悬沙、海床表层1~2cm(表层沉积物)和垂向向下约2~10cm的沉积物(次表层沉积物)同步3组303个样品,利用经验正交函数方法,对河口地区的悬沙和沉积物交换过程进行研究。结果表明:近底层水体悬沙的空间分布模式主要以粉砂粒级为主,空间分布差异性不大;表层及次表层沉积物的空间分布模式相似,但较近底层水体悬沙的分布复杂,存在明显的区域性特征,其中南汇边滩水域中部辐散区的沉积物表现为粗粉砂-细砂模式,其他区域由粉砂组分模式组成。近底层水体悬沙、表层和次表层沉积物的第一模态主要反映了粒径较细的泥沙运动,第二模态主要反映了粒径较粗的泥沙运动。在近底层水体悬沙与表层沉积物的垂向交换中,主要交换粒级为粉砂组分粒级。在表层沉积物与次表层沉积物的垂向交换中,南汇边滩中部辐散区的主要交换粒级为粗粉砂-细砂组分粒级,其他区域主要为粉砂组分粒级。