Reverse osmosis on a small barrier island: transformations of water,landscape, and vulnerability on Ocracoke Island,NC, USA

Globally, modifications to the landscape have drastically transformed social and ecological communities. The implication of global climate change for small islands and small island communities is especially troublesome. Socially, small islands have a limited resource base, deal with varying degrees of insularity, generally have little political power, and have limited economic opportunities. The physical attributes of small islands also increase their vulnerability to global climate change, including limited land area, limited fresh water supplies, and greater distances to resources. The focus of this research project is to document place-specific human–environmental interactions from a political ecology perspective as a means to address local concerns and possible consequences of global environmental change. The place in which these interactions are examined is the barrier island and village of Ocracoke, NC. I focus on the specific historical-geography of land and water management on Ocracoke as a means to examine relationships between local human–environmental interactions and environmental change. I provide an account of technological changes in potable water procurement and the paralleling development of island growth (i.e. people, buildings, tourism). Then, relying on interviews with island residents, I consider how advancements in local water infrastructure, specifically the installation of an additional reverse osmosis unit, are hinged on anticipated future economic development. Lastly the social dimensions of change are discussed with specific focus on the increase in housing density and overburdened septic drainage fields in relation to changing hydrologic processes with an examination of how all of these factors affect local vulnerability.     

数字地球及其在全球变化研究中的应用前景

本文介绍了对“数字地球”的不同学术理解和当前国内外数字地球发展重点领域或方向,展望了“数字地球”在全球变化研究中的应用前景,指出在第四纪环境演变研究中要重视广泛应用对地观测技术,建立数据库,进而阐明全球变化的区域响应过程,揭示区域和全球变化过程中人与自然在其中的作用程度,为可持续发展模式的建立提供科学依据。     

Regional policies and the national interest

The shifting relationships between central and local government policies with regard to land use and economic development in Britain are reviewed, and recent tendencies in the management of spatial economic change summarised. Public interest and activity in this sphere have waned markedly in recent years as economic circumstances have deteriorated, traditional policies disappointed and economic priorities changed. The continuing advantages of regional intervention are considered and exemplified at several spatial scales. The policy constraints imposed by the weakness of the national economy are acknowledged. New attitudes and policies are advocated which, more than in the past, would recognise and exploit the considerable economic strengths of some parts of the country, and which suggest the desirability of a different spatial development path to that espoused by governments in recent decades.     

Nature–society and development: social, cultural and ecological change in Nepal

This paper presents a theoretical framework for analyzing human–environment issues that examines shifting, dialectical relationships between social and power relations, cultural beliefs and practices, and ecological processes to allow an interdisciplinary, complex assessment of social and environmental change in Nepal. The purpose of this analysis is to capture the complexity and non-static nature of environmental and social change in the context of uneven development. Drawing from political ecology and feminist geography, this framework brings together scholarship on aspects of human–environment issues that are often pursued in isolation, yet all three processes, social–political relations, cultural practices and ecological conditions, have been acknowledged as important in shaping the trajectory of social and ecological change. I argue that a consideration of the articulations between them is necessary to understand first, how specific land management regimes arise and are dominant over time in specific places. And second, I examine the extent to which these regimes distribute resources equitably within communities, promote economic development and sustain ecological resilience. In this analysis, ecological processes are conceptualised as co-productive of social and cultural processes to explore their role in land management regimes without resorting to environmental determinist or similarly reductive paradigms. I present this framework through the example of natural resource management, specifically community forestry in Nepal, as it offers a rich case study of the relationships between the political economy of land use and the ecological effects of natural resource extraction.     

我国地质勘查行业全要素生产率测算分解实证研究北大核心CSCD

研究地质勘查行业发展战略时应充分考虑技术进步对行业发展的贡献。本文以2010~2020年全国31省(区、市)非油气地质勘查单位的投入产出数据为样本,基于DEA-Malmquist指数法测算了我国地质勘查行业近十年的全要素生产率(TFP)变化,结合技术进步率(TP)、技术效率(EC)、纯技术效率(PC)和规模效率(SC)等分解项得出:我国地质勘查行业近十年平均全要素生产率指数偏低,其主要原因是技术进步率较低,因为技术进步率与我国地质勘查行业的发展水平关系密切。各地区地质勘查行业发展不平衡,西部地区地质勘查行业的TFP指数普遍高于东部地区和中部地区,但大量的资产和劳动力投入仍在东部地区,导致市场资源配置的扭曲,是我国地质勘查行业TFP指数整体偏低的重要原因。     

导/定向钻进非开挖铺设地下管线施工技术分析

导／定向钻进是一种技术密集型、对环境无害的地下管线铺设技术。通过综合经济比较分析，说明了导／定向钻进技术在管径大、埋深大的条件下所具有的明显经济优势。通过对国内外现有技术水平的比较，分析了我国在该技术发展规模、工程应用领域、新型高技术含量、钻机的工作性能等方面存在较大的差距。认为我国应在钻机的机电液一体化、施工过程自动化控制、配套泵组及泥浆系统、钻进规划软件开发等方面作进一步深入研究。     

Corridor development in Gauteng,South Africa

The development corridor concept has been regarded as an important development instrument in spatial planning and geography for many decades. Expanding literature on the theme indicates that development centres or nodes play an important role in the establishment of such corridors. Flows of goods and information between such centres are essential in creating conditions that are potentially favourable for further urban development along the communication axes connecting such centres. Combined, the various nodes form a unique flexible exchange environment allowing for dynamic synergies of interactive growth to achieve scope economies aided by fast and reliable corridors of transport and communication infrastructure. In the South African development sphere, there is strong belief that functional relationships between nodes can play a decisive role in the establishment of development corridors. The research showed that the degree to which economic activities are concentrated in the greater Gauteng region; the resulting current or emerging multinodal structural composition; and the flows of economic activities between the various nodes result in the creation of development corridors that channel and focus economic growth between networks of cities. This confirms the importance of corridors as spatial and economic development instruments. The research concluded that the core cities of Johannesburg and Pretoria are the central driving force in corridor development in Gauteng. They feature as the most dominant nodes, exerting great forces of attraction on the distribution of development and economic growth in the region. The research also suggests a degree of polycentrism whereby economic growth is channelled between networks of cities, however development potential is most favourable in areas in close proximity to primary centres and tends to be functionality driven.     

典型工业化国家SO2排放影响因素分析及其对中国的启示

通过美国100年来SO2排放趋势分析, 对比日本、英国的相关数据资料, 发现SO2的排放与能源消费、经济发展、环境政策以及环保技术进步密切相关: 经济结构的转变和能源结构的调整是SO2减排的关键因素, 环保政策和技术进步是SO2减排的主要驱动力。典型国家SO2排放强度曲线均呈倒“U”型, 符合环境库兹涅茨曲线。SO2排放的拐点美国在人均GDP15000美元, 日本和英国在人均GDP9000～10000美元; 三个国家人均SO2排放强度的拐点在人均GDP5000～7000美元, 目前中国已经越过人均SO2排放的顶点。在此基础上本文提出了中国进一步减排SO2的建议。     

知识型水利—中国水利的发展方向

现代科技突飞猛进，世界经济正由物资经济向知识经济转变。水利为国民经济的基础，必须顺应时代发展的潮流，发展知识型水利。知识型水利是指以知识和技术高度密集为基础的水利，是一种以现代科学技术为核心建立在知识信息的生产、存储、使用和消化之上的水利。发展知识型水利，这既是新时代的要求，是由我国的现实国情决定的，也是促进我国水利可持续发展，走向市场提高经济效益的有效途径。走具有中国特色的知识型水利，要依靠科技进步，提高科技在水利经济增长中的贡献率，要发展水利产业化经营，提高人员文化素质，保护环境，实现水利可持续发展。     

中国气象科学技术发展战略研究

依据《中国气象事业发展战略研究重大科学技术问题卷》［1］的概述,主要从天气学理论与预报技术、气候系统与全球变化、人工影响天气、大气化学、大气物理学,以及综合探测技术与外场观测试验等方面,分析气象科学发展的背景、现状和社会需求,指出气象科学发展中需要了解的关键科学和技术问题,并制定中国气象科学技术长期发展目标和确定重点研究领域,其中特别强调了与中国区域天气、气候和气候变化问题关系密切的气象科学问题,并在气象科学理论体系的建立、天气预报和气候预测手段的改进、全球气候系统观测的实施、多学科的交叉融合等方面提出措施和建议。     

安徽林业3S技术应用综述

信息技术的迅猛发展和广泛应用,从根本上改变了现代社会的生存和发展环境.本文简述了地理信息系统(GIS)、遥感(RS)、全球定位系统(GPS)的概念和特点,介绍3S技术在安徽林业系统的发展过程和应用现状,提出了加速安徽林业建设中3S技术应用的若干建议.作为一种崭新的现代技术管理手段,3S技术将在森林资源监测、营林规划设计、森林灾害预警、科学宏观决策等方面带来巨大的变革和深远的影响.     

基于MODIS卫星数据的中亚地区水体动态监测研究

水体动态监测是当今资源与环境变化研究的一个热点与重点。及时、准确地获得水体变化信息是对湿地资源保护、利用和可持续发展的有力支持,而遥感技术的快速、周期性等特点为湿地变化监测提供了技术手段。本文的研究区是中亚地区,结合该地区的光谱和时相特征,利用三个时相的MODIS数据,采用监督分类以及人工解译等方法获取了研究区水体分布以及变化信息,并从自然和人为两方面原因对咸水湖泊、淡水湖泊以及含水沟渠的变化情况进行进一步分析评价。     

气候突变与古文明衰落

世界不同地区的古代文明在其发展过程中大多经历过衰落,其原因一直是人们关注的焦点。近几十年来,随着测年精度的提高、全新世较高分辨率气候变化研究的进展、古代文明衰落时间的相对精确考证以及对全新世气侯突变现象认识的不断深入,气候突变在古代文明衰落过程中的作用越来越受到学术界的重视。介绍了目前古代文明衰落的气候因素作用研究的进展,包括人们对气候突变、全新世气候变化以及气候突变在文明衰落中的作用的认识。深入了解气候突变与古代文明衰落之间的关系,不仅有助于理解这些古代文明衰落的原因,而且也将为人类对未来气候突变的适应提供有益的借鉴。      

Towards an understanding of man-firewood relations in Freetown (Sierra Leone)

This paper examines ‘folk’ evaluation and classification of firewood as a means towards understanding man-firewood relations in Freetown. It demonstrates how access to ‘wood views’ renders comprehensible identifiable spatial and temporal patterns in firewood exploitation and utilisation. It is argued that the extension of the ethno-scientific approach beyond mere identification of wood categories to the examination of the relationship between cognition and action generates information capable of informing efforts towards short-term gains and/or long-term development policy aimed at a more efficient management and utilisation of the firewood resource. The article concludes by emphasising the need for an understanding of the view both from ‘above’ (technological forestry) and ‘below’ (folk ecology) of man-firewood relationships in the Freetown area in order that meaningful co-operative modifications based on a blend of sodo-cultural and ecological considerations, on the one hand, and economic and technological factors on the other, can be effected.     

江苏省无机材料专业测试服务中心研究方向探讨

介绍了江苏省无机材料专业测试服务中心建设的背景、作用、功能和研究方向,从测试新技术在材料领域的应用研究、新材料分析测试标准方法和标准物质的研究、非金属材料物化性能研究、生态环境测试技术研究、应对国际贸易技术壁垒等方面入手,详细叙述了中心正在或将要开展的研究领域和方向,旨在更好为地方经济建设提供技术支持和技术服务功能。     

Refugees, land cover, and environmental change in the Senegal River Valley

This paper seeks to explore the complex relationships between land cover, environmental change and forced migration in the middle valley of the Senegal River, attempting both to identify the nature of environmental impacts of forced displacement with specific reference to land cover, and to examine the social, political and economic circumstances in which these are exacerbated or reduced. The study concludes that change in land cover caused by the presence of refugees is not a major cause for concern in this area, despite the vulnerability of the natural environment. Significant factors in reducing negative impacts include the dispersal of the refugee population, and cultural and social proximity of the refugee and local populations surveyed. At the same time, observed changes in land cover need to be treated with caution, given the often cyclical nature of environmental change, and the range of factors associated with it.     

The regional economic effects of European integration

This paper presents evidence concerning changes in regional economic disparities in the EEC. This is related to regional economic theory. Finally the role of technological change and innovation is discussed in the light of empirical evidence and theoretical arguments.     

区域经济与环境协调发展的综合决策研究

实施我国区域经济与环境协调发展的综合决策是提高经济运行质量和环境质量的关键。立足于区域经济与环境协调发展综合决策的运行机制,提出我国区域经济与环境协调发展综合决策的主要途径为:建立和完善经济与环境协调发展的综合决策制度;严格禁止产业结构优化升级中污染物的超标迁移;确保三大经济核心区成为经济与环境协调发展的核心区;重点开发轴线地区应率先成为重点环保轴线地区;各类经济技术开发区应建成经济与环境协调发展的示范区。     

Sustainable indigenous futures in remote Indigenous areas: relationships, processes and failed state approaches

In many Indigenous territories, continuing processes of primitive accumulation driven by governments?? claims to resources and territory simultaneously deny Indigenous rights and insist on market forces as the foundation for economic and social futures in Indigenous domains. Drawing on research in North Australia, this paper identifies the erasure of Indigenous governance, the development of wickedly complex administrative systems, continuing structural and procedural racism and state hostility to Indigenous rights as constructing Indigenous vulnerability to poverty, addiction and underdevelopment. Shaping sustainable Indigenous futures in remote areas that are characterised by long-term development failure requires rethinking of remote local and regional economic relationships. Recognising remote regional economies as hybrid economies that rely on environmental, social and cultural wealth is an important first step in reorienting policy settings. It is also crucial that we acknowledge sustainable Indigenous futures cannot arise from policy interventions that rely on creating wealth for state and corporate appropriation and assume enough of this wealth can be redistributed to local Indigenous communities to constitute ??development??. Politically constructed crisis interventions, such as Australia??s recent actions in remote Northern Territory communities, represent a failure of state relationships rather than an appropriate and sustainable response to the challenge of Indigenous vulnerability. This paper argues that attention to Indigenous rights and development of good relationships and good processes of governance, autonomy and responsibility within communities as well as between them and governments is fundamental to sustainable Indigenous futures. Without this, neither government programs nor large-scale natural resource-based development projects can deliver sustainable futures for remote Indigenous groups.     

Population pressure, agricultural intensification and changes in rural systems in Bangladesh

Sustainable agricultural growth is the key to rural system changes that include changes in rural bio-physical environment, economic infrastructure and social conditions. The present study has examined the temporal changes in 18 selected indicators of rural systems in Bangladesh during the period 1975-2000, and explored the influences of demographic, market forces, environmental, institutional and technological factors inducing and mediating such changes. An analysis of 64 district level published census data showed significant increase in agricultural intensity, cropping patterns, land productivity and farm income; decline in labor and technological productivities; and major improvement in rural housing, economic and social conditions during this period. Spatially, major agricultural growth and rural development were observed in districts with high population density, less constrained environments, and better access to markets, irrigation canals, and capital loans.