矿山地震与瓦斯突出的相关性及其在震源物理研究中的意义

介绍了矿山地震与瓦斯突出等煤矿灾害及成因, 并通过若干煤矿瓦斯突出和矿山地震的同震现象,论述了这些灾害在动力过程中的内在关系.这些震例表明,在高瓦斯煤矿, 矿山地震与瓦斯突出存在密切的相关.认为较大矿震伴随瓦斯的低值延时响应可能是瓦斯突出的预警信号.从矿震定位、震源机制、矿震成因、瓦斯突出条件等分析了矿震与瓦斯突出相关的机理. 进一步介绍了瓦斯流体对矿震的触发作用,尤其超临界流体的特殊性质在矿震发生中的重要作用.依据矿震与构造地震在机制方面的相似性, 讨论了上述结果在震源物理研究中的意义.      

辽源矿震的探索和研究

本文根据辽源矿务局西安煤矿矿震监测资料研究,初步认为:矿震具有频度高、强度低、烈度大、震源集中和周期性活动的特点。矿震的震相与构造地震有明显差异,可划分冲击、冒落两种类型;在空间上集中分布采场附近地质构造复杂部位,尤其煤往体周围;发震较高时间段是每年3—4月、10—12月份,每月下旬;强矿震与本区构造地震活动、采场密集分布及采深增加有密切关系;矿震的成因是区域应力场和矿区局部应力场共同作用结果,而以采矿活动为主导因素。     

三峡重点监视区构造地震与矿震时频谱特征分析

基于三峡数字遥测地震台网记录的数字化波形资料,利用谱图时频分析方法,研究了三峡地区构造地震和矿震波谱的时频特征,发现二者的时频谱特征存在着明显的差异:1)构造地震波主频高于矿震;2)构造地震波的频率成分比矿震丰富,能量密度频谱随频率轴展布较宽,前者带宽是后者的4倍;3)矿震能量强度的峰值在整个波列中出现的时间较构造地震早,且能量衰减较快     

矿山地震研究的现状和意义

矿山地震是一种与开采有关的构造地震。本文阐述了矿震的概念及现象,介绍了目前矿震研究的现状,论述了矿震研究在矿山灾害研究及地震学研究方面的意义,对开阔地震研究领域具有一定的参考价值。     

矿震识别及成因研究进展

矿震主要受开采活动、矿山所处构造环境及区域构造应力场的影响。本文首先回顾了矿震的识别研究进展,然后从矿震震源机制、矿震与构造关系、矿震与瓦斯溢出、矿震与开采进程关系、矿震成因力学机制理论与实验研究等角度对矿震的成因研究进行了阐述,最后给出矿震识别及成因研究的进一步建议。矿震成因研究深化了对天然地震的认识。在研究矿震发生机理时,必须针对具体条件进行深入讨论与分析,应更多采用有关数学和力学手段,结合具体的生产地质条件和科学实验研究,有针对性地开展研究工作。可利用层析成像技术详细了解矿震演变过程,深化对地壳介质在应力作用下发生破裂或位错过程的认识,进而对矿震发震成因进行深入研究。     

四川大渡河谷灯影期层状铅锌矿床中震积岩的发现及其成矿意义

在四川大渡河谷震旦纪灯影期热水沉积大型层状铅锌矿床中, 作者发现了较典型的震积岩序, 包括震裂角砾岩、震塌角砾岩(矿)、震褶岩(矿)、震积角砾岩(矿)、震积不整合、层内断层等震积岩及震积构造,估计震裂岩的分布面积达1000 km²以上. 震积岩与热水沉积黑色硅岩及铅锌矿层呈同期、同位产出, 它们之间存在内在的成因联系. 作者经研究认为, 大渡河谷地区在晚震旦世末期曾发生一次强烈的海底地震及多幕相对较弱的余震, 海底地震可能是诱发深部含矿流体向汉源-峨眉北东东向同沉积凹陷轴部的断裂带汇集、运移并喷溢出海底形成大规模层状铅锌矿床的动力学机制. 铅锌矿床中震积岩的发现具有重要的意义, 为研究地震灾变事件与有色金属成矿作用的关系提供了重要实例.     

湖南城步、邵东三次历史地震考察

本文根据湖南省城步、邵东三次民间流传的历史地震现场调查和地震地质条件等资资，研究了这些地震参数和发震成因，认为这些地震是构造地震。     

矿山地震监测技术的进展及最新成果

回顾了矿山地震监测的简史,介绍了近期矿震监测技术改造情况．抚顺小孔径矿山地震台网的监测取得了比较完整的观测资料．矿震定位结果表明了矿震与开采进程的相关性．用岩石断裂力学和损伤理论的研究成果对于两类不同矿震的成因给出了最新解释．观测资料证实了矿震与瓦斯溢出的相关性．这些结果表明．在一定条件下．矿震可能成为瓦斯溢出的预警信号．由此证明,实现矿震与瓦斯浓度的联合监测是重要的,也是可行的．矿山地质灾害的综合地球物理监测对于地震成因的研究具有重要的中尺度实验意义,同时对于煤矿安全生产也将带来重要效益．     

基于S变换的矿山地区地震波形时频分析

使用S变换对2010年淄博矿山地区发生的一组地震事件进行时频分析,并将其能量谱与典型的矿震和天然地震进行对比,结果表明：博山震群中,部分事件的主频率偏低,普遍能量衰减较快等特点符合一般矿震事件的特征,但这组事件的能量密度谱随频率轴的展布较宽,频率成分丰富等特点又与天然构造地震的特点一致.说明这组事件不同于一般由采矿作业引发的矿震活动,可能是由于煤层的采空区强烈改变地下岩层内的应力分布,其他人为活动诱发了与王母山断裂有关的浅层构造活动的结果.     

地震“突变震源”说

大地震是一种自然灾害.我们研究地震成因,其目的为了地震预报.本文由组成地球物质的化学元素出发,在简单论述理论依据等的基础上,提出构造地震震源地球物质综合化学物理性质变化为主导,由渐变到突变至发震的"突变震源"基本思想;揭示地震可预报性的根本依据是"地震异常变化参数";主张全面地科学地"综合预报地震方法"."突变震源"说,还可用于其它类型地震机制基础之解释.文末采用模拟实验手段具体说明"突变震源"说之地震可预报性的思想、理论与方法.综上所述,本文指出地震成因等问题的研究新方向和地震可预报性.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.