盆山转换与造盆、造山过程分析

盆地系统和造山带系统是大陆岩石圈上的两个主要构造单元,其包括地质历史中曾存在的和消失的盆地、大洋、大陆边缘及陆地。因此,盆山转换研究、探索盆转山和山控盆的过程则成为大陆地质的前沿研究领域。沉积地质学通过盆山转换和转换过程的分析研究,并以大陆边缘为主,对盆地分析、露头层序地层学研究,在盆地沉积相的时空配置和演化、大陆边缘转为前陆盆地过程中,分析海－陆环境在时空上的四个转换过程和自演化序列。盆山转换的另一关键是层序等时格架的建立。层序的等时性应包括层序界面（单一的和复合的界面）、层序和时间损失量。     

陆相盆地河—湖沉积源—汇系统收支分析

源—汇系统分析已成为沉积学领域的研究热点,其中关键参数定量恢复是源—汇系统分析的重要内容。以柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗世发育的陆相盆地源—汇系统为例,通过支点法进行源—汇系统收支定量分析。首先识别干流河道沉积,测量或计算河道尺寸,进行粒度分析;然后计算瞬时满岸水流量及沉积物流量,结合古气候与流域分析,对年均沉积物量进行计算,得出在给定地层持续时间内输送的沉积物量;再对沉积区的沉积物量进行测量统计,并与计算出的沉积物量进行对比,分析源—汇系统收支状况。对柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统石门沟组下部沉积的源—汇系统收支定量分析显示,目标研究层段河流沉积的干流满岸深度在3.1~3.3 m,河道宽度为69~77 m,流经了较缓的坡度（0.000 204 6~0.000 217 8）,流速一般为1.046~1.048 m/s,搬运了中—细砂为主的沉积物。该时期流域面积约为3 209.8~3 781.6 km2,流域长度介于177.8~196.2 km,满岸水流量为239.9~286.2 m3/s,满岸推移载荷流量为0.043~0.048 m3/s,满岸悬浮载荷流量范围为0.083~0.094 m3/s。基于现代类似河流的对比研究,计算出鱼卡地区干流年均沉积物搬运量介于158 862.4~179 242.3 m3,在层序S2所持续的2.2 Ma共向沉积区输入349.5~394.3 km3的沉积物,与沉积区所统计的沉积体积（322 km3）大致相符。河流沉积物输入体积的高值约为支点下游沉积区统计体积的1.22倍,如果这一分析结果准确,则表明存在一定程度的沉积物遗失现象,研究区局限发育的重力流沉积可能是沉积物遗失的主要方式。建立的收支模型可进一步推广应用于陆相河湖沉积组合的源—汇系统分析。     

The Danube River inception: Evidence for a 4 Ma continental‐scale river born from segmented ParaTethys basins

Before reaching the Black Sea, the Danube River passes through a string of Para‐Tethyan (Vienna, Pannonian and western and eastern Dacian) basins. The key question is, when and how did the Danube River become a continental‐scale river with a drainage similar to present? New data presented here show that the Late Miocene deepwater strata in the Black Sea have a significant sediment source and depositional style change at about 4 Ma. However, the presence of active Miocene basins within the Danube catchment raises questions about the timing of Danube River inception and whether the upstream palaeogeography would have allowed or disallowed delivery of large sediment volumes to the deepwater Black Sea. Stratigraphic analyses in the Pannonian and Dacian basins reveal a phase of coeval sedimentary fill of the basins along the Danube at about 4 Ma. This multi‐basin observation points to a concurrent basin‐fill model rather than the basin fill‐and‐spill or Messinian‐type lowstand models previously proposed for Danube inception.     

Island arc–back-arc basin evolution: implications for Late Riphean–Early Paleozoic geodynamic history of the Sayan–Baikal folded area

We suggest a more rigorous approach to paleogeodynamic reconstructions of the Sayan-Baikal folded area proceeding from update views of the origin and evolution of island arcs and back-arc basins. Modern island arcs and attendant back-arc basins form mainly by trench rollback caused by progressive subduction of negatively buoyant thick and cold oceanic slabs. Slab stagnation upsets the dynamic equilibrium in the subduction system, which accelerates the rollback. As a result, a continental volcanic arc transforms into an island arc, with oceanic crust production in the back-arc basin behind it. As subduction progresses, the island arc and the back-arc basin may deform, and fold-thrust structures, with the involved back-arc basin and island arc complexes, may accrete to the continent (accretion and collision) without participation of large colliding blocks. When applied to the Sayan–Baikal area, the model predicts that the Riphean and Vendian–Early Paleozoic back-arc basins were more active agents in the regional geologic history than it was thought before. They were deposition areas of sedimentary and volcanosedimentary complexes and then became the scene of collision and accretion events, including folding, metamorphism, and plutonism.     

论沉积盆地的等时地层格架和基本建造单元

层序地层分析为当代沉积学的重大进展领域和研究热点,主要来自北美边缘海盆地的经验不能简单的用于性质极不相同的、在我国占重要比例的内陆盆地和近海盆地。为此本文从更广泛意义上讨论了层序地层单元和各级建造块的地质涵意,并以在我国不同类型板内盆地中的实践进行了论证,提出了在我国进一步开展层序地层分析的主要问题。     

Sedimentary basins of passive margins filled with sediments of river deltas and submarine fans

Rivers transport huge quantities of terrigenous material mobilized in their drainage areas and represented by rock fragments and grains of quartz, feldspars, and other weathering-resistant minerals. Large volumes of fine clay particles and organic components in the form of suspended matter and dissolved salts are also transported from the land to seas and oceans. This material is deposited in river deltas located on shelves and submarine fans, which are formed on the continental slope and at its foothill. Thick lenses of deltaic and submarine fan sediments turn gradually into oil-and gas-bearing basins, the largest among which is the Gulf of Guinea basin.     

Slope-control on the aspect ratio of river basins

Although it is traditionally thought that drainage basins are geometrically similar, we present new results which indicate that the aspect ratio of weakly dissected river basins at large scales (10–10³ km²) depends on the surface slope: steeper surfaces develop narrower and lengthier basins whereas more gently dipping surfaces develop more equant and wider basins. This relationship is interpreted to be related to the nature of water flow over rough surfaces, with steeper slopes causing less flow convergence and lengthier and narrower basins. We derive an empirical relationship that can be used to infer the slope of a surface on which a river basin acquired its geometry based solely on a measure of its basin form. This relation provides a unique means of inferring the relative chronology of river basin development with respect to surface tilting and therefore provides a direct link between river basin morphology and tectonics.     

Stratigraphic Sequence and Tectonic Evolution of Passive Continental Margin of Jinshajiang Belt in Northwestern Yunnan,China

GeotectonicallytheJinshajiangbeltliesbetweenQamdoandZhongzanmassifsandbelongstoapartoftheSanjiangPaleotethysianorogenicbelt(Liuetal.,l993).Geographi-callyitissituatedinthewestpartsofYunnanandSichuan,andextendslongitudinallyfromBatang,Derong,DeqintoShigu.Intheearly198Os,geologicalinvestigationwasmakeinthisareaaccordingtoascaleofl:2oOOOobyYunnanBu-reauofGeologyandMinerals.Thestrataofthisareaaresys-tematicallyresearched,andthelithostratigraphicalunitsandregionalstratigraphicalframeworkoft…     

Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Southeast China Block: New insights from basin analysis

In order to better understand the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Southeast China Block (SECB in short), this paper describes geological features of Mesozoic basins that are widely distributed in the SECB. The analyzed data are derived from a regional geological investigation on various Mesozoic basins and a recently compiled 1:1,500,000 geological map of Mesozoic–Cenozoic basins. Two types of basin are distinguished according to their tectonic settings, namely, the post-orogenic basin (Type I) and the intracontinental extensional basin (Type II); the latter includes the graben and the half-graben or faulted-depression basins. Our studies suggest that the formation of these basins connects with the evolution of geotectonics of the SECB. The post-orogenic basin (Type I) was formed in areas from the piedmont to the intraland during the interval from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic; and the formation of the intracontinental extensional basin (Type II) connects with an intracontinental crustal thinning setting in the Late Mesozoic. The graben basin was generated during the Middle Jurassic and is associated with a bimodal volcanic eruption; and the half-graben or faulted-depression basin, filled mainly by the rhyolite, tuff and sedimentary rocks during Early Cretaceous, is occupied by the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene red-colored terrestrial clastic rocks. We noticed that the modern outcrops of numerous granites and basins occur in a similar level, and the Mesozoic granitic bodies contact with the adjacent basins by large normal faults, suggesting that the modern landforms between granites and basins were yielded by the late crustal movement. The modern basin and range framework was settled down in the Cretaceous. Abundant sedimentary structures are found in the various basins, from that the deposited environments and paleo-currents are concluded; during the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic time, the source areas were situated to the north and northeast sides of the outcrop region. In this paper, we present the study results on one geological and geographical separating unit and two separating fault zones. The Wuyi orogenic belt is a Late Mesozoic paleo-geographically separating unit, the Ganjiang fault zone behaves as the western boundary of Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks, and the Zhenghe–Dapu fault zone separates the SE-China Coastal Late Mesozoic volcanic-sedimentary basins and the Wuyi orogenic belt. Finally, we discuss the geodynamic mechanisms forming various basins, proposing a three-stage model of the Mesozoic sedimentary evolution.     

陆相盆地层序构型多元化体系

不同于具有相对稳定构造-沉积背景海相盆地的层序构型,陆相盆地的层序构型具有多样性.针对陆相盆地具有局限、封闭、类型多样、控制因素多变、多物源、古地貌差异大等典型特征,提出"陆相盆地层序构型多元化体系"的观点."陆相盆地层序构型多元化体系"是指不同类型陆相盆地在多种因素综合作用下,会形成不同的层序构型、沉积充填样式,构成陆相盆地层序构型多元化体系.该体系包含经典层序构型和特征性层序构型两大类,在系统总结不同类型陆相盆地经典层序构型的基础上,进一步介绍断陷盆地非同步叠加、迁移型、陆内克拉通盆地"溯源退积"等多种新的特征性层序构型,补充、丰富了陆相盆地层序构型多元化体系.陆相盆地层序构型多元化体系反映了陆相盆地沉积动力学过程的复杂性,可以将不同类型陆相盆地所发育的不同层序构型纳入到一个统一体系,有利于陆相层序地层学研究的系统化,丰富陆相盆地层序地层理论体系.      

Characteristics of the stream network composition of drainage basins in the Japanese Islands

This research is to analyze the composition of stream networks of drainage basins in Japan and to discuss the characteristics of drainage basins in the Japanese Islands. Study areas were selected for 180 drainage basins in the entire country. In this study, a topographic map with a scale of 1:50,000 was used and inserted into the valley line by V-shaped-contour methods in each drainage basin. The streams are ordered according to Strahler's system and measured by the stream number, stream length, stream slope, drainage area, and stream fall in each drainage basin. Horton's law of drainage network composition holds good in most drainage basins in Japan. The average values of the bifurcation ratio, stream length ratio, stream slope ratio, drainage area ratio, and stream fall ratio are 4.24, 1.91, 1.98, 4.52, and 1.04, respectively. The mean bifurcation ratio of drainage basins in Japan is 4.24, and this ratio is slightly greater than in other countries. It is also greater than the theoretical value of 4.0. This implies that the slope of drainage basins in Japan is so steep and the relief energy so large that excess streams have developed to a rather marked degree. The average stream fall ratio is 1.04 for drainage basins in Japan. It suggests that drainage basins are generally considered to be in a stage of maturity in stream channel development for the Japanese Islands. The stream fall ratio, however, is slightly greater than 1.0. Although, the stream beds are nearly in dynamic equilibrium in most cases, it tends to be in a slightly aggrading state.     

西北地区油页岩形成条件及找矿方向

西北地区是我国油页岩资源最丰富的地区之一,不仅在鄂尔多斯、准噶尔、塔里木、柴达木、额济纳旗—银根等大型沉积盆地广泛分布,而且在大青山、阴山地区的海流图、固阳、石拐沟、卓资及乌兰花等陆相山间盆地,祁连—河西走廊地区的盆地群(西起敦煌盆地,东至六盘山盆地—巴音浩特盆地,南抵柴达木盆地包括了众多的以古生界为基底的中新生代中小型沉积盆地)的许多中小型盆地也广泛分布。通过对西北地区不同沉积盆地油页岩形成条件与成因类型分析,总结了西北地区油页岩的3种成因类型,即深湖-半深湖相成因;海陆交替相成因和沼泽相成因。认为大型内陆湖盆深湖-半深湖相沉积,由于沉积环境稳定,富含有机质,形成的油页岩矿床具有分布面积广、厚度大、含油率稳定的特点,往往形成大型油页岩矿床,为最有利勘探区。     

Comparative study of aggregations under different dependency assumptions for assessment of undiscovered recoverable oil resources in the world

The U.S. Geological Survey assessed all significant sedimentary basins in the world for undiscovered conventionally recoverable crude-oil resources. Probabilistic methodology was applied to each basin assessment to produce estimates in the form of probability distributions. Basin probability distributions were computer aggregated to produce resource estimates for the entire world. Aggregation was approximated by a three-parameter lognormal distribution by combining the first three central moments of basin distributions. For purposes of experiment and study, world aggregation was conducted under four different sets of assumptions. The four cases are (1) dependent assessments of all basins, (2) dependent assessments within continental areas, but independent assessments among continental areas, (3) dependent assessments within countries, but independent assessments among countries, and (4) independent assessments of all basins. Mean estimate remained the same in all four cases, but the width of interval estimate formed using the 95th and 5th fractiles decreased with reduced dependency in going from first to fourth case.     

What factors control mechanical erosion rates?

Mechanical erosion rates are important factors in understanding how continents evolve. Mechanical erosion is much faster than chemical erosion, especially for highly elevated regions of the Earth's surface. It is a principal way in which mountain ranges are removed, exposing deep metamorphic roots, which comprise much of the older portions of the continental masses. In addition, there has to be a long-term balance between erosion and mountain building. A new data set allows us to explore in greater detail some of the many factors which control mechanical erosion rates. The most important factors are some expression of the average slope of a drainage basin, some measurement of the amount of water available for erosion, some environmental measurements, and also a measurement of basin length, for which we have no good explanation. The estimate of global mechanical erosion rate obtained here is considerably lower than those obtained by some other workers, some of whom have concentrated on the fact that smaller river basins tend to get eroded faster than larger basins, and it is mainly smaller basins which have not been measured and which are therefore not allowed for by simple arithmetic averaging of observed erosion rates. It is shown here that although smaller basins are eroded faster, this is mainly because they are steeper than larger basins. We also show that extrapolation of current data to smaller basins does not work because the observed continental area which is draining to the ocean cannot be attained by the simplest extrapolation scheme. Received: 23 October 1998 / Accepted: 29 June 1999     

Fossil flat-slab subduction beneath the Illinois basin, USA

The Illinois basin is one of several well-studied intracratonic sedimentary basins within the North American craton whose formational mechanisms and subcrustal structure are not well understood. We study the S-velocity structure of the upper mantle beneath the Illinois basin and its surrounding area through seismic tomography. We utilize continental scale waveform data of seismic S and surface waves, enhanced by regional earthquakes located near the Illinois basin. Our 3D tomographic model, IL05, confirms the existence of a slow S-velocity structure in the uppermost mantle beneath the Illinois basin region. This anomalously slow region exists from the base of the crust to depths of  90 km, and is slower than the North American cratonic average by about 200 m/s. This anomalous uppermost mantle beneath the Illinois basin is underlain by a faster lithosphere, typical of the surrounding craton, to depths of  200 km. Excluding the formation of the Reelfoot Rift, this area of North American has been stable for over 1.0 Gy. Thus, we do not expect thermal anomalies from before that time to persist into present day S-velocity anomalies and we consider a delamination origin as an explanation of Illinois basin subsidence unlikely. We cannot rule out that the slow mid-lithosphere beneath the Illinois basin is caused by an uppermost mantle enriched by a deep, but weak plume. We attribute the slow mid-lithosphere to the presence of either oceanic, hydrous crust, or, a relatively cool mantle wedge with preserved hydrous minerals in the Illinois basin's uppermost mantle, related to a fossilized flat subduction zone.     

Sedimentation,tectonism and volcanism relationships in two Andean basins of southern Peru

The intermontane basins of the Central Andes, formed from the first episode of the andine tectonic (peruvian phase, Santonian), are characterized by a clastic continental sedimentation, settled in a compressive tectonic context and containing volcanic intercalations. The two basins presented in this paper, have distinct ages and a different geodynamic context, each:

1. The Cuzco-Sicuam Basin, Maestrichtian-Paleocene in age, is a back-arc basin. A coarse grained red bed sedimentation appeared at the same time as the synsedimentary tectonic and volcanic activity increased in the source area.
2. The Moquegua Basin, Oligocene in age, is a fore-arc basin. After a compressive phase, the northeastern border of the basin shows high mobility, characterized by superposed alluvial fans. Within the basin, the coarse grained sediments are associated with volcanic tuffs.

In the two basins, the tectonism, the volcanism and the coarse grained sedimentation occured simultaneously. The coarse grained sedimentation does not appear to be linked with climatic changes, but with the increasing mobility of the source area. The relationship between tectonic regime and volcanic activity in the basin and in the source area is considered.     

层形态的概念及地质意义

层形态是作者在开发“大陆伸展盆地构造沉积模拟系统（ＴＳＭＳ）”过程中提出的一个新概念。层形态是指能够反映盆地构造沉积演化过程的沉积地层的几何形态，大陆伸展盆地的构造沉积学模拟结果表明，在不同伸展速率下形成的盆地具有不同的层形态、瞬时伸展盆地的层形态为板状，快速持续伸展盆地表现为尖楔形层形态，在这两种端元情形下存在着一系列过渡类型，通过在地震剖面和地质剖面上分析盆地的层形态和其随时间的变化，有助于对盆地构造沉积过程的认识     

湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的岩溶无机碳汇强度

岩溶作用积极参与全球碳循环过程,进一步弄清岩溶碳汇机制对于精确评估碳循环过程意义重大。中国碳酸盐岩分布面积广大,尤以西南地区最为广泛与集中,虽然本区已开展了较多以石灰岩为主流域的岩溶碳汇研究,但是与白云岩流域相关的研究较为薄弱,这不利于精确评价中国岩溶碳汇潜力和服务于国家碳中和战略。为此,本文以中国西南岩溶区内具代表性的贵州施秉黄洲河白云岩流域作为研究区,对湿润亚热带典型白云岩小流域的水-岩-气相互作用及其无机岩溶碳汇进行了为期1年(2018年5月至2019年5月)的水文水化学自动监测研究。获得了黄洲河白云岩流域的降雨量、流量、水温、电导率、pH值等高时间分辨率的连续监测数据,并采用化学热力学模型计算了方解石与白云石饱和指数及河水中CO₂分压等水化学指标。结果显示:(1)该白云岩流域属典型的山区雨源型河流,洪水流量过程虽然呈现显著的暴涨暴落特征,但是流域出口河水的化学动态仍受水化学稳态行为的控制;(2)流域上游高原面上浅切割地表河两侧发育溶隙型含水介质,中下游排水系统为地表河,由于地表河水中CO₂的释放,使该流域出口河水的方解石饱和指数较高,并伴有河床钙华沉积;(3)采用白云石开放系统化学热力学模型,结合不同土地利用类型的土壤CO₂数据,计算出泄流于地表河的岩溶地下水 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度为5.1 mmol/L,该值要高于黄洲河出口河水 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}平均浓度16%,表明该岩溶流域内的地表河因受紊流脱气和水生生物光合作用的影响,水中的溶解无机碳有所降低;(4)由水化学-径流法准确计算了该白云岩流域的岩溶碳汇通量(以CO₂计),为36.43 t/(km²·a),该值并未显著高于中国南方其他碳酸盐岩流域的岩溶碳汇通量,表明白云岩流域覆被中CO₂浓度仍与流域径流量呈反比关系,这两个主控因子的共同作用,使湿润亚热带岩溶流域的岩溶碳汇通量不至于发生较大变化。     

中国多旋回叠合沉积盆地的形成演化、地质结构与油气分布规律

深入认识盆地的地质结构与构造演化,探讨盆地的油气分布规律,将为揭示中国大陆属性、资源能源分布、环境变化及油气勘探新领域奠立重要基础。本文立足于油气勘探的新资料,应用活动论构造历史观与比较大地构造学方法,分析了中国叠合沉积盆地的构造演化、构造分区、地质结构与油气成藏模式,探索油气分布规律。研究表明,中国叠合沉积盆地经历了中新元古代、寒武纪—泥盆纪(或中泥盆世)、(晚泥盆世—)石炭纪—三叠纪与侏罗纪—第四纪4个构造旋回的演化;据东西向两条构造锋线和南北(或北北东)向的两条改造锋线及西太平洋弧后盆地带,可将中国划分为北疆、内蒙古、松辽、塔里木—阿拉善、鄂尔多斯、渤海湾、青藏、四川、华南与海域等10个沉积盆地区;发育有前陆/克拉通、前陆/坳陷、坳陷/断陷、断陷/坳陷、反转断陷、被动陆缘、走滑叠合和改造残留等8种叠合盆地结构类型;发育安岳裂陷槽型、塔北型、苏里格复合三角洲型、玛湖凹陷型、陆梁隆起型、库车冲断带型、大庆长垣型、古潜山型、中央峡谷水道型、柴东生物气型、四川源内型与沁水向斜煤层气型等12种典型油气成模式;盆地内凹陷/断陷的油气分布具有空间有序性,叠合界面油气富集具优势性,油气叠合分布有强的非均一性,中西部前陆/克拉通叠合型盆地的油、气分区分布,海域被动陆缘/断陷叠合型盆地的油、气分带分布。中国多旋回叠合盆地具有独特的“三环带状”油气分布格局。     

盆山转换和当代盆地分析中的新问题

盆地和造山带之间的关系是当前大陆动力学探索的热门和前沿思想的生长点。大陆构造上最突出的和最基本的构造单元：一是盆地系统；二是造山带系统。这两个系统是地壳时空演化的一对孪生体。沉积盆地系统是把堆积空间和各类物源区作为一个有机的整体体系。盆地是地壳构造运动的产物，是地球动力学的响应，而盆地的发生和发展又与造山带是相辅相成的。盆地的性质、类型、演化和盆地性质转换的动力学分析，通过火山岩的性质、蛇绿岩和混染堆积或者是岛弧带的走向等判断，这些信息无疑是重要的因素。沉积地质学的发展所赋予新的研究内容是：通过不同物源堆积体的相互关系可以反馈盆地地球动力学性质和盆山转换的信息，盆地边界的构造要素、不同物源的充填堆积物的生长序列、堆积物的几何形态及其叠置关系等也具有与蛇绿岩同等的重要性。造山带是地壳构造活动和动力转换的记录，它代表陆块间的相互运动、消失的大洋、消失的陆块和大陆边缘盆地，所以造山带就是消失的大洋系统和消失的盆地系统，即盆地转为山系。这种“盆山转换”的耦合关系是当代沉积地质学和大地构造学交叉的前沿。本文提出“盆山转换”的新思路和研究的内涵，并讨论这一理论、方法的基本观点和思路：“板块构造控盆、盆转山和山控盆”。