广东河台金矿构造应力场演化及构造控矿模式

广东河台金矿位于两广云开大山地区吴川-四会断裂变质带与广宁-罗定断裂变质带交汇部位,为一典型的韧性剪切带蚀变糜棱岩型金矿。海西-印支期区域SN向左旋挤压应力形成有区域左行韧性剪切性质的吴川-四会断裂变质带和广宁-罗定断裂变质带;燕山早期,区域构造应力转为SN向右旋挤压,区域韧性剪切带转为右行韧性剪切性质,并对先期形成的糜棱岩带改造显示为右行剪切特征;燕山晚期,大规模的右行韧性剪切活动逐渐转为右行脆-韧性、脆性剪切,在部分糜棱岩带中产生脆性断裂。河台金矿严格受韧性剪切糜棱岩带控制。区域吴川-四会断裂变质带和广宁-罗定断裂变质带是一级构造,两者交汇部位控制了河台金矿田的产出;燕山期,广宁-罗定断裂变质带的C-R次级构造（即河台韧性剪切带及其糜棱岩带）是二级构造,控制了河台金矿床的分布;河台矿区糜棱岩带中的张剪裂隙和主剪切裂隙系统是第三级构造裂隙,控制了河台金矿床的类型(蚀变糜棱岩型和石英脉型)及金矿体的分布和形态。     

海南公爱NW向韧性剪切带构造特征及其40Ar-39Ar年代学约束

在海南岛西部公爱地区识别出NW向韧性剪切带,其野外构造解析和显微构造分析表明,公爱NW向韧性剪切带早期为右旋剪切,变形温度约300～450℃。对该韧性剪切带糜棱岩样品中白云母单矿物的40Ar39Ar定年结果表明:样品04HN17和04HN18分别给出了250.0±1.0Ma和248.0±1.0Ma的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄,为印支早期变形产物。海南公爱NW向韧性剪切带变形运动学和变形时序与印支北部NW向韧性剪切带(如SongMa地区)具有很好的一致性,这为理解公爱地区早中生代构造演化及华南陆块和印支半岛印支期构造演化提供了新的信息。     

郯庐高压走滑韧性剪切带特征及其^40Ar／^39Ar定年

本文首次报导苏鲁造山带西缘新发现的北东向郯庐高压左旋走滑韧性剪切带。剪切带糜棱岩中长石与石英皆广泛发生了动态重结晶,其重结晶型式指示变形温度高达600～700℃。糜棱岩基质中新结晶的白云母,经电子探针分析指示为多硅白云母,所计算的形成压力为1.03～1.45 GPa,表明形成于地壳底部的高压榴辉岩相环境。工作中对剪切带糜棱岩中6个多硅白云母样品进行了~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年,其中2个超糜棱岩基质中新结晶多硅白云母分别给出了209.9±1.5Ma 和214.3±1.4Ma(皆晚三叠世)的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 坪年龄,指示了左旋走滑的冷却年龄。这些年龄值与苏鲁超高压变质带内已有的多硅白云母~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar 年龄基本一致,表明郯庐断裂带形成于华北与华南板块的碰撞造山期。结合其它地质现象,笔者认为在这两个板块碰撞中郯庐断裂带是以陆内左旋变换断层的型式出现的,从而将大别与苏鲁造山带大规模左行错开。     

敦密断裂带走滑运动的^40Ar／^39Ar年代学证据

敦密断裂带是郯庐断裂带北段最重要的分支,其大规模左旋走滑剪切时代一直是悬而未决的科学问题。野外构造解析和显微构造分析表明,密山县知一镇附近的敦密韧性剪切带为左旋剪切带,变形温度约450~650℃。在韧性剪切带糜棱岩中获得黑云母单矿物的40Ar/36Ar-39Ar/36Ar等时线年龄值为(161±3)Ma,结合完达山地体的走滑拼贴时代,认为敦密断裂带在中侏罗世末期发生强烈的左旋走滑运动。这一年代学数据反映了在滨太平洋构造域构造活动期间,郯庐断裂被利用而再次发生左旋走滑,并向北扩展到东北地区。敦密断裂走滑运动时代与完达山地体的走滑-拼贴增生时代吻合,两者是相同大地构造背景中的产物。     

南天山中段桑树园子韧性剪切带的形成时限及其构造意义

南天山中段桑树园子韧性剪切带是一条近东西走向的剪切带,带内面理、线理、不对称构造广泛发育,通过运动学分析判断该剪切带为左旋走滑性质。剪切带内糜棱岩中的白云母40Ar/39Ar测年获得坪年龄(393±6)Ma和等时线年龄(389±3)Ma;带内雁行式裂隙中的黑云母40Ar/39Ar测年获得坪年龄(366.5±2)Ma和等时线年龄(365±3)Ma。结合区域大地构造背景,笔者认为,桑树园子韧性剪切带是由塔里木板块和哈萨克斯坦—伊犁板块斜碰撞产生的同碰撞走滑构造带,在斜碰撞过程中起到平行板块边界方向的应变分解作用。     

大别山东缘郯庐断裂带的热演化史及构造意义

大别山东缘早期郯庐韧性剪切带 5个糜棱岩中白云母 4 0 Ar/39Ar总体年龄为 187～ 196Ma,其中三个给出了 188.7± 0 .7Ma、189.7±0 .6Ma、192 .5± 0 .7Ma的可靠坪年龄 ,指示了同造山期左旋走滑热事件。起源于华北、华南板块陆—陆碰撞过程中的这期断裂平移活动 ,发生在高压、超高压岩片抬升至中地壳后的早侏罗世 ,推测为陆内俯冲速度差造成的转换断层。晚期郯庐韧性剪切带糜棱岩及其中白云母 4 0 Ar/39Ar年龄 ,指示了 12 8Ma前 (早白垩世 )发生的又一次左旋走滑冷却事件。在这期断裂带左行平移的同时 ,大别造山带东段出现了大规模的岩…     

郯庐断裂带肥东段走滑运动的40Ar/39Ar法定年

郯庐断裂带在华北与华南板块碰撞之后是否发生过大规模左行平移及其准确的时间,仍然是存在着争议的重要问题。郯庐断裂肥东段地表出露了大规模的、北北东走向的韧性剪切带。野外构造、显微构造与石英C轴组构分析皆指示为左旋走滑韧性剪切带。糜棱岩中变形矿物组合与矿物变形行为指示该韧性剪切带形成于中—高绿片岩相环境。通过对该段走滑糜棱岩中角闪石与黑云母的40Ar/39Ar年代学研究,本次工作中获得了一个角闪石(N14)的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为143.3±1.3Ma(早白垩世初),据变形温度判断其代表了该断裂带左行平移中的变形年龄。该糜棱岩(N14)中新生的黑云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为134.1±0.6Ma,而同一采场中另一糜棱岩(N13)中新生黑云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为130.3±0.6Ma,皆指示了左行平移活动的冷却年龄。另外4处走滑糜棱岩中黑云母的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄分别为137.2±0.8Ma(N47)、135.6±0.6Ma(N17)、124.8±0.7Ma(N21)和125.9±0.4Ma(N22),也都属于冷却年龄,反映了该走滑韧性剪带内的不均匀冷却现象。由此变形年龄与冷却年龄可以判断该断裂带的左行平移持续时间不超过6Ma左右。由N14糜棱岩中的角闪石与黑云母坪年龄得到该处的平均冷却速率为21.7℃/Ma,属于较快速的冷却。本次40Ar/39Ar测年结果,更可靠地证实了郯庐断裂     

云南崇山剪切断裂系显微构造特征及其40 Ar-39 Ar年代学约束

野外构造解析和显微构造分析表明:崇山剪切断裂系北部的崇山剪切断裂带为一条左旋走滑剪切带,变形温度为300～550℃,为绿片岩相至低角闪岩相;而南部的临沧剪切带是一条带有NWW-SEE向地壳缩短变形的左旋走滑剪切带,普遍为绿片岩相,变形温度为300～450℃,存在向SE的推覆事件。对采自崇山和临沧韧性剪切带内糜棱岩样品中矿物的40Ar-39Ar年代学研究表明:崇山韧性剪切带凤庆至小湾公路26km处02DX-139样品中黑云母40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为28.3±0.1Ma,临沧韧性剪切带双江粟义剖面02DX-51样品白云母给出了31.5±0.2Ma的坪年龄。崇山-临沧剪切断裂带变形运动学和变形时序与哀牢山-红河剪切断裂带具有很好的一致性,这为理解滇西地区新生代构造演化和亚欧-印度块体的拼合效应及南海海盆的打开提供了新的信息。     

东秦岭鮸鱼咀韧性剪切带构造变形特征及其年代学约束

东秦岭鮸鱼咀韧性剪切带是秦岭造山带晚古生代构造带武关杂岩和刘岭群的分界线,其变形作用的研究对揭示秦岭造山带晚古生代的构造演化具有重要意义.本文对这条剪切带进行了详细的几何学、运动学、锆石U-Pb和白云母40Ar/39Ar年代学研究.几何学和运动学指示鮸鱼咀韧性剪切带经历了两期主要的构造变形:早期由北向南的逆冲推覆变形和晚期左行走滑剪切变形.锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明构成剪切带主体的长英质糜棱岩中碎屑锆石主要的峰值年龄为448 Ma,最年轻的峰值年龄为390 Ma,其碎屑物质来源为北秦岭构造带,因此其原岩应该为一套沉积岩.眼球状白云母40Ar/39Ar同位素测年获得的坪年龄为(263±2)Ma.结合前人的变质变形年代学数据,认为早期的逆冲推覆与石炭纪大洋俯冲有关,晚期左行走滑是秦岭造山带晚二叠世"软碰撞"的构造响应.     

韧性剪切带型金矿三阶段构造成矿模式——以广东河台金矿床为例

基于对粤西河台韧性剪切带型金矿的构造解析,本文提出了韧性剪切带型金矿成矿的一种新构造模式,即:在大型韧性剪切带运动指向的前锋,当扩展弱化而出现分支糜棱岩带时,就会在韧性剪切带中出现由强变形带包绕的构造透镜体弱变形域。由于透镜体域中央岩石处于脆性环境,在变形分解过程中,强变形带中含金流体会通过岩石中的微破裂渗透到相对低压的弱变形构造透镜体域中央,并通过构造泵吸机制在其中产生周期性的液压致裂与裂开‒愈合,这为在韧性剪切阶段活动的金提供了一个理想的沉淀场所。上述构造机制很好地解释了河台金矿床中透镜状特富矿体的成因。河台含金韧性剪切带在韧性、韧‒脆性及脆性阶段在同位空间并列与叠加了不同类型金矿体,从早到晚分别形成细脉‒浸染型、石英脉型与破碎带蚀变岩型金矿体。河台韧性剪切带群为粤西深层次逆冲推覆构造前缘陡坡带的分支糜棱岩带,其韧性剪切阶段为左旋平‒逆剪切,韧‒脆性与脆性阶段转变为右旋平‒逆剪切,并依此讨论了金矿体的侧伏规律及隐伏矿体的预测方向。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.