父亲

父亲的肩是厚厚的垫托起家庭的重担不曾有空闲父亲的臂是弯弯的镰在岁月的山坡上砍伐不曾有清闲父亲的脚是短短的尺丈量泥泞的道路不曾间断希望的伸延父亲的背是弯弯的弓搭上母亲的一支支箭竭力射向高高的蓝天父亲的眼是深深的堰盛着生活的辛酸也盛着幸福的甘甜     

城里的月光

百花园默默来到城市身旁不经意拔动人世间的忧伤流浪的人在痴痴仰望回家的路途那么漫长远方倚门回归的乡音一次次淋湿游子的胸膛谁在城市的街头独自彷徨憔悴挂满年轻的脸庞月下的爱情为何短暂匆忙遍地的清辉留不住远去的倩影只有任思念把一切埋葬深夜的月亮已经隐藏谁还在把城里的月光演唱窗外的霓虹装点不眠的夜色躲在城市后面的月光让人静静想起旧日的悲凉许多与月有关的往事在这孤独的夜里情不自禁地疯长......城里的月光@姜永育     

一门新兴的边缘学科——风工程学

风对人类的活动有明显的影响,对于风力的利用已有上千年的历史.但对风真正的了解,却经过漫长的岁月.因为引起风变化的原因十分复杂,它是由于各种不同尺度的流体系统之间,以及由多种原因产生的力之间的非线性作用的结果.     

中纬度对流层上部的能量变化

能量在大气中是一个主要的因素,大气中一切的现象之所以能发生,都是因为大气有适当的能量的供给和变化。大气中能量的式样很多,不同式样的能力有不同的重要性,研究各种式样的能力的多寡和它的变化是很有意义的,因为大气环流     

有害蓝藻喜欢温暖

城市、农业和工业发展造成的富营养化的水促进了蓝藻的生长,就像促进有害的海藻生长一样。这些蓝藻的繁盛增加了水生生态系统的混乱状况。窒息了水生植物,抑制了无脊椎动物和鱼类的生活环境。一些蓝藻产生出能够引发严重的、偶然情况下致命的人类肝脏、消化系统、神经系统和皮肤疾病的毒素。蓝藻的繁盛威胁到水生生态系统,包括非洲的Victoria湖,北美洲的Erie湖,中国的太湖以及欧洲的波罗的海。     

积云参数化和分辨率对MJO数值模拟的影响

用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的一个大气环流模式,使用不同的积云参数化方案和分辨率进行了6个模拟试验,考察了积云参数化方案和模式分辨率对热带大气季节内振荡（MJO）模拟的影响。结果显示：积云参数化方案和分辨率都会影响MJO的模拟。但积云参数化方案决定了模式对MJO模拟的基本能力,决定了模拟的MJO的基本特征。分辨率的变化并不能使模拟的MJO发生本质的改变,分辨率的作用更多的是对MJO的模拟起一定的调制作用,而这种调制作用又受到积云参数化方案的制约。在改进积云参数化方案的基础上提高模式的分辨率会在某些方面改善MJO的模拟。但是分辨率的提高需要同时提高水平分辨率和垂直分辨率,单独提高水平分辨率会降低模式模拟MJO的能力,引入更多的小尺度的高频扰动。非绝热加热垂直廓线对模式模拟MJO有重要的影响,而非绝热加热廓线很大程度上取决于所使用的积云参数化方案。模式水平分辨率的变化不会对加热廓线的结构产生明显的影响,而垂直分辨率的变化会对加热廓线的垂直结构产生一定的调制作用,进而对模拟的MJO起到调制作用。     

全球大气能量演变及其与太阳活动的关系

利用1979—2010年间的JRA-25再分析资料、太阳常数观测资料,重现了1979—2010年间的各能量的时间序列,并对整层大气、对流层大气和平流层大气这3个大气层能量的演变规律及其与太阳活动的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)整层大气的总能量和对流层大气的总能量,两者都存在一个显著的3.7 a的周期;而平流层大气的总能量具有一个显著的11~22 a的振荡周期;平流层大气对太阳活动的响应,与对流层大气对太阳活动的响应有所不同:平流层大气的总能量的变化略落后于太阳常数的变化,但是整层大气和对流层大气的总能量的变化均是超前于太阳常数的变化。(2)整层大气、对流层大气和平流层大气这3个层次的总能量和太阳常数分别具有显著的4~11 a的共振周期、5.5~7.3 a的共振周期和3.7~11 a的共振周期。     

为预报植物、群落和生态系统对二氧化碳浓度响应的模拟要求

大气CO_2升高的一个重要的直接效应是促进植物生长。为了了解和预报自然物种及生态系统对CO_2增加的响应,需要有新的或修正的模式方法。由于在未来100年内,大气中CO_2将增加1倍,有效的模式将成为预报响应(如生产率的变化,植物群落组成的变化及分离的碳含量的变化)的重要手段。作为研究CO_2对植被直接影响的综合计划的一部分,对模拟植物和生态系统响应的要求进行了讨讨,主要的要求是(a)一种模式的复杂程度要与一般的生态知识相适应,主要是CO_2响应函数的处理;(b)建立预报植物、群落和生态系统对CO_2响应的模式;(c)评价由CO_2决定的模式参数的敏感性和不确定性,次要的要求是建立评价模式所需的资料条件的框架。     

东亚的秋高气爽

作者利用现有的气候资料把我国秋高气爽的天气现象的出现地区、起迄日期和形成原因作一初步的分析,同时还把中国的秋高气爽现象跟北半球其他地区如北美印第安夏季,欧洲的老妇人天气或中欧的秋老虎天气作一粗略的比较;最后,还指出我国秋高气爽天气在8月底9月初的建立和地面层冬季风的来临是同时的,而它的结束则与亚洲南部高空西风急流的建立和夏季风影响的停止是同时的.     

关于中国季风性质的几个问题

在本文里讨论了下列四个问题:1.季风的分布。用季风指数的分布明说我国东南部分是季风最强的区域,华北季风较弱,东南沿海也有一条狹窄的季风较弱的地带,这说明了季风强度的分布是很复杂的.2.季风场.在中印之间发现有一条明显的季风界线存在,季风界线的产生是与西藏高原的影响分不开的.对中国和印度季风的物理性质的差异进行了分析,并从季风观点将中国分为三个不同的气候区域.3.季风变换.季风变换和南支西风急流的形成和消失有密切关系,对它们有決定性影响的不是西藏高原的动力作用,而是亚洲大陆的热平衡条件,后者还决定了整个东亚和太平洋区域大气环流的季节性突变过程.4.季风的振动.季风的强弱经常是在变化的,利用苏联王根敢(?)的环流型对照分析,发现远东的季风的世纪变程和环流型的世纪变程基本上是相同的.     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.