日本著名地震学家茂木清夫

茂木清夫教授是日本著名的地震学和岩石力学专家 ,曾先后担任日本地震防灾对策加强地区判定会委员、地震预报联络会关东部会长、东海地区地震预报判定会委员、地震预报联络会委员、日本学术会议地球物理学研究联络委员会委员、日本学术会议地球物理学研究联络委员会地震预报小委员会委员和日本地震学会会长。 1 989年 1 2月 2 8日 ,他从东京大学地震研究所所长的位置退休后 ,仍一如既往致力于地震预报事业 ,目前担任着地震预报联络会会长、(财 )地震预报综合研究振兴会理事。茂木先生 1 92 9年 1 2月 2 8日生于日本山形县 ,1 950年高中毕业…     

悼念著名地球物理学家马在田(英文)

Famous geophysicist, CASat Tongji University, Mr. Ma Zai-China, on 5 June 2011 at the age of Mr. Ma was born in October     

国际著名地球物理学家罗杰斯特先生简介

罗杰斯特教授(Michael Rochester)是加拿大纽芬兰纪念大学地球科学系的研究教授,1983年当选加拿大皇家学会会员,1986年获得加拿大地球物理学会Tuzo Wilson金牌奖。罗杰斯特教授具有深厚的数学物理功底,早年曾在多伦多大学、滑铁卢大学从事物理学、地球物理学的研究和教学工作。先后任约克大学和昆士兰大学客座教授。罗杰斯特博士是美国前沿科学会员,美国物理学会会员,加拿大物理学会会员,国际天文学会会员,国际形变与物理联合会会员,伦敦皇家天文学学会会员,Sigma Xi研究学会会员。2005和2006年曾访问上海天文台并进行过短期教学工作。罗…     

地震学家测量了从地球液核到下地幔的热流

科学家们已经直接测量了从地核液体金属到地幔底部区域的热流量,该过程有助于了解驱动浅部板块的运动和产生地球磁场的地球发电机。最近发表于《Science》杂志上的研究指出,新的温度测量是通过关联地震观测与最近发现的矿物转换获得的,该矿物转换发生于核-幔边界附近的超高压和超高温度条件。论文第一作者加利福尼亚大学地球与行星科学系Thorne Lay教授认为,这是首次拥有“温度计”,它能告诉我们地球深处的温度。如果我们的解释是正确的,那么它给我们提供了两种不同深度处正确的温度,因此我们不仅得到了绝对温度,还得到了温度随深度变化的…     

日本著名地震学家溝上惠

溝上惠（Megumi Mizoue）教授1936年出生于日本新泻县,1961年毕业于东京大学理学部,1966年东京大学研究生院毕业并取得博士学位,同年任职于东京大学地震研究所,1975年任副教授,1985年晋升为教授,1997年退休后任东京大学名誉教授。     

著名地球物理学家陈宗器先生诞辰110周年相关纪念活动

2008年陈宗器先生诞辰110周年,10月16日下午“陈宗器先生诞辰110周年纪念大会暨纪念文集首发式”在北京举行.陈宗器先生(1898~1960)是我国著名地球物理学家,我国地球物理学杰出的领导者、组织者、开创者;地磁学科的奠基人.中国地球物理学会首任理事长、发起人之一.20世纪30年代     

地震学家被控过失杀人

亲爱的同事和朋友们： 两个星期前,拉奎拉检察官办公室以过失杀人罪起诉了在拉奎拉Mw6．3地震前一周会面的国家高风险委员会的成员们,罪名是他们未能在震前提供短期地震预报,导致超过300人在地震中丧生。     

安芸敬一（K．Aki）（1930-2005）：地震学家和领导者

大家都叫他Kei，一个善于思考的领导者，40年来他给我们带来了更定量地理解地球内部动力过程的新方法。2005年5月17日Kei Aki在印度洋“热点”的留尼汪岛去世，自从在美国的学术研究退休后他就一直住在那里。他因在地震学方面的许多研究成果及他在发展地震危险性概率评估中的团队领导才能而被人们所熟知。     

由第29届IASPEI大会谈我国的地震学和地球内部物理研究

第二十九届国际地震学和地球内部物理学协会大会国际地震学和地球内部物理学协会大会（GeneralAssemblyofInternationalAssociationofSeismologyandPhysicsoftheEarth’sInterior（IASPEI））于（1997年）8月18日～28日在希腊第二大城市萨洛尼卡举行中国（包括台湾）、美国、俄国、英国、法国、德国、希腊、澳大利亚、新西兰、荷兰、等40多个国家约800多位学者出席了大会，我国国家地震局团组（24人）、中国科学院（4人）、地质矿产部（1人）、高等院校（1人）和山西省科委共引人前往参加大会共收到摘要约1500篇，其中我国67篇．大会…     

深切怀念地球物理研究所老所长、著名地球物理学家顾功叙院士

2022年1月14日是国际著名地球物理学家、我国勘探地球物理事业的奠基人与开拓者之一、也是地震预报研究的开创者之一顾功叙先生逝世30周年纪念日。1992年的今天,让人尊敬爱戴的、德高望重的地球物理研究所名誉所长顾功叙先生因病与世长辞。顾老虽然已离开我们整整30年了,但是他崇高的品德风范、高瞻远瞩的学术思想以及事业上的杰出功绩,至今依然被我们所铭记,并以崇敬的心情深切缅怀他。     

保罗·理查兹(Paul Richards)荣获哈利·菲尔丁·里德奖

颁奖词非常荣幸也非常高兴由我宣读保罗.理查兹荣获美国地震学会最高荣誉奖的里德奖(Harry Fielding Reid Medal)的颁奖词。我认为通常情况下,有资格获得这份荣誉的学者不但是一个才华出众的人,更是一个出色运用他的才华的人。     

Water quality monitoring in the Paul do Boquilobo Biosphere Reserve

The Paul do Boquilobo is an important wetland ecosystem classified by Unesco as a MAB Biosphere reserve also awarded Ramsar site status, representing one of the most important habitats for the resident nesting colony of Cattle Egret (Bulbucus ibis). Yet owing to its location, it suffers from human induced impacts which include industrial and domestic effluent discharges as well as agricultural land use which have negatively impacted water quality. The current study reports the results obtained from the introductory monitoring programme of surface water quality in the Nature Reserve to emphasize the detrimental impact of the anthropogenic activities in the water quality of such an important ecosystem. The study involved physicochemical and biotic variables, microbial parameters and biological indicators. Results after 3 years of monitoring bring to evidence a poor water quality further impaired by seasonal patterns. Statistical analysis of data attributed water quality variation to 3 main parameters – pH, dissolved oxygen and nitrates, indicating heavy contamination loads from both organic and agricultural sources. Seasonality plays a role in water flow and climatic conditions, where sampling sites presented variable water quality data, suggesting a depurative function of the wetland.     

Asthenospheric percolation of alkaline melts beneath the St. Paul region (Central Atlantic Ocean)

Two peridotite suites collected by submersible in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean (Hekinian et al., 2000) were studied for textures, modes, and in situ major and trace element compositions in pyroxenes. Dive SP12 runs along the immersed flank of the St. Peter and Paul Rocks islets where amphibole-bearing, ultramafic mylonites enriched in alkalies and incompatible elements are exposed (Roden et al., 1984), whereas dive SP03 sampled a small intra-transform spreading centre situated about 370 km east of the St. Peter and Paul Rocks. Both suites are characterized by undeformed, coarse-grained granular textures typical of abyssal peridotites, derived from residual mantle after ～ 15% melting of a DMM source, starting in the garnet stability field. Trace element modelling, textures and lack of mineral zoning indicate that the residual peridotites were percolated, reacted and refertilized by ～ 2.6% partially aggregated melts in the uppermost level of the melting region. This relatively large amount of refertilization is in agreement with the cold and thick lithosphere inferred by previous studies. Freezing of trapped melts occurred as the peridotite entered the conductive layer, resulting in late-stage crystallization of olivine, clinopyroxene, spinel, ± plagioclase. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns in clinopyroxenes from SP03 indicate that they last equilibrated with (ultra-) depleted partial melts. In contrast, REE concentrations in clinopyroxenes from SP12 display U and S shaped LREE-enriched patterns and the calculated compositions of the impregnating melts span the compositional range of the regional basalts, which vary from normal MORB to alkali basalt sometimes modified by chromatographic fractionation with no, or very limited, mineral reaction. Thus the mylonitic band forming the St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks ridge is not a fragment of subcontinental lithospheric mantle left behind during the opening of the Central Atlantic, nor the source of the alkaline basalts as previously suggested. Rather, dive SP12 sampled residual peridotites of normal MORB mantle that were located close to channels transporting alkali basalts. Reacted melts escaping from these channels, infiltrated, and locally equilibrated with, the peridotite matrix by ion exchange reactions. Relicts of the source of the alkaline basalts were not sampled but our study suggests that it was a component of the MORB mantle underlying the St. Paul region.     

Mechanisms of magmatic gas loss along the Southeast Indian Ridge and the Amsterdam -St. Paul Plateau

New analyses of He, Ne, Ar and CO₂ trapped in basaltic glasses from the Southeast Indian Ridge (Amsterdam-St. Paul (ASP) region) show that ridge magmas degas by a Rayleigh distillation process. As a result, the absolute and relative noble gas abundances are highly fractionated with ⁴He/⁴⁰Ar* ratios as high as 620 compared to a production ratio of ∼3 (where ⁴⁰Ar* is ⁴⁰Ar corrected for atmospheric contamination). There is a good correlation between ⁴He/⁴⁰Ar* and the MgO content of the basalt, suggesting that the amount of gas lost from a particular magma is related to the degree of crystallization. Fractional crystallization forces oversaturation of CO₂ because CO₂ is an incompatible element. Therefore, crystallization will increase the fraction of gas lost from the magma. The He-Ar-CO₂-MgO-TiO₂ compositions of the ASP basalts are modeled as a combined fractional crystallization-fractional degassing process using experimentally determined noble gas and CO₂ solubilities and partition coefficients at reasonable magmatic pressures (2-4 kbar). The combined fractional crystallization-degassing model reproduces the basalt compositions well, although it is not possible to rule out depth of eruption as a potential additional control on the extent of degassing. The extent of degassing determines the relative noble gas abundances (⁴He/⁴⁰Ar*) and the ⁴⁰Ar*/CO₂ ratio but it cannot account for large (>factor 50) variations in He/CO₂, due to the similar solubilities of He and CO₂ in basaltic magmas. Instead, variations in CO₂/³He (≡C/³He) trapped in the vesicles must reflect similar variations in the primary magma. The controls on C/³He in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) are not known. There are no obvious correlated variations between C/³He and tracers of mantle heterogeneity (³He/⁴He, K/Ti etc.), implying that the variations in C/³He are not likely to be a feature of the mantle source to these basalts. Mixing between MORB-like sources and more enriched, high ³He/⁴He sources occurs on and near the ASP plateau, resulting in variable ³He/⁴He and K/Ti compositions (and many other tracers). Using ⁴He/⁴⁰Ar* to track degassing, we demonstrate that mixing systematics involving He isotopes are determined in large part by the extent of degassing. Relatively undegassed lavas (with low ⁴He/⁴⁰Ar*) are characterized by steep ³He/⁴He-K/Ti mixing curves, with high He/Ti ratios in the enriched magma (relative to He/Ti in the MORB magma). Degassed samples (high ⁴He/⁴⁰Ar*) on the other hand have roughly equal He/Ti ratios in both end-members, resulting in linear mixing trajectories involving He isotopes. Some degassing of ASP magmas must occur at depth, prior to magma mixing. As a result of degassing prior to mixing, mixing systematics of oceanic basalts that involve noble gas-lithophile pairs (e.g. ³He/⁴He vs. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr or ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar vs. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) are unlikely to reflect the noble gas composition of the mantle source to the basalts. Instead, the mixing curve will reflect the extent of gas loss from the magmas, which is in turn buffered by the pressure of combined crystallization-degassing and the initial CO₂ content.     

Heat release from rooftops during rainstorms in the Minneapolis/St. Paul Metropolitan Area,USA

In the modeling of urban storm water runoff temperatures, the contribution of rooftops to the heating of rainfall runoff is usually neglected or not mentioned in the literature. In this paper we examine the accuracy of this assumption (a) by analyzing temperature data that we recorded on a residential rooftop, a commercial rooftop, and a concrete driveway, and (b) by simulating temperature profiles within rooftops and pavements, and estimating heat transfer amounts from these surfaces to rainfall runoff (‘heat export’). Analysis of both wet‐ and dry‐weather temperature data recorded in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area (north‐central USA) over periods of several months leads to the conclusion that (a) a concrete driveway has a far greater capacity for heat storage and release than a shingled residential rooftop, and (b) an insulated commercial rooftop is able to store and release more heat than the residential rooftop. Unexpectedly, the rainfall events with the highest dew point (rainfall) and surface temperatures often occurred during late night or early morning hours, and not during daylight hours. The analysis of three rainfall events showed that the heat export from the commercial rooftop was roughly three times that of the residential rooftop, but only 30%–90% of the heat export from a concrete driveway. Maximum (potential) heat export was significantly higher for the driveway than for either rooftop. In conclusion, the results of the data analysis and heat export simulations support the assumption that residential rooftops contribute very little heating to runoff from rainfall, while commercial rooftops may have a thermal impact on rainfall runoff because of their greater thermal storage capacity. Commercial rooftops, in addition to asphalt and concrete pavements, should be considered when estimating water temperature of rainfall runoff from urbanized areas and the associated impact on the thermal regime of streams and fish habitat. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.