Template plotting

The template transformation allows rapid straight line plotting of fluid-bearing reactions for conditions exceeding the two phase field in water-carbon dioxide. The system CaO-MgO-SiO₂-H₂O-CO₂ with the six solid phase tale, tremolite, quartz, magnesite, calcite, and dolomite is treated at 2Kb. These phases, in T-NH₂O space at constant pressure, participate in two invariant points and eight reactions. Published T-NH₂O data for three of these reactions at 2Kb are transformed using the template into LnK-1/T space to yield the parameters of the best (by eye) straight lines. The parameters of the other five reaction lines are derived by linear combination of these parameters. The reactions belonging to one invariant point in T-NH₂O space will be straight lines that intersect at a single point in ln K-1/T space. This point is not the transformation of the invariant point, and it occurs because of the linear relationship between the reactions. Errors need to be considered in transforming the system back into T-NH₂O space, especially when reactions lines with shallow slopes are involved.     

Mineral reactions during coke gasification with carbon dioxide

Coke degradation in the blast furnace is influenced by its inherent mineral matter. Coke gasification affects the composition of the inherent mineral matter and would therefore be expected to change its effect on coke degradation. Four cokes prepared in a laboratory oven were exposed to carbon dioxide (100%) at approximately 900 °C for different carbon conversion levels, namely 15% and 75%. The mineralogy of the raw and reacted cokes was qualitatively and quantitatively determined. Gas composition was found to have a more significant effect on mineralogy than temperature; the mineralogy (qualitative and quantitative) being dramatically affected by carbon dioxide, whereas treatment at 900 °C in the absence of carbon dioxide resulted in little change. During gasification the reduced phases underwent transformations due to oxidation by carbon dioxide. Oxidation of the reduced phases enabled their reaction with adjacent minerals. Also, as gasification proceeds, the carbon in contact with the mineral matter is consumed, diminishing the contact surface area between them.     

分区绘制等值线的地下水污染质分布

使用ArcGIS 在不同水文地质分区中绘制等值线的方法,对长春市2004 年50 个水质采样点的数据进行空间统计分析,分区绘制了地下水重要组分NH+ 4 和Fe、Mn 的单项评价等值线图,分析了其分布及来源。结果表明,采用按水文地质条件分区绘制等值线的方法比原来由观测数据直接生成等值线的方法更趋合理。     

Multi-criteria decision-making analysis in selecting suitable plotting positions for IDF curves of storm events

Selecting suitable distributions for rainfall data is usually subjective and complex since it requires decision-makers to consider results from various measures of goodness-of-fit indices. In this study, the VIKOR method in multi-criteria decision-making analysis is modified to select the most suitable plotting positions to represent extreme storm intensities in order to build the intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves of storm events. This is done by considering the rankings provided by all goodness-of-fit indices used to obtain a compromise solution. Nine plotting positions are considered: Weibull (W), Adamowski (A), Gringorten (G), Hazen (H) and Gumbel (EV I) and two known plotting positions for generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution using Pearson’s skewness and another two using L-skewness. The IDF curves obtained are compared to a reference IDF curves which was found using the GEV distribution. The mean and median for three goodness-of-fit indices, the coefficient of variation of root mean square error, CV_RMSE, the mean percentage of difference, Δ, and the coefficient of determination, R ², are taken as the criteria for selection process. The results show that six plotting positions, A, H, W, G and the two plotting positions with L-skewness, are equally superior compared to the other three plotting positions.     

Natural metastable reactions involving garnet, staurolite and cordierite: implications for petrogenetic grids and the extensional collapse of the Betic-Rif Belt

Medium grade metapelites of the Torrox unit (Betic-Rif Belt, S Spain) contain mineral assemblages consisting of garnet (Grt), staurolite (St), cordierite (Crd), biotite, kyanite, sillimanite, andalusite, muscovite (Ms) and quartz (Qtz) and record complex reaction processes of cordierite growth through garnet and staurolite decomposition. The reaction textures, the chemical composition of the reactant and product phases, including Fe-Mg-Mn partitioning, and the results of equilibrium thermodynamic calculations indicate that these cordierite-bearing assemblages are largely deviated from equilibrium. Furthermore, the actual cordierite-forming reactions, as estimated from the assemblage and associated textures, conflict with the predictions of thermodynamically based petrogenetic grids for the model pelite system KFMASH, either those that predict the stable coexistence of cordierite + muscovite plus garnet or staurolite or those that do not foresee a field of stability for these types of assemblages. This conflict is explained in terms of cordierite growth (at ca. 575 °C and 2.5 kbar) through metastable reactions whose operation was conditioned by the relict persistence of higher pressure phases (garnet and staurolite) and phase compositions (e.g. muscovite and biotite) after fast decompression. This interpretation militates against the existence of a wide P-T range of stable coexistence at low P of Crd + Ms + Qtz ± Grt ± St in medium grade metapelites of normal composition (i.e. poor in Zn and/or Mn). The triggering of metastable cordierite-forming reactions and the preservation of even subtle disequilibrium features associated to them indicate that the rocks underwent fast near-isothermal decompression from ca. 12 kbar down to 2–3 kbar, then rapid cooling. These inferences agree with independent evidence indicating that termination of alpine metamorphism in the western Betic-Rif Belt was related to the extensional collapse of thickened crust and that the latter had consisted of a single, continuous event. Received: 6 August 1998 / Accepted: 9 February 1999     

二维地震勘探变观量板图及其应用

在以炸药为震源的二维地震勘探野外资料采集施工中,需要避开各种不能钻井放炮的障碍物,根据勘查区设计任务书的施工参数,可以画出变观量板图。变观量板图具有快速变观的作用,野外所遇到的不同距离的障碍物可以通过变观避开,给施工提供方便,变观量板图具有实际应用价值。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Carbons Using Attapulgite Template

The template carbonization method was utilized for the production of mesoporous carbons using attapulgite as a template and sucrose as carbon precursor. Sucrose was polymerized and carbonized in the tubes of natural attapulgite using a sulfuric acid catalyst. The structure of the template and carbons were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Nitrogen adsorption analysis techniques. At the micrometer level, the carbon material templated with the natural attapulgite had the similar morphology. Nitrogen adsorption analysis showed that the obtained porous carbons possess a wide pore size distribution and a large pore volume, especially in the range of mesopores.     

基于岩石物理模版的碳酸盐岩含气储层定量解释

笔者针对碳酸盐岩储层勘探开发面临的储层预测与流体识别难度大的问题,基于岩石物理理论,提出了一种对碳酸盐岩含气储层进行定量解释的方法:首先,综合碳酸盐岩地质和测井信息,以岩石物理理论为依据,实现了适用的碳酸盐岩岩石物理模型的构建;然后基于岩石物理模型优选出对孔隙度、含气饱和度较为敏感的参数λρ和μρ,构建能够反映储层孔隙度与含气饱和度的碳酸盐岩岩石物理模版;最后,将岩石物理模版与工区反演提取的参数相结合,确定储层分布范围,并对储层范围内孔隙度和含气饱和度数值进行了定量解释。实例分析表明,基于该模版定量解释得到的孔隙度和含气饱和度与实际地层孔隙度及产气结果基本一致,经验证碳酸盐岩岩石物理模版的可靠性和适用性较好。     

Reactions involving hydration of cordierite and hypersthene

Petrographic evidence for the hydration reactions: cordierite + water = gedrite + kyanite + quartz, and aluminous hypersthene + water = aluminous anthophyllite, is shown by some granulite facies rocks in the Arunta Complex, near Alice Springs, central Australia. Electron microprobe analyses enable the reactions to be written in some detail. Preliminary thermodynamic and experimental information suggests that the reactions took place at relatively high confining pressures. The reactions may have proceeded more in response to addition of water to the system, rather than a major change in P-T conditions.     

Reactions involving hydration of orthopyroxene in anorthosite-gabbro

Hydration of orthopyroxene (En₆₀) in contact with plagioclase (An₃₆) leads to oronas of the type orthopyroxene-cummingtonite-edenite + quartz-edenitic hornblende. The compositions of the minerals involved indicate that kyanite needles in the adjacent plagioclases form as part of the reaction: orthopyroxene (En₆₀) + plagioclase (An₃₆) + H₂O→ cummingtonite + edenite/edenitic hornblende + plagioclase (< An₃₆) + kyanite + quartz. The reaction proceedings consumption first of the orthopyroxene and later of the cummingtonite to produce a corona structure consisting of a core of intergrown edenite and quartz surrounded by edenitic hornblende. Corona evolution of this type is controlled by diffusion.     

基于子面模板库的第四纪三维地质模型快速构建

为了实现第四纪地质三维地质模型的快速半自动构建,利用地表地形图、第四系分区图、钻孔、剖面等第四系相关数据源,按照第四系具有的严格自上而下的标准层序,依次计算每一地层的地层分区.将所有地层分区图在一张平面图上进行叠加分析,得到平面分区求交后的碎小多边形集合即地层二维子面模板库.从二维子面模板库中提取各个地层所包含的子面,并利用钻孔、剖面上相应地层的高程样本数据插值得到地层的三维顶面和底面模型,进行拓扑处理建立三维地质模型.该方法完全参照第四系三维地质填图工作的基本流程,引入二维子面模板库的概念,通过将三维地层面构建分解为地层平面分布各子区域构建和地层子面高程计算两个部分,将三维建模过程中大量计算工作转化到二维平面中完成,在保证三维地质模型精度的前提下,大大提高了建模的效率.      

高庙子膨润土与砂混合物的土-水特征曲线

用滤纸法和压力板法对高庙子膨润土与福建砂的混合物进行试验研究,在不同孔隙比和不同膨润土与砂配合比情况下量测脱湿过程的土-水特征曲线,研究土-水特征曲线与孔隙比和配合比之间的关系。试验结果表明：在同一配合比下用饱和度与吸力表示土-水特征曲线时,其曲线随着孔隙比的减小向右上方移动,即当土样的吸力一定时,土样的饱和度随着孔隙比的减小而增大,当吸力小于10 MPa时,这种现象较为显著;在同一孔隙比下膨润土与砂混合物的土-水特征曲线随着膨润土的比例增加而向右上方移动,即混合物的进气值随着膨润土的比例增加而增大;另外,配合比以及孔隙比相同时,膨润土与福建砂的混合物的土-水特征曲线与日本产Kunigel膨润土与丰浦砂的混合物的土-水特征曲线非常接近。     

Coupled theory of mixtures for clayey soils

In this work, elasto-plastic coupled equations are formulated in order to describe the time-dependent deformation of saturated cohesive soils (two-phase state). Formulation of these equations is based on the principle of virtual work and the theory of mixtures for inelastic porous media. The theory of mixtures for a linear elastic porous skeleton was first developed by Biot (Theory of elasticity and consolidation for a porous anisotropic solid, Journal of Applied Physics, 1955, 26, 188–185). An extension of Biot's theory into a nonlinear inelastic media was performed by Prevost (Mechanics of continuous porous media, International Journal of Engineering Science, 1980, 18, 787–800). The saturated soil is considered as a mixture of two deformable media, the solid grains and the water. Each medium is regarded as a continuum and follows its own motion. The flow of pore-water through the voids is assumed to follow Darcy's law. The coupled equations are developed for large deformations with finite strains in an updated Lagrangian reference frame. The coupled behavior of the two-phase materials (soil-water state) is implemented in a finite element program. A modified Cam-clay model is adopted and implemented in the finite element program in order to describe the plastic behavior of clayey soils. Penetration of a piezocone penetrometer in soil is numerically simulated and implemented into a finite element program. The piezocone penetrometer is assumed to be infinitely stiff. The continuous penetration of the cone is simulated by applying an incremental vertical movement of the cone tip boundary. Results of the finite element numerical simulation are compared with experimental measurements conducted at Louisiana State University using the calibration chamber. The numerical simulation is carried out for two cases. In the first case, the interface friction between the soil and the piezocone penetrometer is neglected. In the second case, interface friction is assumed between the soil and the piezocone. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with experimental laboratory measurements.     

轮胎颗粒混合土动力特性参数影响规律试验研究

废旧轮胎碎片颗粒与砂土混合用作路基或挡墙填料、建筑物基础隔震体系等具有质轻、土压力小、减震隔振效果好、耐久性优良、费用低廉的特点。通过室内数字化动三轴试验,重点对比研究了废旧轮胎颗粒含量及围压对混合土及纯砂土动强度、动弹性模量和等效阻尼比等主要动力特性参数的影响规律。结果表明,在相同围压和动剪应力比条件下,混合土动强度相对纯砂土略有降低(最大降低量约20 kPa,即约8%);所有配比混合土动弹性模量均小于纯砂,且减小效果显著,最大减小量约22 MPa(即约60%);混合土等效阻尼比先随轮胎颗粒含量的增大而增加,之后又随之减小,临界含量值介于30%⁴0%之间,混合土等效阻尼比相对纯砂土最大增加量约91%。结果证实,混合土剪切刚度有效降低,可以发挥减震隔振的优势。     

利用直管机自制钢模板在基础工程施工中的应用

在井探和建筑、桥梁、矿山治理等基础工程施工中,常使用钢模板,如尾砂坝治理中的幅射井,基础工程中的人工挖孔桩护孔等.由于井(孔)的直径变化范围大,每次施工都要根据井(孔)直径重新做一批钢模板,既费时,又增加成本,给施工带来不便.为此,针对野外施工情况,采用自制模具加工钢模板,既满足了施工需要,又降低成本.     

Formation and reactions of alkyl adamantanes in sediments: Carbon surface reactions

Diamondoids are hydrocarbons with a carbon skeleton that is superimposable on the diamond lattice. Adamantane is the cage-shaped primary unit of diamondoids and occurs widely in sediments and petroleum. The first report of adamantane isolated from petroleum extends back seven decades, but the precursors and reaction mechanisms for the formation of adamantane and related diamondoids in sediments has remained unclear. We report the formation of alkyl adamantanes by heating β-ionone with activated carbon in closed system pyrolysis experiments in the range 170-320 °C. In addition, hydrogen exchange, demethylation, methyl transfer and isomerisation reactions were observed when the model compounds adamantane and 1,3-dimethyladamantane were heated at moderate temperature with activated carbon. A reaction pathway for the formation and reactions of alkyl adamantanes is proposed on the basis of ring isomerisation of adamantane to protoadamantane on the activated carbon surface. The carbonaceous surface reactions described help account for the occurrence and distribution of alkyl adamantanes in petroleum basins, as evidenced by the strong linear relationships between compound pairs related by isomerisation and demethylation for a set of crude oils from the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia.     

利用WORD模板功能快速实现成果地质资料文字部分的制作

利用word提供的模板功能可以设置符合规范要求的地质资料电子文档.依据地质资料排版格式,在充分考虑报告名称、类别、字体、章节标题、图表以及各种必要的附加项目的基础上,制作出规范的电子文档模板,然后根据模板提示录入相关内容.