海底地基形位测量仪研制与海上试验研究

为了实现对海洋平台海底地基形位进行高效精细测量,基于多波束测深原理研制了拥有自主知识产权国产首套海底地基形位测量仪;文中给出海底地基形位测量仪的工作原理、系统组成,设计方案和主要关键技术,并在对该设备进行水池测试的基础上进一步开展了JZ20-2MUQ石油钻井平台海上外场实地测量试验研究,并对测量数据进行了细致处理获得了平台桩腿受冲刷影响形成的坑形信息;与传统潜水员探摸结果进行比对的结果表明该设备技术先进、测量结果有效可信,可以为海洋平台地基基础测试分析与安全评估提供重要的桩基形位信息。     

水下插桩定位系统在导管架吊装中的应用

针对海上导管架吊装水下插桩到海底已有钢管桩内的作业难点,通过使用高精度定位设备、罗经、姿态仪和无线网桥,组建集测量导管架位置、高程、方位和姿态于一体的三维定位系统,接入定位软件中,实现实时显示导管架的位置、高程、方位、姿态和导管架桩腿插尖分别距每个海底钢管桩的平面距离和垂直距离,用于指导导管架吊装作业。在广东阳江某海上风电项目中,将该定位系统应用于风机导管架吊装作业中,实现了数字化和可视化作业指导,快捷地完成吊装作业,对后续类似项目具有参考意义。     

往复海流作用下桩基局部冲刷及海底沉积物粒度变化

根据胶州湾海湾大桥现场试桩结果,对海流作用下桩基局部冲刷进行了研究。通过对桩柱附近实测海流以及试桩前后桩柱周边海底沉积物粒度变化联合分析,发现桩柱竖立后,桩柱根部优势流迎流面发生局部冲刷,侧面和背流面发生局部淤积。桩柱附近海底沉积物粗化,且根部优势流迎流面海底沉积物粗化最为明显。说明桩柱竖立后,细颗粒物质迁移,使桩柱附近海底发生冲淤变化。     

埕岛海域移动式钻井平台桩基适宜性分析

利用埕岛海域109个井位的地质勘察资料,对其海底地貌类型和海底表层沉积物类型进行了统计,结果表明,大多数井位海底微地貌类型为平滑海底地貌,冲刷地貌、残留台地地貌和斑状地貌只是在局部海域出现;研究区海底表层沉积物主要有粉土、粉质黏土、淤泥质粉质黏土和淤泥4种.依据不同海域的水深地形、海底地貌、地层分布特点和工程地质性质,将研究区划分为Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区.选取具桩靴和无桩靴平台,使用API公式分析了在各海域的适宜性.具大桩靴平台在Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区和Ⅳ区具有较好的适宜性,在Ⅲ区铁板砂较厚的区域就位时,应满足刺穿分析,同时避免在陡坡带或垅岗边缘地带就位.深插桩平台适合在各区就位,宜选择20～30 m深度内的冲积相地层作为桩端持力层.     

插桩引起的黄河水下三角洲工程地质条件变化——以埕岛油田区为例

黄河三角洲埕岛油田开发中,平台就位作业一般采用插桩基础,对井场的海底地貌、浅表地层产生扰动破坏,拔桩后形成桩穴,桩穴重新充填后,地基土工程性质会发生变化.通过对平台拔桩移走后的海底场地进行水深测量、浅地层剖面特征调查以及场地中桩穴内外地层工程地质条件的对比分析,给出了埕岛油田海域因插桩引起的工程地质条件变化特征,并对桩穴内外工程地质条件的变化成因进行了分析.     

国内外海底观测网络的建设进展

海底观测网络是海底技术发展的新领域,它将各种观测仪器放到海底,可对海水层、海底和海底以下的岩石进行长期动态的观测,并实时将数据传回到陆地。简介了国内外主要的海底观测网络,重点跟踪了它们的最新建设进展。     

基于数据库的钻井平台插桩就位预测系统设计与实现

为满足海上自升式钻井平台的合理选型,设计制作了钻井平台插桩就位预测系统。该系统实现了海底地质构造成分、周围管线电缆信息、就位处老桩靴印影响、对接生产平台结构布置等数据信息的统一管理,并结合钻井平台插桩就位的工作经验,将钻井平台选型及就位方案设计过程规范化、模型化。通过对数据库的不断完善和应用,完成钻井平台、生产平台、海底地质资料的存储、管理及应用。     

海底观测网络中能源监控及管理系统硬件设计

针对海底观测网络运行的具体需求,开展了海底观测网络能源监控及管理系统硬件研究,设计了一种以MSP430为主控芯片的能源监控及管理系统。通过电压、电流、温度及漏水等信号检测及数据传输系统的硬件设计,实现海底观测网络节点的能源分配管理,系统参数监测及观测数据的采集、传输和存储。通过青岛胶州湾近海长达8个月的应用实验,证明设计的能源监控管理系统硬件能够实时监测电源参数,异常响应快速,运行稳定可靠,满足海底观测网络应用需求,具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于数字孪生的海底地质灾害监测预警技术研究

本文创新了基于海底实时监测数据驱动的海底工程地质环境数字孪生模型,建立了一套埕岛油田地质灾害监测预警系统,构建了海底工程地质环境数据库,实现了对海底监测数据的远程实时可视化更新及交互控制。该系统应用于埕岛海底地质灾害监测,在持续运行的40天监测周期内,累计警报了2次强海底侵蚀灾害,提示了4次高浊度事件,真实反映了研究区海底侵蚀变化。本文首次尝试将数字孪生技术融合到海底地质灾害的监测预警中,为区域地质灾害防控提供了一种新的技术参考。     

渤海辽东湾海域海底底形特征及控制因素

基于我国海洋区域地质调查项目获取的水深、侧扫声呐、单道地震和浅地层剖面数据,结合前人的研究成果,对渤海辽东湾海区的海底底形的类型及分布特征进行了系统分析。研究发现,辽东湾海底底形类型丰富,有潮流沙脊、潮流沙席、潮流冲刷槽、古河谷、古湖泊洼地等多种类型。海底底形的发育形态是构造和古地貌、沉积物供给、海平面变化及环境变迁、水动力塑造等多种因素综合作用的结果。     

高压水射流与潜水员水下作业安全研究

从高压水射流技术在水下工程中应用及高压水射流的作用效应和伤害特征着手,分析影响水下高压水射流作业安全的因素,总结各国制订高压水射流作业的安全标准规程现状,提出制订我国水下高压水射流作业安全规程若干认识和设想。     

潮间浅滩泥沙运移的现场观测和冲淤量的估算

首先介绍了在潮间浅滩观测泥沙远移的两种新工具──标志桩和沉沙盘的基本结构、工作原理和使用方法。然后通过实例阐明了利用标志桩、沉沙盘观测资料研究潮间浅滩冲淤变化及冲淤量估算的途径及方法。     

Model and experimental study on jetting flow rate for installing surface conductor in deep-water

Jetting is preferentially adopted for surface conductor installation in deep-water oil and gas facilities. Surface conductor bearing capacity decreases due to soil disturbance, which is the main risk of jetting technology. A calculation model of the minimum jetting flow rate is established based on Bernoulli's theorem and soil mechanics. Jetting experiments are carried out to investigate the effect of jetting flow rate on the bearing capacity of surface conductor. Experiment results show that the bearing capacity of surface conductor decreases exponentially with flow rate. Considering the effect of flow rate both on hydraulic breaking soil capacity and the bearing capacity of surface conductor, a design method of jetting flow rate for installing surface conductor is proposed. This method ensures the successful implementation of jetting technology and has been successfully applied in more than 30 deep-water wells in the South China Sea and West Africa.     

Experimental investigation of jetting effect on spudcan extraction from soft clay

The jack-up unit may suffer difficult extraction from soft clay attributed to the large embedment and suction. To ease spudcan extraction, the jetting technique is extensively adopted. The jetting effect on spudcan extraction is investigated with a series of model tests. Firstly, the effectiveness of top jetting is investigated, and it is found that the top jetting is not effective in reducing extraction resistance. Secondly, the efficiency of different jetting procedures are studied. It is revealed that jetting prior to extraction reduces the suction by increasing the excess pore pressure at spudcan base. And the jetting after extraction begins reduces the suction by filling the gap formed under the spudcan with jetting water and eliminating cavitation. Finally, tests with different jetting times, jetting rates, jetting pressures, and jetting nozzle locations and numbers are conducted. It is found that the effect of jetting time converges as it increases. The flow rate of jetting prior to extraction has little effect on jetting efficiency, whereas the flow rate of jetting after the extraction begins has significant influences on the jetting efficiency. Jetting pressure also has great effect on jetting efficiency, and converges as it increases. The closer the nozzles are located to the spudcan edge, the sooner the post-peak extraction resistance decreases. And the jetting efficiency increases with the nozzle number. The findings from the experimental studies can serve as a reference for future studies on the operation and optimization design of a jack-up jetting system.     

Study on deepwater conductor jet excavation mechanism in cohesive soil

Conductor casing jetting technique has been increasingly applied in deepwater drilling. The insight into the jetting excavation mechanisms is critical in guiding a successful conductor casing jetting operation. The real- time continuous jet excavation process is simulated with the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase method of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) ANSYS Fluent calculation software in the current study. The cohesive soil is modelled by using a kind of viscous fluid with Herschel-Bulkley model. In addition, a laboratory half round nozzle jet excavation test is designed for verification by comparison of the observed jet excavation profile with the numerical results. The sensitivity parameters affecting the conductor jetting excavation mechanism in cohesive soil are thus investigated. It is found that the application of Herschel-Bulkley (HB) model for cohesive soil and the VOF method of Fluent can provide a good simulation of jet excavation process. The maximum excavation depth can be determined by the undrained ultimate bearing capacity of the circular foundation with a bearing capacity factor of 6.7. The nozzle position, jet velocity and soil strength have significantly influence on the depth and width of the jet excavation profile in conductor oblique jet.     

Calculation of side friction resistance between the formation and conductor during the jetting process in deepwater drilling

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for calculating side friction resistance during the jetting process to improve drilling efficiency. Side friction dynamics in length of time was determined by means of dynamic force analysis of the conductor during the jetting process by experiment, and the real-time calculation model of side friction between the formation and conductor was developed. In particular, 3-1/2″, 5-1/2″, and 9-5/8″ conductors were used to simulate actual field operation. The calculated values match well with the true values. Simulation experiments were performed in the central fishing harbor of Bohai Sea, Tianjin Province, China.     

Experimental observations and evaluations of formulae for local scour at pile groups in steady currents

Bridge scour is recognized as one of the key factors that causes structure failures, which in turn leads to economic and life loss. In this study, flume tests of four typical arrangements of pier groups embedded in sand under steady clear water conditions were carried out to observe the process and maximum depth around piles of scour. The investigation included single pile, tandem piles, side-by-side piles, and 3 × 3 pile groups. Different conditions including different pile spacing, flow velocity, and water depth are considered. Moreover, the evaluation of design methods from the United States, New Zealand, and China was analyzed and compared through experimental and mathematical methods. The experimental results show that shielding and jetting effects are obvious in pile groups, which become less obvious with the increase of pile spacing. The dynamic process of scour around single pile and pile groups are quite different. Meanwhile, most of the predicted scour depths by these equations tend to be much larger than those from field data, which may lead to overdesign and consequently high construction cost. In addition, data from this study and some laboratory experiment data from previous work were used to derive the correction factors of a new scour prediction equation, which can be used to estimate the scour in a sand bed and agree well with the observations.     

Research on Measurement of Bed Shear Stress Under Wave-Current Interaction

The movement of sediment in estuary and on coast is directly restricted by the bed shear stress. Therefore, the research on the basic problem of sediment movement by the bed shear stress is an important way to research the theory of sediment movement. However, there is not a measuring and computing method to measure the bed shear stress under a complicated dynamic effect like wave and current. This paper describes the measurement and test research on the bed shear stress in a long launder of direct current by the new instrument named thermal shearometer based on micro-nanotechnology. As shown by the research results, the thermal shearometer has a high response frequency and strong stability. The measured results can reflect the basic change of the bed shear stress under wave and wave?current effect, and confirm that the method of measuring bed shear stress under wave?current effect with thermal shearometer is feasible. Meanwhile, a preliminary method to compute the shear stress compounded by wave?current is put forward according to the tested and measured results, and then a reference for further study on the basic theory of sediment movement under a complicated dynamic effect is provided.     

The influence of pull-out load on the efficiency of jetting during spudcan extraction

Mobile jack-up drilling rigs are deployed at many locations during their service life. This necessitates retrieval of the platform’s legs and spudcan footings before the rig move. In soft soils, where the spudcans embed deeply, the extraction process can be difficult, time consuming and therefore costly. Water jetting systems, devised to ease spudcan extraction, are a common feature on modern jack-up units. However, their effectiveness in reducing the pull-out load required is questioned by the offshore industry. To investigate their efficiency, centrifuge experiments of a reduced scale spudcan model with jets have been performed at the University of Western Australia. The footing was extracted from penetrations of up to 1.5 diameters in normally consolidated clay. Similar to spudcan extraction in the field, these were carried out under load control, applying a constant extraction force. Both influences of pull-out load magnitude and jetting flow rate were investigated. The study demonstrates that jetting is efficient in facilitating spudcan extraction, as it reduces the required uplift load. Practical guidance is provided in applying the results to field conditions.     

Research on Measurement of Bed Shear Stress Under Wave?Current Interaction

The movement of sediment in estuary and on coast is directly restricted by the bed shear stress. Therefore, the research on the basic problem of sediment movement by the bed shear stress is an important way to research the theory of sediment movement. However, there is not a measuring and computing method to measure the bed shear stress under a complicated dynamic effect like wave and current. This paper describes the measurement and test research on the bed shear stress in a long launder of direct current by the new instrument named thermal shearometer based on micro-nanotechnology. As shown by the research results, the thermal shearometer has a high response frequency and strong stability. The measured results can reflect the basic change of the bed shear stress under wave and wave?current effect, and confirm that the method of measuring bed shear stress under wave?current effect with thermal shearometer is feasible. Meanwhile, a preliminary method to compute the shear stress compounded by wave?current is put forward according to the tested and measured results, and then a reference for further study on the basic theory of sediment movement under a complicated dynamic effect is provided.