高红移耀变体4C 38.41光学多波段光变性质

4C 38.41是一颗红移为1.813、可分类为平谱射电类星体的耀变体,使用一台85 cm望远镜在2018年2月22日至26日期间对其进行了光学V和R波段测光观测,得到两个波段的准同时数据.基于这些数据分析了该源在不同光变时标下的光变特性.结果表明:这颗源在观测期间处于较弱的活动状态, V和R波段星等(V, R)总变化均约为0.20等.在天内时标下,其中3晚探测到了该源的天内光变,另有一晚可能存在天内光变.此外,通过色指数和时延分析发现4C 38.41在不同时标下都展现越亮越红行为,与大多数平谱射电类星体类似,但在最后一晚4C 38.41在颜色-星等图上呈现出v字形,即首先展现越亮越红行为,然后转变为越亮越蓝行为,这可能是由该源的辐射在吸积盘主导和喷流主导之间的转换造成的.此外在第2晚探测到了V、R波段之间的时延,这是首次在高红移耀变体中探测到不同光学波段光变之间的时延,可以用随机同步辐射小结构模型来解释.     

OJ 287,0716+714与BL Lacertae的光变分析

OJ 287是存在着剧烈活动的低峰频BL Lac天体,其低频段的能谱与另两个TeV BL Lac天体(0716+714和BL Lacertae)在低频段的能谱很相似,但是切仑科夫望远镜却没能探测到它的TeV射线.利用这3个天体的观测数据,比较它们在22 GHz、37 GHz和B波段的最小光变周期及延迟的异同,进一步寻找没有观测到OJ 287的TeV伽马射线的可能原因.分析结果显示:(1)最小光变周期方面,OJ 287在37 GHz和B波段的周期偏小,在22 GHz,OJ 287与0716+714的结果相当,但与BL Lacertae相比要小很多,OJ 287的周期更短表明其活动性更强,却没有探测到来自OJ 287的TeV伽马射线,这表明OJ 287在TeV波段的辐射与这3个低能波段最小光变周期之间可能没有联系;(2)延迟方面,OJ 287在B波段相对于37 GHz的延迟要长于0716+714,短于BL Lacertae;在37 GHz相对于22 GHz的延迟要短于0716+714,而BL Lacertae在37 GHz相对于22 GHz的时延为负值,表明22 GHz要超前于37 GHz.通过对延迟的比较分析,并没有发现OJ 287与0716+714和BL Lacertae之间存在明显的差异;从能谱来看,很可能是由于OJ 287在TeV波段的能谱较陡造成切仑科夫望远镜没有探测到来自OJ 287的伽马辐射,但TeV能段较陡的能谱对低能段光变的影响目前还不是很清楚.     

Spectral Variability of FSRQs

The optical variability of 29 flat spectrum radio quasars in SDSS Stripe 82 region are investigated by using DR7 released multi-epoch data. All FSRQs show variations with overall amplitude ranging from 0.24 mag to 3.46 mag in different sources. About half of FSRQs show a bluer-when-brighter trend, which is commonly observed for blazars. However, only one source shows a redder-when-brighter trend, which implies it is rare in FSRQs. In this source, the thermal emission may be responsible for the spectral behaviour.     

UBV lightcurves of asteroid 433 Eros

UBV photometry and lightcurves of Eros were obtained on nine dates between October 1974 and March 1975. The absolute V magnitude at photometric maximum extrapolated to a solar phase angle of zero is 10.75 while the linear phase coefficient is 0.026mag deg^?1. The mean colors at solar phase angles greater than 30° are B?V = 0.92 and U?B = 0.52mag. No significant color variations over the surface were detected.     

Simultaneous linear and circular polarization observations of blazars 3C 66A,OJ 287 and Markarian 421

We present the first ever simultaneous optical linear and circular polarization observations of blazars. These polarizations have been measured simultaneously inUBVRI-bands in three blazars; 3C 66A, OJ 287 and Markarian 421. Measured linear polarization in 3C 66A was the largest ever observed, at PR = 33.1 ± 0.5 per cent. In 3C 66A we detected small circular polarization in the other bands, exceptU. In OJ 287 we detected variable circular polarization in theU-band.     

Analyses of the Light Variations of OJ 287, 0716+714 and BL Lacertae

OJ 287 is a BL Lac object which exhibits intense activities of low peak-frequencies. Its energy spectrum in low frequency band is quite similar with those of two other TeV BL Lac objects (i.e., 0716+714 and BL Lacertae). However, the Cerenkov telescope did not detect its TeV rays. By using the observational data of these three heavenly bodies and comparing the discrepan- cies of their minimal periods of light variations and delays at 22 GHz, 37 GHz and B-waveband, we have further investigated the possible reason why the TeV gamma-rays of OJ 287 have not been observed. The results of analyses are as fol- lows. (1) For the minimal periods of light variations, the periods of OJ 287 at 37 GHZ and B-waveband are short. At 22 GHz the results of OJ 287 and 0716+714 are comparable, but the period of OJ 287 is much shorter in comparison with that of BL Lacertae, and this shows that its activity is more intense. However, the TeV gamma-rays of OJ 287 have not been detected, which implies that the radiation of OJ 287 in TeV waveband may have no connection with the minimal periods of light variations in these three low-energy wavebands. (2) In respect of delays, the delay of OJ 287 in the B waveband with respect to 37 GHz is longer than that of 0716+714, but shorter than that of BL Lacertae. Its delay at 37 GHz in respect to 22 GHz is shorter than that of 0716+714. Meanwhile, the delay of BL Lacertae at 37 GHz in respect to 22 GHz is negative, which implies that 22 GHz precedes 37 GHz. Via the comparison and analysis of delays, no obvious differences between OJ 287 and 0716+714 as well as BL Lacertae have been found. On the side of energy spectra, it is quite possible that due to the steep energy spectrum of OJ 287 in TeV waveband, the Cerenkov telescope has not detected the gamma radiation of OJ 287. However, nowadays it is still not clear whether the steep energy spectrum in TeV energy range has some influence on the light variations in low energy realm.     

Photometric monitoring of the blazar 3C 345 for the period 1996–2006

We present the results of the blazar 3C 345 monitoring in Johnson‐Cousins BVRI bands for the period 1996–2006. We have collected 29 V and 43 R data points for this period; the BI light curves contain a few measurements only. The accuracy of our photometry is not better than 0.03 mag in the VR bands. The total amplitude of the variability obtained from our data is 2.06 mag in the V and 2.25 mag in the R band. 3C 345 showed periods of flaring activity during 1998/99 and 2001: a maximum of the blazar brightness was detected in 2001 February – 15.345 mag in the V and 14.944 mag in the R band. We confirm that during brighter stages 3C 345 becomes redder; for higher fluxes the colour index seems to be less dependent on the magnitude. The intra‐night monitoring of 3C 345 in three consecutive nights in 2001 August revealed no significant intra‐night variability; 3C 345 did not show evident flux changes over timescales of weeks around the period of the intra‐night monitoring. This result supports the existing facts that intra‐night variability is correlated with rapid flux changes rather than with specific flux levels. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Long-term optical flux and colour variability in quasars

We have used optical V and R band observations from the Massive Compact Halo Object(MACHO) project on a sample of 59 quasars behind the Magellanic clouds to study their long term optical flux and colour variations. These quasars, lying in the redshift range of 0.2 z 2.8 and having apparent V band magnitudes between 16.6 and 20.1 mag, have observations ranging from 49 to 1353 epochs spanning over 7.5 yr with frequency of sampling between 2 to 10 days. All the quasars show variability during the observing period. The normalised excess variance(Fvar) in V and R bands are in the range 0.2% FV var 1.6% and 0.1% FR var 1.5% respectively. In a large fraction of the sources, Fvaris larger in the V band compared to the R band. From the z-transformed discrete cross-correlation function analysis, we find that there is no lag between the V and R band variations. Adopting the Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) approach, and properly taking into account the correlation between the errors in colours and magnitudes, it is found that the majority of sources show a bluer when brighter trend, while a minor fraction of quasars show the opposite behaviour. This is similar to the results obtained from another two independent algorithms, namely the weighted linear least squares fit(FITEXY) and the bivariate correlated errors and intrinsic scatter regression(BCES). However, the ordinary least squares(OLS) fit, normally used in the colour variability studies of quasars, indicates that all the quasars studied here show a bluer when brighter trend. It is therefore very clear that the OLS algorithm cannot be used for the study of colour variability in quasars.     

Optical variability of gamma-ray loud blazars

Blazars display flux variability on diverse timescales ranging from minutes to months. In our blazar monitoring project carried out on the 1.2meter telescope at Gurushikhar, Mount Abu, India, we selected someγ-ray loud blazars to study the variability over both the short and the long time scales. In this paper we have reported results based on photometric monitoring on 8 nights during the observing run in the first half of the year 2000 for 5 blazars: S5 0716+714, OJ 287, S4 0954+658, Mrk421 and PKS 2155–304 in B and R passbands. Microvariability and rapid variability has been observed in these sources suggesting that variability is a common property in these objects. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The long-term multiband optical observations and colour index for the quasar 3C 273

The long baseline simultaneous multiband ( BVRI ) observations of blazar 3C 273 are presented. We have made 758 optical multiband observations with the Yunnan Astronomical Observatory (YAO) 103 cm and Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO) 156 cm from 2003 January to 2005 April. In our observational campaign, the average colour indices are   B − V = 0.21, V − R = 0.26  and   R − I = 0.31  . The mean magnitudes in B, V, R and I are 12.895, 12.698, 12.441 and 12.139, respectively. The source is in a steady state over observational campaign. The correlations between colour index and brightness are discussed. We find that the correlations of   B − V   versus B ,   V − R   versus V and   R − I   versus R have significant negative correlation, while   B − V   versus V ,   V − R   versus R and   R − I   versus I have positive correlation. These strong correlations imply that the spectrum becomes bluer (flatter) when the source becomes brighter, and redden (softer) when the source fades both in intraday and long-term variability. The spectral evolution trends of 3C 273 are consistent with those of BL Lac objects.     

Analysis of Light Curve of OJ287

A Fourier series fitting of order 10 to the historical light curve of OJ287 (3648 data points) is presented with correlation coefficient ∼ 0.73. It is found that the Weierstrass function may be used to imitate the short time scale variability of OJ287. A fractal curve constructed by the function possesses the similar correlation coefficient to the light curve as the regression curve. We also calculate the capacity-dimension, information-dimension and correlation-dimension of the light curve. The calculations indicate that their values > 1. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Light Periodicity Analysis of Blazar Object OJ 287 Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition

Considering the shortages of classical methods in periodicity analysis, the method of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for processing nonlinear and non-stationary signals is applied to the V-band fluxes of OJ 287 from 1891 to 2010, 10 intrinsic mode functions with different timescales and a residual function are obtained from the light curve. The result shows that there exists a period of 12.34 yr in the V-band light variation of OJ 287, where the contribution rate of variance is maximal, and confirms that OJ 287 has a long-period variability in the V-band, and that the mean flux of OJ 287 tends to gradually decrease with time.     

Time-resolved CCD photometry and time-series analysis of the RR Lyrae type star RR Gem

We present the results of a time-resolved photometric and time-series analysis of an RR Lyrae type star RR Gem. The main results are as follows: we found RR Gem's pulsation period, 0.39689 d, and its V and I mean magnitudes, 11.277(V) and 11.063(I) mag respectively. We confirm its variability type as RRab/BL because it manifests the Blazhko effect, and it also exhibits asymmetric light curves(steep ascending branches), periods from 0.3 to 1.0 d and amplitudes from 0.3 to 2 mag in V. They are fundamental mode pulsators.     

Towards a new maximum of OJ 287?

The results of a photometric campaign in theB, V, R andI bands of the BL Lac object OJ 287 are presented. The source is found at the same level and spectral slope as in 1991, without any sign forecasting the predicted maximum in August 1994.     

判定光变周期的一种方法

Jurkevich方法通常用来发现光变曲线的周期 ,并且根据V2 m 极小值的大小来验证所发现的光变周期可靠性。但是 ,这种验证方法又带有一定的不确定性 ,最佳的方法是把所发现的周期与观测光变曲线拟合 ,得出每一个周期的振幅 ,以振幅大小来验证所发现的光变周期的可靠性。将此方法用于OJ2 87的历史光变曲线 ,得到其最主要的周期为 11.9年 ,与其它结果相符合。     

On the variability timescales and magnetic field in OJ 287

The continuum spectrum of OJ 287, like most other BL Lac objects, is featureless- no emission or absorption lines are observed. However, OJ 287 shows variations at different timescales in flux and polarization at various wavelength bands. Using the available variability data one can estimate the sizes of the emission regions in the source from light travel time arguments. We assume the emission mechanism to be synchrotron radiation by high energy electrons with single power law energy distribution. Theoretical synchrotron spectrum in the frequency range 10¹¹–10¹⁷ H _z is compared with the observed spectral shape, obtained from new multifrequency quasi-simultaneous observations, to estimate the lower and upper cut off frequencies. These frequencies are used to obtain theoretical values of the variability timescales and magnetic field in the emission region. We obtain a value of 0.93 G for the magnetic field and 5.184×10⁴ sec for the cooling time from the quiescent continuum spectrum. The shock-in-jet model explains the spectrum where shocks accelerate the particles and amplify the magnetic field in the jet. This timescale is compared with the one obtained from observed short timescale variability (20 minutes) with proper beaming correction. The short timescale variations (200 minutes in the source frame), possibly caused by an additional, flaring, component of the source, are also used to calculate compressed magnetic field. The observed and theoretically estimated variability timescales and the shape of the spectrum suggest that there are more than one emission components in OJ 287.     

基于自回归方法的Blazar天体3C 279和OJ 287光变周期研究

探索Blazar光变资料中的周期或准周期变化是1个有待深入研究的领域.由于光变资料的复杂性,目前寻找周期的算法还不够完善.文中以现代谱估计为基础,详细论述了自回归(Auto-regressive,AR)模型谱估计方法和最大熵谱估计的基本原理,分析了阶数选择对模型的重要影响,并把这些方法应用到类星体3C 279和BL Lac天体OJ287的光变周期分析中,得到它们的光变周期分别为7.14和11.76yr.通过验证,自回归 模型谱估计方法由于其分辨率高,可以作为1种较好的分析周期的方法.最后指出在应用谱估计分析Blazar天体的光变周期注意事项.     

伽马噪窄线赛弗特1型星系的长期红外光变和颜色变化

一些窄线赛弗特(Seyfert)1型星系因具有GeV伽马射线辐射(伽马噪)而受到持续关注,截至目前,共报道22个伽马噪窄线赛弗特1型星系,另有3个高置信度候选体.利用广域红外巡天探测器(Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer,WISE)数据平台,获取了这些源W1(3.4μm)和W2(4....     

窄线赛弗特1星系Arakelian564的测光

使用上海天文台 1.5 6m望远镜 ,对窄线赛弗特 1星系Ark 5 6 4进行了时间跨度为 3星期的观测 ,给出了VRI波段的光学观测结果。使用交叉相关方法研究了三个波段之间的时间延迟 ,但是未发现有时间延迟