渤海海冰侧限压缩强度的影响因素分析

为研究海冰在侧向作用下的压缩强度,针对A型侧限加载方式,对不同温度、盐度和加载速率下的海冰压缩强度进行了试验研究。利用统计方法分析了试验结果,表明侧限压缩强度与卤水体积的平方根存在负幂函数关系,与侧限应力呈线性关系,而受加载速率的影响并不明显。海冰侧限压缩强度与各影响因素(海冰温度、盐度、侧向力)间的函数关系可为冰荷载的确定提供参考。     

渤海沿岸海冰单轴压缩强度的基本特性分析

海冰单轴压缩强度是寒区海洋工程中的一个重要设计参数,也是影响海冰动力学行为的主要因素。在2008-2012年间的三个冬季,对渤海沿岸的海冰单轴压缩强度进行了现场与室内试验,由此分析了其在温度、卤水体积和应力率下的基本特征。测试结果表明,海冰单轴压缩强度与其温度呈幂函数关系,与卤水体积平方根呈指数关系,与应力率呈线性关系。此外还分别在不同温度与卤水体积下确定了海冰单轴压缩强度上包络限的变化规律。最后,综合考虑卤水体积和应力率的影响,对海冰单轴压缩强度分布特征进行了分析。以上研究有助于揭示渤海海冰基本力学性质,为冰区结构设计和海冰动力学分析提供参考依据。     

海冰温度对单轴压缩强度影响的试验研究

应变速率与单轴压缩强度极值的关系在抗冰结构设计与优化中占有重要地位。基于2009年冬季普兰店海域海冰在不同海冰温度(-5°C、-10°C、-15°C)下的压缩强度试验数据,给出各自应变速率—压缩强度散点图。结果表明,海冰在不同加载速率下表现为三种破坏模式,即韧性区、过渡区与脆性区;海冰温度对过渡区对应应变速率范围影响较小,均在6.3×10~(-4)~2×10~(-3)区域附近。结合三段式函数形式,给出不同温度下应变速率—压缩强度极值的曲线拟合结果。依据上述结论,在庄河海域选择应变速率10~(-2)、10~(-3)与10~(-4)进行不同海冰温度(-16°C~-4°C)下单轴压缩强度试验。结果显示:在韧性区,海冰温度与压缩强度极值呈弱负相关;在过渡区,海冰温度与压缩强度极值呈明显线性减小;在脆性区,强度极值相对海冰温度敏感度较低。基于此,在应变速率—压缩强度曲线中提出温度影响系数,这一试验分析方法可推广至其它海域。     

加载方向对海冰脆性破坏时单轴压缩强度的影响

对渤海的柱状海冰开展了系统的现场单轴压缩试验。在试验过程中,分别采用垂直于(水平加载)/平行于(竖直加载)冰晶的两种加载方向。同时,通过改变加载速率的方式研究了应变速率对压缩强度的影响。在测试结果中,结合试样的应变、应力以及裂纹特征分析了脆性破坏模式下海冰单轴压缩强度特征。试验结果表明:平行于冰晶方向的加载强度约为垂直于冰晶方向强度的3倍,并且两种加载方向的海冰单轴压缩强度均随加载速率的提高而降低。破坏模式的分析表明:脆性破坏主要由裂纹的发展所主导。随着加载速率的提高,海冰的破坏过程由单次破碎向多次破碎转变从而弱化了压缩强度。由于裂纹更容易在晶界处发展,不同加载方向下的裂纹特征以及最终的破坏模式有所区别。水平加载下的破坏模式以剪切形式为主,而竖直加载时主要发生柱状冰晶的屈曲破坏。屈曲破坏更容易发生在冰晶内部而表现出较高的压缩强度,因此竖直压缩强度更高。     

黄海北部庄河附近海域海冰物理力学特性

研究了黄海北部海冰物理力学性质，试验内容有海冰的晶体结构，单轴压缩强度和弯曲强度，分析了海冰的压缩强度和弯曲强度与冰温，应力率和加载方向的关系。     

卤水体积和应变率影响下的渤海海冰单轴压缩强度分布

2018—2021年3个冬季期间在渤海辽东湾鲅鱼圈海域沿岸进行海冰单轴压缩试验。采用典型的柱状结构海冰作为试验对象,试验中加载方向垂直于柱状结构冰晶的轴向,应变率选取区间为4.5×10-5～7.5×10-3/s,海冰试样的温度在-3～-33℃之间。每组试验完成后对温度、盐度和密度进行了测量,用于计算每个试验试样的卤水体积。试验结果表明:海冰试样的应变-应力曲线表现出3种典型形式:韧性破坏、单峰值脆性破坏和多峰值脆性破坏。海冰名义压缩强度和卤水体积呈指数关系,应变率影响下的海冰单轴名义压缩强度出现韧性区-过渡区-脆性区的转化过程,在韧性区和脆性区阶段海冰的单轴名义压缩强度和应变率均呈幂函数关系。此外,综合卤水体积和应变率的影响,确定了海冰名义单轴压缩强度在两者共同影响下的变化规律。     

辽河口三角洲前缘岸滩演变分析

研究了辽河口三角洲前缘岸滩近50a来的演变特征,结果表明,在流域来水来沙减少的背景下,海域浅滩迎浪面普遍侵蚀后退,双台子河口拦门沙北偏东移,向口内发展,西滩滩外坡持续侵蚀,海域-2m、-5m等深线附近海床整体呈弱冲刷态势,近岸潮间带岸滩整体变化不大,相对平衡。结果可以为辽河口近岸工程建设和资源开发提供决策依据。     

辽河口海岸线近百年来的变迁

运用遥感和GIS技术,对1979年的Landsat MSS、1988年的Landsat TM和2003年的SPOT-53种卫星影像进行了多源多时相遥感数据的分析和处理,并结合1909、1945和1990年3个时期的地形图等历史文献资料和野外实际调查工作成果,解译提取了辽河口5期的海岸线,分析、探讨了辽河口海岸线近百年来的变迁,结果表明:(1)1909~1945年,辽河水系的变迁和流域生态环境的破坏,导致盘锦湾海岸线迅速向海湾的中心外推,变迁面积达434 km2,盘锦湾面积急剧缩小;1945~1979年,由于辽河口附近滩槽的自然冲淤变化,盘锦湾逐渐变小直至消失,海岸淤积变迁面积达331 km2;1979年以来,辽河口区增建虾池、围海造田及新建油井平台等人类活动,对海岸线变迁的影响逐渐凸显,变迁面积达253 km2,完全改变了河口地区的景观格局。(2)与传统的地形图数据相比,卫星遥感方法极大地提高了获取所需信息的速度,具有更高的光谱分辨率、空间分辨率等技术上的优势,对及时调整应对海岸线变化的措施也有很大帮助,因此是海岸带动态监测研究的现代化的重要方法。     

辽河口水域溶解氧与营养盐调查与分类

根据2003年9月辽河口水域营养盐和溶解氧的调查结果,讨论了辽河口水体中的溶解性无机氮(NO3-N、NO2-N、NH3-N)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)和溶解氧(DO)的含量、分布与变化特征以及相关关系。结果表明：辽河口溶解态无机氮含量范围为3．26～59．67μmol／L,活性磷酸盐含量范围为0．05～0．95μmol／L,溶解氧范围为0．086～0．208mmol／L。溶解氧、营养盐关系的统计分析结果表明：DIN与AOU(表观耗氧量),PO4-P与AOU之间显著或高度显著相关,营养盐之间也存在相关性,并对调查区域水质进行评价分类。     

北极夏季海冰单轴抗压强度研究

The results on the uniaxial compressive strength of Arctic summer sea ice are presented based on the samples collected during the fifth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2012(CHINARE-2012). Experimental studies were carried out at different testing temperatures(-3,-6 and-9°C), and vertical samples were loaded at stress rates ranging from 0.001 to 1 MPa/s. The temperature, density, and salinity of the ice were measured to calculate the total porosity of the ice. In order to study the effects of the total porosity and the density on the uniaxial compressive strength, the measured strengths for a narrow range of stress rates from 0.01 to 0.03 MPa/s were analyzed. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength decreases linearly with increasing total porosity, and when the density was lower than 0.86 g/cm3, the uniaxial compressive strength increases in a power-law manner with density. The uniaxial compressive behavior of the Arctic summer sea ice is sensitive to the loading rate, and the peak uniaxial compressive strength is reached in the brittle-ductile transition range. The dependence of the strength on the temperature shows that the calculated average strength in the brittle-ductile transition range, which was considered as the peak uniaxial compressive strength, increases steadily in the temperature range from-3 to-9°C.     

辽东湾东岸海冰抗压强度特征分析

本文利用辽东湾东岸鲅鱼圈、营口和长兴岛三地实测海冰抗压强度资料,分析了海冰破坏应力与破坏时间的关系,应变率和冰温对海冰抗压强度的影响,以及海冰生成环境对海冰抗压强度的影响。综合分析表明,三地破坏应力随破坏时间变化的整体趋势一致,应变率对三地海冰抗压强度有显著的影响,三地海冰抗压强度随温度降低总体有增大的趋势,冰龄、盐度、含沙量的差异是造成辽东湾东岸海冰抗压强度不同的主要原因。     

Impact of the slope angle of hummocks on the ride-up of finger ice in the Liaohe Estuary

The ride-up and pile-up of sea ice have effects on the ice load of marine structure. The ride-up angle is an important parameter to study the process of ride-up and to determine the possibility of the ride-up to occur. Some conclusions about the ride-up angle are drawn based on field-survey data in this paper. Thirty hummocks with full structure, formed by 0.4-1.6 cm ice layers, were investigated in the Liaohe Estuary of the north of Liaodong Bay. After analyzing the cross-sections of the pile-up body, some conclusions on the ride-up angle are reached. The results indicate that whether the ride-up occurs or not is associated with the slope angle of the hummock. If the slope angle is greater than 10.31° , the ride-up can take place. With the development of riding-up and piling-up, if the slope angle increases to 40.0° , the climbing-up process will stop and the drifting ice begins to accumulate in front of the hummock. The climbing process does not continue until a new slope angle, which is less than 28.0° , is formed. Meanwhile, the forming process of hummocks, which aremade up of 10.0 cmor 22.0 cmice layers, is proved to follow the rule.     

Full-scale flexural strength of sea ice and freshwater ice in Spitsbergen Fjords and North-West Barents Sea

The present paper describes the results of a rather long series of full–scale, flexural–strength tests on ice beams (over 70 tests) performed in–situ in seawater and freshwater ice at and near Svalbard archipelago during the period 2010–2018. Ice thickness varied in the range of 0.2–0.8 m. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the test data, characteristic plots of ice flexural strength and effective elastic modulus versus the liquid–brine–volume fraction, which varied over a large range of 0–0.2 and were obtained specifically for the geographic region under consideration. The observed range in flexural strength for seawater ice was 0.109–0.415 MPa, and the same for freshwater ice was 0.275–0.807 MPa. The test results with cantilever beams did not show a dependence of the ice flexural strength on the direction of bending force applied to the free end of a beam. Experiments complemented with numerical analysis have demonstrated that stress concentrations in root sections of cantilever ice beams have significant impact on the accuracy of measurement of flexural strength of freshwater ice. It is noted that modifications have to be introduced in the methodology that is used to measure the effective elastic modulus of ice based on the free–end deflection of cantilever ice beams.     

黄河口邻近海域海冰变化特征及机制分析

黄河口邻近海域海冰是渤海海冰的一部分,为了解其独特的变化特征及机制,本研究基于北海预报中心提供的黄河口周边海洋台站观测数据以及CMEMS (Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service)全球海冰密集度再分析数据,使用统计分析和两种滑动相关分析,结合小波相干方法及大气过程的影响,得到长期变化分析的结果。黄河口冰情在1979—2020年间整体呈减轻趋势(–0.25%/a),显然其直接因素为局地温度整体升高;海冰密集度与黄河径流量呈明显正相关,相关系数为0.46,其原因为径流增大导致盐度降低,海冰增加;与北极涛动指数(AOI,Arctic Oscillation Index)呈明显负相关,相关系数为–0.44,因为当北极涛动为正位相时,东亚大槽强度减弱,北极冷空气南侵受阻隔,冬季黄河口的整体气温升高,导致海冰减少;1997年和2016年左右与北极涛动的相关性都出现了显著正异常,其原因为两次强厄尔尼诺事件的影响,同时海冰密集度在1985年左右的跃变可能与AOI和黄河径流量的突变有关。短期变化分析的结果显示:从2010年和2020年冬季逐日的典型寒潮过程与海冰密集度的变化分析可知,海冰与前6 d负积温的相关性最大,平均相关系数为–0.77,寒潮的出现时间、强度及间隔,控制海冰的生成,而整体气温的低频变化控制海冰的维持和发展。     

北极地区不同冰龄的海冰厚度变化研究

In this study, changes in Arctic sea ice thickness for each ice age category were examined based on satellite observations and modelled results. Interannual changes obtained from Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite(ICESat)-based results show a thickness reduction over perennial sea ice(ice that survives at least one melt season with an age of no less than 2 year) up to approximately 0.5–1.0 m and 0.6–0.8 m(depending on ice age) during the investigated winter and autumn ICESat periods, respectively. Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System(PIOMAS)-based results provide a view of a continued thickness reduction over the past four decades. Compared to 1980 s, there is a clear thickness drop of roughly 0.50 m in 2010 s for perennial ice. This overall decrease in sea ice thickness can be in part attributed to the amplified warming climate in north latitudes. Besides, we figure out that strongly anomalous southerly summer surface winds may play an important role in prompting the thickness decline in perennial ice zone through transporting heat deposited in open water(primarily via albedo feedback) in Eurasian sector deep into a broader sea ice regime in central Arctic Ocean. This heat source is responsible for enhanced ice bottom melting, leading to further reduction in ice thickness.     

秋季辽河口海域浮游动物群落特征及其环境影响因子

2012年10月对辽河河口10个站点的浮游动物进行了调查,分析了该海域浮游动物的种类组成、生物量、优势种类、群落结构及浮游动物与环境因子的关系。调查海域共发现浮游动物17种(不含浮游幼虫)。优势种包括小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、长尾住囊虫(Oikopleura longicauda)、异体住囊虫(Oikopleura dioica)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)。浮游动物丰度平均值为3.06×104ind./m3,生物量为147.6 mg/m3。调查海域浮游动物可分为广温广盐群落和广温低盐群落。辽河输入的冲淡水和无机氮是影响浮游动物群落分布的主要因素,这种影响局限于辽河口附近。     

北极东北航道海冰变化特征分析研究

21世纪以来,北极海冰正在发生快速变化,海冰覆盖范围明显减小,厚度显著变薄,在此背景下,东北航道的提前开通成为可能.本文对多年来北极东北航道内的海冰变化特征和近几年东北航道的开通情况进行了分析研究,认为东北航道在9月份开通的可能性最大,8月份次之,10月份通航的困难较大;历年的航道开通起始时间变化较大,俄罗斯新西伯利亚群岛和北地群岛,与大陆之间的海冰对东北航道的开通起着关键作用.东北航道的海冰年际变化较大,这给未来东北航道使用带来了较大挑战.