黑泥湾近岸悬沙分布与扩散变化监测

利用2004年冬季对黑泥湾近岸海域悬浮体调查资料及2个时相的遥感影像,探讨了该海域悬浮体的分布和扩散特征,分析了影响悬浮体分布的主要因素和悬浮体的主要物质来源.结果表明,影响本海域悬沙质量浓度及其分布的主要因素是风浪掀沙和潮流.夏季,近岸悬沙质量浓度高,向海逐渐减少;冬季,悬沙质量浓度近岸低,向海逐渐增大.由于本海域没有大的河流泥沙汇入,悬沙的主要物质来源是沿岸侵蚀、冲沟排沙和海底泥沙再悬浮.     

渤海表层悬沙的时空分布特征及其动力成因

针对目前渤海整个海域悬浮泥沙分布全貌的研究不充分。根据2000—2004年渤海表层悬浮泥沙分布特征选取7个典型海区,通过利用长时间序列悬沙质量浓度和风场遥感反演资料,在分析悬沙质量浓度与局地风速、物质来源等关系的基础上,定量研究风浪和潮流共同作用下、随季节显著变化的沉积物再悬浮过程,从而揭示整个渤海海域代表性海区悬沙质量浓度时空分布的动力成因。渤海不同海区表层悬沙质量浓度绝对值差别很大,多年平均最高质量浓度在20~450mg/L变化,高质量浓度集中在近岸河口区及其邻近海域,如黄河口和辽河口地区,低质量浓度区位于渤海中部、渤海海峡以及秦皇岛外海(属于近岸海域却质量浓度常年偏低的特殊海区)。渤海表层悬沙质量浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,风场的季节变化是主要影响因子,各代表性海区悬沙质量浓度与风速之间具有显著正相关关系。悬沙质量浓度与风速之间存在一定时间段的滞后相关。沉积物再悬浮的定量研究表明,除渤海海峡外,渤海其它典型海区表层悬沙质量浓度及其季节变化,均与各自海区风浪和潮流共同作用产生的最大底流速及其季节变化相对应。在渤海,底层沉积物再悬浮的季节变化是影响悬沙质量浓度季节变化最关键的动力过程。     

陆地卫星TM磁带资料在黄河口海区悬沙分布定量研究中的应用

遥感技术是目前获得河口地区及近海水域泥沙分布与扩散的有效方法,多采用美国Landsat系列的多光谱扫描仪(MSS)和专题制图仪(TM)、NOAA气象卫星、法国SPOT卫星资料和前苏联的联盟号以及我国的国土卫星资料等,即将发射的美国海洋卫星将为本项研究提供新的途径。资料的形式有磁带(CCT)和卫片两种,目前世界上以陆地卫星资料应用最广,这主要是由于它有资料商业化、易于获得、资料系列长、重复周期短、可监测动态変化及影像分辨率适中(MSS像元空间分辨率为80m,TM为30m)等优点。 河口区泥沙受河流径流、潮流、风浪等多种动力因素影响,悬浮泥沙的含量和颗粒组成经常变化,因而河口悬沙的时空分布及其运动规律较为复杂,用常规测量方法难以了解其变化规律,而遥感的多时相、多波段可监视泥沙扩散的动态变化;同时,陆地卫星图象覆盖面积较广(185×185k㎡),不同图幅的拼接、镶嵌技术也已完善,故可监测河口区泥沙扩散的空间变化。因此,遥感技术弥补了常规手段的费时、耗资、资料不同步、周期长、难以反映多变的黄河泥沙的动态变化等不足。本文根据1989年8月黄河口海区表层泥沙实测资料与天气条件大致相同的遥感资料(磁带)进行了相关分析,定量研究黄河泥沙入海后的扩散和分布规律。     

近20年来长江口表层悬沙分布的遥感监测

利用近20年来长江口地区的美国陆地卫星Landsat TM和ETM影像反演得到了长江口海区表层悬沙分布遥感解译系列图,讨论了长江口表层悬沙的空间分布特征、潮汐变化对泥沙分布的影响、三峡工程对泥沙分布的影响及河口径流量和输沙量对泥沙分布的影响等;描述了长江口海区洪枯季的表层悬沙扩散外界和高浑浊水域范围的变化趋势,并分析了...     

利用可见光遥感海水整层垂线平均悬沙浓度可能性的探讨

本文以1981年“中美海洋沉积作用联合研究”调查中和同年我所在海岸带调查中的部分杭州湾测站的资料为基础,研究东海海区表层和垂线平均悬沙量之间的关系。初步认为,在这些区域,两种不同水体交替出现,在每种水体中,垂线平均悬沙量浓度和表层浓度的关系,可以用下列线性表达式描述,即 C_0=A·C B.这一结果表明,在潮流稳定的测站,利用卫星遥感技术,遥感海面悬浮泥沙浓度来估算海水中垂线平均悬沙浓度的可能性。     

黄河口悬浮泥沙时空动态及其驱动机制

受径流输沙、风浪、潮汐等影响,河口近岸海域悬浮泥沙具有显著的时空变化。本文基于小时分辨率的GOCI遥感影像,利用最优遥感反演算法,结合空间分析和统计方法,深入研究黄河口及邻近海域悬沙时空动态特征及驱动机制。结果表明,径流输沙对悬沙浓度的影响以河口近岸区为主,高径流输沙对悬沙浓度分布影响可达距岸约20 km,并向孤东近岸方向扩散。大风可引起清水沟老河口区泥沙强烈再悬浮,形成高浓度悬沙区。涨落潮对小时尺度的悬沙浓度影响显著,并影响悬沙的南北扩散。大潮悬沙浓度变化和扩散范围均大于小潮,潮流流速不同是造成该差异的主要原因。水深与悬沙浓度之间存在较明显的负相关关系,根据不同驱动因素的差异,悬沙浓度随着水深的增加呈现出指数型、幂函数型、线性3种关系。     

枯季长江口南槽悬沙输运过程和机制研究

开展枯季河口悬沙输运机理研究对于揭示弱径流条件下的陆海相互作用、河口季节性冲淤和水沙关系等具有重要的科学意义.本文根据2018年12月18-25日长江口南槽3个站位连续13个潮周期的同步流速、流向和悬沙浓度等观测资料,运用通量机制分解法研究了各输沙项的特征、贡献和输运机理.结果 表明,从小潮至大潮流速和悬沙浓度不断增加,由南槽上部至下部流速和悬沙浓度逐渐降低.观测期间平均流速与平均悬沙浓度存在明显的正线性关系,但受底质空间差异影响,悬沙浓度对流速的响应强度存在显著的空间变化.枯季期间南槽存在着中上部向陆净输沙、下部向海净输沙的空间输运格局.平流输沙和潮泵输沙是影响和控制净输沙的关键因素,二者的强度和贡献存在明显的潮周期变化和空间变化,垂向环流输沙的强度很弱,对净输沙贡献很小.南槽涨落潮输沙不对称现象明显,流速、悬沙浓度和历时都具有一定的涨落潮不对称性,这些不对称现象共同调节和控制着潮周期净输沙强度和方向的时空变化.     

长江口水域悬沙含量时空变化卫星遥感定量研究方法探讨

悬沙含量是反映细颗粒物质在水层中的输运和再悬浮过程的重要指标,对沉积环境和沉积过程的研究有着非常重要的作用,是联系动力作用和地貌演变的纽带[1].细颗粒物质是营养盐、有机物和重金属输送的载体,因此研究细颗粒物质的运移对河口和海洋环境及生态的影响有着重要的意义[2].由于河口地区同时受到河流径流和潮流的影响,径流的水沙输运、潮流和波浪等的动力都对悬浮泥沙含量有影响.河口地区悬沙含量既可以指示沉积物来源、输运量的变化,又可以显示沉积动力作用的变化,这两种影响因素的时间尺度不同,但它们会共同影响悬沙含量的大小和分布.在我国长江等大河每年的水沙输运量十分巨大.     

河口悬浮泥沙浓度Sea WiFS遥感定量模式研究

利用海洋水色卫星 Seastar/SeaWiFS数据和准同步实测表层含沙量资料,建立长江口区悬浮泥沙遥感定量模式.通过“exact closed-form”算法对多时相SeaWiFS数据进行几何定位,并利用大气辐射传输简化理论对其进行大气校正,求得各波段遥感反射率;在完成投影变换和几何精校正之后,建立遥感参数与含沙量相关关系,得到长江口区悬浮泥沙遥感定量模式.     

基于机载高光谱的长江口北港悬沙浓度反演

机载高光谱遥感是悬沙浓度反演的重要方法。针对高光谱悬沙浓度反演中敏感波段和反演方法的确定,以机载高光谱影像为数据源,采用相关性分析法确定单波段模型和双波段组合模型的敏感波段,并基于敏感波段构建单变量回归模型,确定最佳反演模型并获取长江口北港区域的悬沙浓度空间分布特征。结果发现,基于归一化差值指数(NDWI)构建的二次多项式模型为最佳反演模型,精度上优于其他5种常用的反演模型;且长江口北港区域的悬沙浓度与水下地形基本上呈倒数关系。相较于基于多光谱卫星影像进行遥感反演,本文的结果表明高光谱影像的精细化光谱能够更为准确地表达含沙水体的光谱信息变化,在复杂的水环境反演研究中具有重要的应用价值。     

Movement of heavy particles in tornadoes

The horizontal movement of inertial particles in the intensive vortices, where the centrifugal force can be substantially higher than the gravity, is studied analytically. A similar problem was studied earlier for small (Stokes) particles at low Reynolds number, which allow one to be limited to the linear resistance law. It is shown that the previous results to a great extent can be extrapolated to the case of considerably heavier particles (e.g., water droplets with a diameter up to 1 mm at Reynolds numbers up to 10³). The nonlinear nature of the resistance, i.e., its dependence on the particle velocity relative to the medium, should be taken into account for such particles. Some general laws are established for particle dynamics. In particular, their tangential velocity is close to the velocity of the medium, while the radial velocity is substantially lower (it is close on the order of magnitude to the geometric mean of the particle tangential velocity and the difference between the latter and the tangential velocity of the medium). The limits of applicability of the results are found, i.e., the restrictions to the size and mass/density of particles.     

Contamination of conductivity measurements by waterborne particles

Electrical conductivity sensors used in CTD profilers and microstructure instruments are sensitive to contamination by particulates in the water. These particles impact the sensor or pass through the cell volume and produce spurious and usually negative going “spikes” in the data. In addition, they occasionally get caught, fouling the sensor and causing significant high frequency noise and calibration offsets. Examples of both the discrete contamination and fouling problems are exhibited, evidence is presented which identifies the source, and methods of minimizing their effects are examined.     

Filter-based differential hygroscopicity analyzer of aerosol particles

We describe a new differential analyzer implementing a technique for studying the hygroscopic properties of filter-precipitated aerosol particles based on a katharometric measurement of the amount of water vapor absorbed by an aerosol sample. The instrument has been tested on particles of sodium chloride and ammonium sulphate. A comparison of our data with the results of analogous measurements described in literature shows that the suggested technique has several important advantages, i.e., (1) higher sensitivity, which allows the measurement of particles of no more than 0.1 mg in mass; (2) a wide range of relative humidity variations (up to 99% at an accuracy of 0.06% RH at the upper-range value); (3) the absence of intermediate measurement steps connected with the need to account for water absorption by elements of a measurement system; and (4) the absence of restrictions to the size and shape of particles studied. In addition, the measurement technique rules out the possibility of errors caused by the kinetic effects of mass transport in the aerosol-water vapor system.     

泥沙颗粒沉降变加速运动研究

本文从泥沙沉降的力学机制出发,考虑泥沙与液体边界的粘性作用,建立了泥沙群体沉降的基本运动方程,通过求解得到了泥沙沉降瞬时速度的一般计算式。从理论上证明了一般泥沙静水沉降由零趋近终速过程时间极短的看法,同时发现对于尺度较大的固体颗粒(如抛石),其在沉降时趋近终速过程相对来说是相当长的过程。     

Preferential concentration of marine particles in isotropic turbulence

The effect of small-scale turbulence on marine and aquatic particle transport has traditionally been to act as a means for creating homogeneous distributions. However, previous numerical simulations of heavy particle transport in turbulent flows have shown that particles are preferentially concentrated by turbulence and that effects of preferential concentration are most pronounced for particle parameters comparable to the Kolmogorov scales. Therefore, the focus of the present work is examination of the preferential concentration of marine particles. Application of Kolmogorov scaling indicates that effects of preferential concentration may be important for marine particles with diameters of order 1 mm in the upper mixed layer. Numerical simulations of unstratified isotropic turbulence are then used to support the notion that preferential concentration of particles possessing material characteristics representative of those encountered in marine environments can occur. In the simulations, particles of order 1 mm diameter are idealized as rigid spheres with a density ratio of 1.005. Simulation results demonstrate preferential concentration with peak particle number densities ranging from 10 to 60 times the global mean value. Implications of preferential concentration are also discussed, together with the limitations of the approach employed in the present study.     

Sedimentation of lithogenic particles in the deep ocean

Investigation of lithogenic particles collected by sediment traps in open-ocean stations revealed that the sediment flux increased linearly with depth in the water column. This rate of increase decreased with distance of the station from the continent; it was largest at the Panama Basin station and almost negligible at the E. Hawaii Abyssal Plain station. At the Panama Basin station, smectite flux increased with depth. We suggest that smectite resuspended from bottom sediments of the continental slope west of the sediment-trap station is advected by easterly deep currents, and the suspended particles are then possibly entrapped by large settling particles. On the other hand, the flux of hemipelagic clay particles, kaolinite and chlorite, was nearly constant at all depths; this can be explained by incorporation of these particles in fecal pellets which then settle from the surface water. At the Demerara Abyssal Basin Station, flux of illite and chlorite particles increased with depth and the flux of smectite was constant. A sudden increase of the flux of illite and chlorite was observed near the bottom traps at the Söhm Abyssal Plain station. The flux of quartz and feldspar was 10 to 15% of the clay flux.     

污水与海水混合后海水颗粒物对磷的吸附-释放实验

本文模拟研究了厦门污水与海水混合后,海水颗粒物对磷的吸附-解吸过程,结果表明:颗粒物对磷的吸附只在混合后的1d内进行,之后即产生颗粒磷的释放,并表现为颗粒磷→溶解磷→溶解无机磷的转移过程。溶解无机磷是水体中磷的重要存在形式,其浓度的增加速率基本符合一级动力学模式。颗粒磷的释放过程可用交换吸附动力学模式(t/X)=(t/X_(eq))+B′处理。     

透明胞外聚合颗粒物碳输运新途径

目前大家普遍认为,透明胞外聚合颗粒物(Transparent Exopolymer Particles,TEP)因其独特的凝聚效应导致碳通量向海底输出。但是,近几年的研究表明TEP不仅影响了碳沉降途径,其本身能够悬浮甚至向海水表层迁移,导致其在海洋微表层(Surface Micro-layer, SML)积累,最终显著影响海洋表层碳通量。TEP和其他颗粒物聚集形成凝聚物后,其运动趋势则由凝聚物中TEP的含量占比,即最终颗粒物密度所决定。一个新的值得注意的现象是,密度低的TEP通过与其他微粒聚合形成表面活性物质(Surface-active Substances, SAS),会在海洋–大气界面形成薄膜,显著影响海–气CO₂交换通量,甚至对全球气候变化造成影响。