海底水－沉积物界面系统中稀土元素的变化及配分特征

本文利用”大洋多金属结核调查“期间”海洋4“号调查船HY₄-871、881航次在东太平洋海盆取得的底层水、沉积物、间隙水及多金属结核样品,对比研究了稀土元素(REE)在海底水-沉积物界面系统不同物质相中的分布变化及配分特征。结果表明,在大洋氧化性沉积物间隙水中REE相对于底层水亏损。除Ce外,沉积物与多金属结核REE含量较为接近。底层水、沉积物、间隙水REE配分特征极为相似,都表现出中稀土相对于轻、重稀土的轻度分离和富集,Ce表现为负异常。多金属结核中中稀土也有类似的富集倾向,但Ce主要表现为正异常。随深度的增加,沉积物REE含量增加,但其配分模式不变。     

海底水－沉积物界面系统中稀土元素的变化及配分特征

本文利用“大洋多金属结核调查”期间“海洋４”号调查船ＨＹ_４－８７１、８８１航次在东太平洋海盆取得的底层水、沉积物、间隙水及多金属结核样品，对比研究了稀土元素（ＲＥＥ）在海底水－沉积物界面系统不同物质相中的分布变化及配分特征。结果表明，在大洋氧化性沉积物间隙水中ＲＥＥ相对于底层水亏损。除Ｃｅ外，沉积物与多金属结核ＲＥＥ含量较为接近。底层水、沉积物、间隙水ＲＥＥ配分特征极为相似，都表现出中稀土相对于轻、重稀土的轻度分离和富集，Ｃｅ表现为负异常。多金属结核中中稀土也有类似的富集倾向，但Ｃｅ主要表现为正异常。随深度的增加，沉积物ＲＥＥ含量增加，但其配分模式不变。     

海底稀土分布及其控制因素研究进展

稀土是不可再生的重要自然资源,在高科技、冶金、石油、农业等领域广泛应用,因此对稀土的研究具有重要的应用价值和战略意义。本研究概述了国内外海洋环境中稀土元素研究进展,总结了稀土元素在海底沉积物、多金属结核(结壳)、热液硫化物以及海水中的来源、分布及控制因素,发现在多金属结核(结壳)及南太平洋东部、北太平洋中部和日本南鸟岛以南地区的深海泥中稀土元素比较富集,有一定开采价值;深海沉积物中的稀土元素主要受沉积物类型和海底火山活动影响,而陆缘海主要受粒度和物源影响,多金属结核(结壳)则主要受构造背景和氧化还原环境影响;对当前稀土研究中可能存在的问题进行了探讨,提出在稀土元素研究中应灵活应用新的研究手段。     

基于地形的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法研究

热液区沉积物接受了大量热液物质的输入,其矿物组成及地球化学空间分布特征是多金属硫化物勘探的有效指标。由于重力作用,洋中脊区域沉积物主要分布于低洼和平坦地形区。为了探索地形因素对热液区沉积物分布的影响规律,本文通过ArcGIS提出了一种基于地形数据的海底热液区沉积物分布趋势预测方法,并对西南印度洋中脊龙角区地形数据进行了分析,包括沉积物重力搬运方向提取、沉积物汇集量估算、海底沟谷提取和沉积物源区划分。通过与研究区底质解译结果进行对比验证发现,预测结果与研究区内沉积物的实际分布范围较为吻合,表明本方法在一定程度上可以有效地指示地形影响下海底热液区沉积物的分布情况。本方法对海底硫化物矿产勘探工作具有一定指导意义,可为海底沉积物取样站位设置与海底硫化物成矿远景区圈定提供参考依据。     

大洋多金属结核矿区沉积物土工性质

利用1994年大洋多金属结核调查所获得的土工资料,结合以往有关资料进行了综合分析。研究了大洋沉积物类型、沉积物土工性质、土质强度等,为未来海底工程设施和多金属结核开采设备的设计与制造提供依据。     

胶州湾口海底沙波的类型、特征及发育影响因素

采用多波束资料对胶州湾口的海底沙波类型、特征进行了研究,发现研究区主要有线性沙波(二维)、沙丘(三维)2种沙波类型。结合水流流速、海底构造和表层沉积物综合分析发现:海底沙波缓坡朝向与优势流向不完全一致,为强流作用的产物,在涨、落潮作用下均可形成;沉积物的多寡是研究区海底沙波类型分布的决定因素,海底松散沉积物较为丰富的地区形成二维沙波。在水动力强大的胶州湾口,沉积物多分布在构造低洼地带,使二维线性沙波的分布与海底断裂延伸方向一致。     

中国多金属结核开辟区的深海环境

阐述了中国多金属结核开辟区深海环境的水文、生物和化学特征。开辟区海域水柱由表层混合层、温跃层、海底温跃层和海底边界层等不同水层构成，整个海域水动力条件总体上较为缓慢，但也存在着周期性的水流速度大于15cm/s的海底风暴；区内海底生态系统的显著特点是极低的生产力和生物过程速率，但生物多样性极高；整个区域内表层沉积物分布较均一，以低有机含量的硅质粘土、深海软泥为主，其化学组成上受沉积环境和早期成岩作用的影响和控制。     

北部湾东南海域海底沙波发育分布特征及控制因素

北部湾东南海域海底发育大量沙波,利用最新获得的多波束测深、沉积物和水动力数据对沙波形态和分布特征进行综合分析,探讨沉积物特征、水动力条件,海平面变化等不同控制因素对海底沙波发育及分布的影响。结果表明研究区沙波广泛分布于沙脊顶部、沙脊槽中线附近及沙脊槽北端,沙波呈现远岸区尺度较小、对称性较好,近岸区尺度较大、多不对称的分布特征。海底沙波的发育和分布受现代潮流作用和沉积物特征的共同控制。潮流通道及流速的分布情况与沙波形态、规模的差异性分布一致。表层沉积物具有"远岸细、近岸粗"的特点,与沙波远岸尺度小、近岸尺度大的分布规律有较好的对应关系。此外,研究区出现有近对称形态的沙波,可能为海平面变化期间多期潮流共同作用形成的残余沙波。     

南海表层沉积物中Ba/Cu比值与海底扩张关系

对南海海底扩张区44个不同类型的表层沉积物中Ba、Cu含量变化及其与粘土、火山碎屑矿物之间关系进行了探讨及对沉积物Ba/Cu比值等值线平面分布趋势与海底扩张轴和转换断层的相关性进行了详细的分析,并计算了南海海底扩张区沉积物中Fe、Mn、Cu、Co、Ni、Pb和Al的沉积通量,将计算结果与劳海盆(Law Basin)等海隆沉积物中这些元素的沉积通量相比较。分析对比结果表明,南海海底扩张区沉积物中Ba、Cu含量与火山矿物密切相关,沉积物Ba/Cu等值线分布趋向与海底扩张轴和转换断层走向相吻合,从而表明南海海底扩张区沉积物中Ba、Cu等金属元素的分布与富集主要受海底扩张、海底断裂及由此而产生的海底火山活动所控制,沉积物的Ba/Cu比值可考虑作为研究南海海底扩张和海底火山活动的一个重要地球化学标志。     

南日岛东部海底地形地貌及沉积特征

利用测得的高精度多波束数据,绘制海底三维地形图及海底深度等值线图,对海底地形地貌特征进行了分析。A区海底地形总体上呈NW—SE向延伸的沟—脊相间的条带状分布;B区南部海底地势较平坦,中北部海域地形主要受到岛屿和礁石影响。对研究区海域沉积物进行采集,采用筛析法和激光粒度仪相结合的方法对样品进行分析,并用谢帕德分类图解法将沉积物分为10种类型,绘制研究区表层沉积物类型分布图。根据实测的表层沉积物粒度资料,对沉积物平均粒径、分选系数、偏度及峰态等4种粒度参数进行计算,并绘制粒度参数的等值线图,对各参数的平面分布特征进行分析。测区范围内没有发现严重影响风力发电设施建设的灾害性地质因素存在。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.